Rubbish and recycling in England: what’s changing and why it mattersSampah dan daur ulang di Inggris: apa yang berubah dan mengapa itu penting
Pratinjau Audio Lengkap
0:00
0:00
EN: The Present Simple tense is commonly used in news headlines to describe recent events, making them feel more immediate and urgent, even if they have already happened.
Government announces new tax cuts.
EN: The 'to + infinitive' structure is used here to express purpose or intention, answering the question 'why' the action is being taken.
He studied hard to pass the exam.
Dia belajar keras untuk lulus ujian.
EN: In the UK, waste management is a devolved matter, meaning England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland can set their own rules. This explains why the headline specifies 'England' rather than the entire UK.
EN: The phrasal verb 'come into effect' is used to describe a law, rule, or agreement that officially begins to be applied or enforced.
The new tax regulations will come into effect next January.
EN: The Present Perfect tense (have + past participle) is used here to indicate an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past but has a result or relevance in the present.
The company has launched a new website to attract more customers.
EN: In the UK, waste management is devolved, meaning England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland can have different recycling systems. This specific law aims to fix the confusion caused by inconsistent rules across different English local councils.
EN: Present Perfect Tense (has introduced): Used to describe an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past and has relevance to the present.
The company has launched a new app to help users track their habits.
EN: Non-defining Relative Clause (which aims to...): This clause provides extra information about the preceding noun (legislation) and is separated by a comma. It uses 'which' to refer back to the entire concept or the specific noun.
He bought a new car, which cost him a fortune.
Dia membeli mobil baru, yang menghabiskan banyak uang.
EN: In the UK, waste collection is managed by local councils, leading to a 'postcode lottery' where recycling rules differ significantly between neighboring towns. This legislation is a major step toward national consistency.
EN: Passive Voice (be + past participle): 'Are designed' indicates that the reforms are the object of the design process, not the ones doing the designing. It focuses on the purpose of the action.
This program is designed to help students improve their writing skills.
EN: Non-restrictive Relative Clause: The phrase starting with 'which' provides extra information about 'recycling rates'. It is separated by a comma and uses 'which' rather than 'that'.
The new library, which opened last week, has a large collection of digital books.
EN: The mention of 'forty-four percent' reflects the UK's ongoing struggle to meet EU-derived recycling targets. In British English, 'councils' refers to local government authorities responsible for public services like waste collection.
EN: The modal verb 'must' is used to express a strong obligation or a legal requirement. It is followed by the base form of the verb (in this case, 'provide').
All employees must wear a safety helmet on the construction site.
EN: The prepositional phrase 'Under the new rules' functions as an adverbial phrase of condition or circumstance, indicating the context in which the main action occurs.
Under the current law, smoking is prohibited in public parks.
EN: In the UK, 'councils' refer to local government authorities responsible for public services like waste collection, social housing, and local planning. Recycling rules vary by council, which is why the new legislation aims to standardize them.
EN: The semicolon (;) is used to separate items in a complex list, especially when the items themselves already contain commas. This helps the reader distinguish between the main categories.
The team includes John, the manager; Sarah, the designer; and Mike, the developer.
EN: The phrase 'such as' is used to introduce specific examples of a general category (in this case, 'dry recyclable materials').
I enjoy outdoor activities such as hiking and swimming.
Saya suka aktivitas luar ruangan, seperti hiking dan berenang.
EN: In the UK, recycling systems vary significantly between local councils. The use of 'cartons' (often referred to as Tetra Paks) is a specific point of confusion for many residents, as some areas recycle them with paper and others with plastic. This sentence reflects the government's attempt to simplify these complex rules.
EN: The phrasal verb 'apply to' means to be relevant to or to have an effect on a particular person, group, or situation. It is often used in formal contexts like laws and rules.
The new discount applies to students only.
EN: The word 'including' is a preposition used to introduce examples that are part of a larger group mentioned previously. It helps clarify the scope of a general term.
The price is $50, including tax.
EN: In the UK, 'flats' is the standard term for what Americans call 'apartments'. 'Shared properties' often refers to Houses in Multiple Occupation (HMOs), which are common in British cities where individuals rent separate rooms but share a kitchen and bathroom.
EN: Passive Voice (be + past participle): Used when the action is more important than the person performing it. Here, 'was created' focuses on the policy's origin.
The new library was built in 2022.
EN: Present Perfect Tense (have + past participle): Used with 'for a long time' to describe a state that started in the past and continues to the present.
They have been friends for a long time.
EN: Waste management in the UK is historically decentralized, meaning each local council (government) could decide its own rules. This led to 'postcode lottery' recycling, where what you can recycle depends on where you live, which the new policy aims to fix.
EN: The Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle) is used here to describe a state or action that began in the past and has continued up to the present moment.
The company has used the same logo for twenty years.
EN: Non-restrictive Relative Clauses: The word 'which' is used after a comma to refer back to the entire preceding clause ('Different areas have had different collection systems') rather than just the noun before it.
He arrived late, which annoyed the teacher.
EN: In the UK, waste collection is managed by local councils, leading to a 'postcode lottery' where recycling rules can vary significantly from one street to the next. This inconsistency is a common source of frustration for British citizens.
EN: Noun Clause as Object: The word 'that' introduces a noun clause (that the new standardised approach...) which functions as the direct object of the verb 'hopes'. In many cases, 'that' can be omitted in casual speech.
I hope that you can join us for dinner tonight.
EN: Parallel Structure with 'and': When using conjunctions like 'and', the verbs or phrases should follow the same grammatical form. Here, 'will' applies to both 'end' and 'improve' (will end... and [will] improve...).
The program will save time and reduce costs.
EN: In the UK, waste collection is managed by local councils, leading to a 'postcode lottery' where recycling rules differ significantly from one street to the next. This 'standardised approach' is a major policy shift to simplify life for residents across all of England.
EN: The phrasal verb 'fall behind' is used to indicate that someone or something is not progressing as quickly as others or is at a lower level/standard than a competitor.
The company fell behind its competitors in developing new technology.
EN: The preposition 'at' is used here to introduce specific numerical values or statistics, such as percentages or prices.
Inflation is currently holding steady at three percent.
EN: The United Kingdom consists of four nations: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. In terms of environmental policy, each nation often sets its own targets and systems, which explains why their recycling rates vary significantly.
EN: Reported Speech with Past Perfect: When reporting what someone said in the past, we often shift the tense back. Here, 'had received' (Past Perfect) is used because the action of receiving funding happened before the action of 'saying'.
He said that the team had finished the project early.
EN: Appositive Phrase: An appositive is a noun or noun phrase that renames or provides more information about another noun right next to it. 'An environment minister' explains who Mary Creagh is.
Mr. Smith, my teacher, is very kind.
EN: In the UK, 'councils' refers to local government authorities responsible for public services like waste collection, education, and housing in specific districts.
EN: The verb 'help' can be followed by an object and then either a bare infinitive (verb without 'to') or a 'to-infinitive'. In this sentence, 'help local authorities make' uses the bare infinitive form.
The new software will help employees complete their tasks faster.
EN: The causative construction 'make + object + adjective/verb' is used to indicate that someone or something causes a specific result or action. Here, 'make the system work' shows the system performing an action.
The coach made the team practice for three hours.
EN: In the UK, 'local authorities' or 'councils' are responsible for public services like waste collection. Funding for these services often comes from both central government grants and local council taxes.
EN: The Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle) is used here to describe an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past and has a result or relevance in the present.
The company has launched a new project to reduce carbon emissions.
EN: The preposition 'by' followed by a specific time indicates a deadline or a point in time by which an action must be completed.
Please submit your report by Friday.
EN: The UK government often sets long-term environmental targets aligned with international agreements. 'Municipal' refers to waste collected by local councils from households and small businesses.
EN: Passive Voice (be + past participle): Used when the action is more important than who performs it. In this sentence, 'is transported' and 'is sorted' focus on the recycling process rather than the workers.
The letters are delivered every morning at eight o'clock.
EN: Relative Adverb 'where': Used to introduce a relative clause that provides more information about a place (special facilities).
This is the factory where they make electric cars.
EN: In the UK, recycling systems vary significantly between local councils, which is why the 'Simpler Recycling' legislation mentioned in the context is a major policy shift toward national standardization.
EN: Compound Subject: When multiple nouns (Magnets, optical scanners, and air jets) are joined by 'and' to act as the subject of a single verb. Since the subject is plural, the verb 'separate' remains in its base form.
Books, pens and notebooks lie on the desk.
EN: Prepositional Phrase with 'into': The verb 'separate' is often followed by 'into' to indicate the categories or parts that something is divided into.
The teacher divided the class into four groups.
EN: The sentence describes the 'Materials Recovery Facility' (MRF) process common in developed countries like the UK. Modern recycling relies heavily on automated technology rather than manual sorting to handle large volumes of urban waste.
EN: Passive Voice (be + past participle): This structure is used when the action is more important than who is performing it. In this sentence, 'are sent' and 'to be turned' focus on what happens to the materials.
The letters are delivered every morning at eight o'clock.
EN: Infinitive of Purpose (to + verb): The phrase 'to be turned into' explains the reason or goal of the previous action (sending materials to factories).
He went to the store to buy some milk.
EN: In the UK, the circular economy is a major policy focus. The process of 'turning waste into products' is part of a national effort to reduce reliance on landfills and decrease carbon emissions.
EN: Passive Voice (be + past participle): Used when the action is more important than the person performing it. Here, 'is collected' and 'is exported' focus on the plastic's journey.
The old bridge was built in 1920.
EN: Relative Clauses (that...): A defining relative clause starting with 'that' provides essential information about the noun it follows ('recycled plastic').
The book that I bought yesterday is very interesting.
Buku yang saya beli kemarin sangat menarik.
EN: The mention of exporting plastic waste to countries like Turkey and Malaysia highlights a global environmental issue where developed nations send their waste to developing or middle-income countries for processing, which often leads to local pollution concerns.
Kosakata utama dengan pengucapan IPA, definisi, contoh kalimat, dan kuis interaktif.
Frasa dengan label jenis, definisi dwibahasa, catatan penggunaan, dan contoh kalimat.
to begin to apply or be used (especially of a law or rule)
Mulai berlaku, diterapkan
to make a determined effort to deal with a difficult issue
Menangani masalah, menghadapi tantangan
to fail to keep up with others in a competition or progress
Tertinggal, ketinggalan
to establish a goal or objective to be achieved
Menetapkan target
Local government organizations responsible for public services in a specific area, such as waste collection and social housing.
Dewan kota / Pemerintah daerah
A category of waste that includes clean, inorganic materials like glass, metal, plastic, and paper, which are free from food or liquid contamination.
Bahan daur ulang kering
A set of rooms for living in, usually on one floor of a larger building.
Flat / Apartemen
The percentage of waste collected by local government services from households and small businesses that is successfully recycled.
Tingkat daur ulang limbah kota
Buildings, equipment, or services that are provided for a particular purpose.
Fasilitas / Instalasi pengolahan