What If Science Could...? (H2)
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EN: The First Conditional is used to talk about real and possible future situations. The structure consists of an 'if' clause in the Present Simple tense, and a main clause in the Future Simple tense (will + base verb).
If it rains tomorrow, we will cancel the picnic.
EN: The verb 'help' can be followed directly by a noun or pronoun as its direct object to indicate assisting someone or something.
She wants to help the environment.
EN: In modern English-speaking societies, environmental awareness is highly emphasized. Terms like 'saving energy' and 'helping the planet' are commonly used in schools, media, and daily conversations to promote sustainable living.
EN: The Second Conditional is used to talk about hypothetical, imaginary, or impossible situations in the present or future. The structure is: 'If + subject + past simple verb, subject + would + base verb'. Here, 'had' is the past simple form (expressing a hypothetical condition), and 'would clean' is the hypothetical result.
If I won the lottery, I would buy a big house.
EN: The modal verb 'would' is used here to express the consequence of an imagined situation. It indicates what would happen if the condition in the 'if' clause were true.
If she had more time, she would learn to play the piano.
EN: This sentence uses the First Conditional structure (If + present simple, will + base verb). It is used to talk about things that are real or possible in the future if a specific condition is met.
If you study hard, you will pass the exam.
EN: The word 'these' is a demonstrative pronoun used here as a determiner to point to specific plural things nearby or recently mentioned.
These books are very interesting.
EN: This sentence uses the Second Conditional (If + past simple, would + base verb) to talk about an imaginary, hypothetical, or unlikely situation in the present or future. It expresses a condition that is contrary to current reality.
If I had a robot, it would clean my room.
EN: The word 'less' is used as a determiner to modify uncountable nouns (like 'waste') to indicate a smaller amount of something.
If we use less plastic, we can protect the oceans.
EN: Environmental awareness and recycling are key global topics. In many English-speaking countries, waste management is highly structured, and discussing individual responsibility towards the environment (using conditional sentences to reflect on habits) is a common topic in schools and public discourse.
EN: This sentence uses the First Conditional structure (If + present simple, will + base verb). It is used to talk about real and possible future situations and their likely results.
If it rains tomorrow, the game will be canceled.
EN: The verb 'die' is commonly used in informal English to describe a battery losing all its power or a machine completely stopping its function.
My phone died because I forgot to charge it.
EN: The Second Conditional is used to talk about hypothetical, imaginary, or highly unlikely situations in the present or future. The structure is: If + subject + past simple (using 'were' for all subjects), subject + would + base verb.
If I were rich, I would travel around the world.
EN: In formal English and conditional structures, 'were' is used instead of 'was' for all subjects (I, he, she, it) in the 'if' clause to express subjunctive mood (unreal situations).
If he were here, he would know what to do.
EN: First Conditional: Used to talk about things which might happen in the future. The structure is 'If + present simple, will + infinitive'.
If it rains tomorrow, we will cancel the picnic.
EN: The verb 'improve' can be used as an intransitive verb meaning to become better, without needing a direct object.
EN: The Second Conditional is used to talk about hypothetical, imaginary, or highly unlikely situations in the present or future. The structure is: 'If + subject + past simple verb, subject + would + base verb'. Note that 'were' is used instead of 'was' for all subjects in formal English.
If I had a million dollars, I would buy a house.
EN: Comparative adjectives are used to compare differences between the two objects they modify. For short adjectives (one syllable), we usually add '-er' to the end of the adjective to form the comparative (e.g., 'clean' becomes 'cleaner').
This room is cleaner than that one.
EN: This sentence reflects modern global discussions about environmental sustainability and green technology. In many English-speaking countries, the transition to electric vehicles (EVs) is a prominent topic in urban planning and climate change debates.
EN: The First Conditional is used to talk about things which might happen in the future. It describes a possible condition and its probable result. The structure is: 'If + Simple Present, will + base verb'.
If it rains tomorrow, we will cancel the picnic.
EN: The comma is used to separate the conditional clause (if-clause) from the main clause when the conditional clause comes first. If the main clause comes first, no comma is needed.
The device will stop if the battery dies.
EN: The Second Conditional is used to talk about hypothetical, imaginary, or unlikely situations in the present or future. The structure is: 'If + subject + past simple verb, subject + would + base verb'.
If I had a robot, it would clean my room.
EN: The noun 'data' can be used as either an uncountable noun (taking a singular verb) or a plural noun in formal contexts. In everyday English, it is most commonly treated as uncountable, meaning we use 'more data' rather than 'more datas'.
EN: First Conditional: Used to talk about things which might happen in the future. The structure is 'If + present simple, will + infinitive'.
If you study hard, you will pass the exam.
EN: Indefinite Pronoun 'Everyone': Refers to all people in a group. It is grammatically singular and takes a singular verb, though in this sentence it is followed by the modal verb 'will'.
Everyone wants to be happy.
EN: Second Conditional (Hypothetical Situation): Used to talk about imaginary, unlikely, or impossible situations in the present or future. The structure is 'If + past simple, would + base verb'.
If I had a robot, it would clean my room.
EN: The use of 'more' as a pronoun: In this sentence, 'more' acts as a pronoun meaning 'more things' or 'more creative work', eliminating the need to repeat a noun.
If we had more time, we could achieve more.
EN: This sentence reflects modern discussions about automation and artificial intelligence (AI). In Western tech discourse, there is a popular optimistic view that automating repetitive or 'boring' tasks will free humans to focus on creative, artistic, and higher-level intellectual pursuits.
EN: The verb 'imagine' can be followed by a noun clause (also known as an indirect question) starting with a question word like 'how'. In these clauses, the word order is subject + verb (science + could solve), not the auxiliary-first order used in direct questions.
She explained how the machine works.
EN: The modal verb 'could' is used here to express possibility or hypothetical ability in a general sense, reflecting the imaginative and speculative tone of the sentence.
I wonder how we could improve our system.
EN: Second Conditional (Hypothetical Situation): Used to talk about imaginary, unlikely, or impossible situations in the present or future. The structure is 'If + Subject + Past Simple, Subject + would + base verb'.
If I had a million dollars, I would travel around the world.
EN: Comparative Modifier 'much': The word 'much' can be placed before comparative adjectives (like 'cleaner') to emphasize a large difference.
This smartphone is much cheaper than that one.
EN: In modern environmental discourse, 'clean energy' (such as solar and wind power) is a highly discussed topic. Using the second conditional here reflects a common rhetorical strategy in English to gently urge action by painting a picture of an ideal, yet currently unrealized, green future.
EN: The Second Conditional is used to talk about hypothetical, imaginary, or highly unlikely situations in the present or future. The structure is: 'If + subject + past simple verb, subject + would + base verb'. Here, 'had' and 'would drop' show that this is an imaginary scenario.
If I had a robot, it would clean my room.
EN: The word 'every' is a determiner used before a singular countable noun ('home') to refer to all members of a group. Even though it refers to multiple homes, it grammatically takes a singular verb form (or in this past tense case, agrees with singular conceptual agreement).
Every student in the class has a tablet.
EN: Zero Conditional (Present Real Conditional): Used to talk about general truths, scientific facts, or habits. The structure is 'When/If + present simple, present simple'.
When you heat ice, it melts.
EN: Parallel Structure with Coordinating Conjunctions: When connecting two verbs with 'and', they should be in the same form (here, both 'save' and 'reduce' are base form verbs sharing the subject 'we').
She exercises daily to stay healthy and reduce stress.
EN: In many English-speaking countries, recycling is a highly structured civic duty, often categorized by local councils into specific bins (e.g., paper, plastic, compost, landfill). Discussing environmental responsibility using 'we' emphasizes collective social effort.
EN: This sentence uses the Second Conditional to talk about hypothetical, imaginary, or unlikely situations in the present or future. The structure is: 'If + subject + past simple verb, subject + would + base verb'. Although the past tense is used in the 'if' clause, it refers to an imaginary present, not the past.
If I had more time, I would learn how to play the piano.
EN: The phrase 'of one's own' is used after a noun to emphasize that something belongs to a specific person and is not shared or borrowed. It adds emphasis to the ownership.
She wants to open a bakery of her own.
EN: The Second Conditional is used to talk about hypothetical, imaginary, or highly unlikely situations in the present or future. The structure is: 'If + subject + past simple verb, subject + would + base verb'.
If I had a million dollars, I would travel around the world.
EN: 'Fewer' is the comparative form of 'few'. It is used with plural countable nouns (like 'people') to indicate a smaller number, whereas 'less' is used with uncountable nouns.
EN: The debate over automation and robots taking over human jobs is a prominent topic in modern technology ethics. This sentence reflects a positive perspective on automation, focusing on safety and the reduction of workplace injuries in hazardous environments.
EN: Zero Conditional with 'When': Used to talk about general truths, scientific facts, or things that always happen under certain conditions. The structure is 'When/If + Present Simple, Present Simple'.
When you freeze water, it becomes ice.
EN: Passive Voice in the Present Simple: Formed with 'am/is/are + past participle'. It is used when the focus is on the action or the receiver of the action, rather than the doer.
The mail is delivered every morning.
EN: The Second Conditional is used to talk about hypothetical, imaginary, or highly unlikely situations in the present or future. The structure is: 'If + subject + past simple verb, subject + would + base verb'. Here, 'shared' and 'would move' indicate a hypothetical scenario.
If we had more funding, we would complete the project sooner.
EN: Adverbs of manner (like 'freely') describe how an action is performed. They are often formed by adding '-ly' to an adjective and typically follow the verb or the object they modify.
She speaks her mind freely during the meetings.
EN: This sentence reflects the modern global movement towards 'Open Science' and open-access research. Historically, scientific discoveries were often kept secret or locked behind expensive paywalls. Today, there is a strong cultural push in the academic and tech communities to share data freely to solve global challenges like climate change and pandemics more rapidly.
EN: The Second Conditional is used to talk about hypothetical, imaginary, or impossible situations in the present or future. The structure is 'If + subject + past simple, subject + would + base verb'. Note that 'were' is used for all subjects (including 'I', 'he', 'she', 'it') in formal English.
If I were you, I would accept the job offer.
EN: Comparative adjectives are used to compare differences between the two objects they modify. For short adjectives like 'green', we add '-er' to the end to form 'greener', meaning 'more environmentally friendly' in this context.
This new technology makes our lives cleaner and greener.
EN: The verb 'remind' is commonly used in the pattern 'remind + object + that-clause' to make someone remember a fact or connection. The 'that' introducing the noun clause can optionally be omitted in informal speech.
This song reminds me that we should enjoy every moment.
EN: A noun clause starting with 'that' functions as the direct object of the verb 'remind'. Inside this clause, 'small changes' is the subject and 'bring' is the verb.
I believe that hard work pays off.
EN: First Conditional: Used to talk about things which might happen in the future. The structure is 'If + present simple, will + infinitive verb'. Even though we refer to the future in the 'if' clause, we use the present simple tense.
If it rains tomorrow, we will cancel the picnic.
EN: Adverbs of Manner: 'Wisely' is an adverb of manner, which describes how an action is performed. It is formed by adding '-ly' to the adjective 'wise' and modifies the verb 'act'.
EN: This sentence reflects a common philosophical outlook in English-speaking cultures emphasizing personal agency and responsibility: that our actions today directly shape the future. It is often used in motivational speeches and environmental campaigns.
EN: The coordinating conjunction 'but' is used to connect two independent clauses (complete sentences) that show a contrast. A comma is typically placed before 'but' when it connects two independent clauses.
Technology makes life easier, but it also brings new challenges.
EN: Subject-Verb Agreement with singular nouns: In the present simple tense, singular subjects ('Science', 'choices' as plural is different, but 'Science' and 'future' are singular) require verbs to agree in number. 'Science' (singular) takes 'gives' (singular verb), while 'choices' (plural) takes 'shape' (plural verb).
Education opens doors, but actions create opportunities.
EN: This sentence reflects a common philosophical theme in modern scientific discourse: while technology and science provide humanity with capabilities (tools), ethical human agency and decisions (choices) are what ultimately determine our destiny. It emphasizes responsibility over mere technological advancement.
EN: The Second Conditional is used to talk about hypothetical, imaginary, or highly unlikely situations in the present or future. The structure is: 'If + subject + past simple, subject + would + base verb'. In this sentence, 'if you could' (past simple of can) and 'What would you invent' (would + base verb) form this conditional structure.
If I had a spaceship, I would fly to Mars.
EN: In English, when addressing someone directly by their name (vocative case), the name is set off with a comma. If the name is at the end of the sentence, the comma precedes it.
Where are you going, Tom?
EN: In Western conversations, addressing someone directly by their first name (like 'Emma') during a question is a common way to show friendliness, establish a personal connection, or gently prompt a specific person to answer in a group setting.
EN: The Second Conditional is used to talk about hypothetical, imaginary, or highly unlikely situations in the present or future. The structure is 'If + past simple, would + base verb'. In the clause 'If I could', 'could' is the past tense of 'can', representing a hypothetical ability.
If I had a robot, it would clean my room.
EN: The modal verb 'would' is used here to express the hypothetical result of an imaginary condition. It indicates what the speaker intends or plans to do in that imaginary scenario.
If we shared research freely, science would move faster.
EN: In modern conversations about the environment, 'clean energy' (such as solar, wind, or electric power) is a highly discussed topic. Emma's statement reflects a common aspiration among younger generations to innovate and solve climate issues through technology.
EN: The First Conditional is used to talk about possibilities in the present or in the future. It uses the structure: 'If + Simple Present, will + base verb'.
If it rains tomorrow, we will cancel the picnic.
EN: The phrasal verb 'cut down' means to reduce the size, amount, or quantity of something. It is often followed by the preposition 'on', but can also be used directly with a noun object.
We need to cut down our expenses this month.
EN: The Second Conditional is used to talk about hypothetical, imaginary, or highly unlikely situations in the present or future. The structure is: 'If + subject + past simple verb, subject + would + base verb'. Note that 'had' here is the past tense form of 'have' used for hypothesis, not past time.
If I had more free time, I would learn how to code.
EN: The modal verb 'would' is used in the main clause of conditional sentences to express the hypothetical result of the imaginary condition.
If she lived closer, she would visit us more often.
EN: First Conditional: Used to talk about things which might happen in the future. The structure is 'If + simple present, will + base verb'. It expresses a real possibility.
If it rains tomorrow, we will cancel the picnic.
EN: Adverbs of Manner: 'fast' is used here as an adverb modifying the verb 'charge'. Unlike many adverbs, 'fast' does not take the '-ly' ending; it has the same form as both an adjective and an adverb.
She drives fast but safely.
EN: In modern environmental discourse, 'panels' almost always refers to 'solar panels'. This sentence reflects the growing global interest in renewable energy and smart grid technology.
EN: The Second Conditional is used to talk about hypothetical, imaginary, or unlikely situations in the present or future. The structure is: 'If + subject + past simple verb, subject + would + base verb'. Although the past tense is used in the 'if' clause, it refers to an imagined present or future, not the past.
If I had a million dollars, I would travel the world.
EN: The phrase 'at home' is a common prepositional phrase meaning inside one's house or place of residence. It does not require an article (like 'the' or 'a') before 'home'.
I decided to stay at home and read a book.
EN: This sentence uses the First Conditional (If + present simple, ... will + infinitive) to describe a real and possible future situation or a scientific fact that will happen as a result of a specific action.
If you heat ice, it will melt.
EN: The verb 'become' is a linking verb used to describe a change in state, followed by a noun phrase ('a liquid') acting as a subject complement.
Water becomes steam at high temperatures.
EN: In scientific contexts, conditional sentences are frequently used to state universal truths, physical laws, or predictable outcomes of experiments. The use of 'will' here expresses a high degree of certainty.
EN: This sentence uses the First Conditional structure, which is used to talk about real and possible future situations. It consists of an 'if' clause in the simple present tense and a main clause in the simple future tense (will + base verb).
If it rains tomorrow, we will cancel the picnic.
EN: The word 'cooler' is the comparative form of the adjective 'cool'. Comparative adjectives are used to compare differences between the two objects they modify (in this case, the temperature of the city before and after planting trees).
This room is cooler than the kitchen.
EN: The Second Conditional is used to talk about hypothetical, imaginary, or impossible situations in the present or future. The structure is 'If + subject + past simple (using 'were' for all subjects), subject + would + base verb'.
If I were you, I would accept the job offer.
EN: The infinitive 'to help' functions as an adverbial of purpose (an infinitive of purpose), explaining 'why' the speaker would use new technology.
EN: The simple future tense with 'will' is used to make predictions about the future based on present opinions or beliefs. It is formed by 'will' followed by the base form of the verb (in this case, 'shape').
Hard work today will bring success tomorrow.
EN: Nouns can act as adverbs of time to modify the entire sentence or verb phrase. Here, 'today' and 'tomorrow' function as temporal modifiers, indicating when the action or state occurs.
We need to make a decision today.
EN: This sentence reflects a common proactive and optimistic mindset in English-speaking cultures, emphasizing individual agency and the idea that present actions directly determine future outcomes. It is a popular motivational phrasing often used in business, environmental campaigns, and personal development.
Key vocabulary words with IPA pronunciation, definitions, example sentences, and interactive quizzes.
Phrases with type tags, bilingual definitions, usage notes, and example sentences.
Energy that does not pollute the atmosphere when used, such as wind or solar power.
A panel designed to absorb the sun's rays as a source of energy for generating electricity or heating.
To reduce the size, amount, or quantity of something.
A machine that allows the creation of a physical object from a three-dimensional digital model.