According to Research (H6)
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EN: The structure 'It is widely believed that...' uses 'it' as a dummy subject (or preparatory subject) to introduce a passive construction. This pattern is commonly used in formal writing to report a general opinion or belief without specifying who holds it. The 'that' clause functions as the real subject of the sentence.
It is widely believed that regular exercise improves mental health.
EN: The verb 'affect' means to produce a change in or influence something. It is a transitive verb and should not be confused with the noun 'effect' (which means the result of a change). In this sentence, 'sleep' is the singular subject, so the verb 'affect' takes the third-person singular ending '-s' (affects).
EN: In English-speaking academic and professional contexts, using impersonal structures like 'It is widely believed that...' or 'It is generally agreed that...' is a standard way to present consensus or common knowledge objectively, avoiding personal pronouns like 'I' or 'we'.
EN: The prepositional phrase 'according to' is used to indicate the source of information or opinion. It is followed by a noun or noun phrase (e.g., 'research', 'the news', 'experts') to show where the stated facts or ideas come from.
According to the weather forecast, it will rain tomorrow.
EN: The verb 'need' is a transitive verb that expresses a necessity or requirement. In this sentence, it is followed by the noun phrase 'more rest' as its direct object. 'Teens' (plural subject) takes the base form 'need' in the simple present tense.
EN: The verb 'suggest' is used here to mean 'to indicate' or 'to show that something is likely'. It is followed by a noun clause starting with 'that' (which can be omitted in informal speech) to express an implication or recommendation.
The dark clouds suggest that it will rain soon.
EN: The modal verb 'should' is used to express advice, recommendation, or what is considered the right or best thing to do.
We should eat more vegetables for better health.
EN: In academic and professional discussions, using phrases like 'This suggests that...' is a common way to present conclusions from data or research. It sounds more polite and objective than saying 'This proves that...', as it leaves room for scientific nuance.
EN: The transition phrase 'In other words' is used to introduce a simplification, clarification, or alternative explanation of a previously stated idea. It is typically followed by a comma and a complete clause.
He didn't pass the exam. In other words, he failed.
EN: Gerunds (verb + -ing) can function as nouns. In this sentence, 'learning' acts as the object of the preposition 'of'.
Reading is a great way to expand your vocabulary.
EN: The verb 'indicate' is followed by a noun clause starting with the conjunction 'that'. This 'that-clause' functions as the direct object of the verb, expressing the fact or statement being indicated. In academic or formal writing, 'that' is often kept, though it can be omitted in informal speech.
Recent reports indicate that global temperatures are rising.
EN: The simple present tense is used here to state a general truth, scientific fact, or permanent situation. Both 'indicate' and 'reduces' are in the simple present tense because they describe an ongoing scientific consensus.
Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.
EN: "As a result of" is a multi-word preposition used to introduce the cause of a situation. It is followed by a noun phrase (in this case, "poor sleep") and is often placed at the beginning of a sentence, followed by a comma, to set the context.
As a result of the heavy rain, the game was canceled.
EN: The simple present tense is used here ("drops") to state a general truth, scientific fact, or habitual action. In this sentence, it describes a universal cause-and-effect relationship.
Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.
EN: The noun clause (or content clause) introduced by 'that' functions as the direct object of the verb 'shows'. The conjunction 'that' is often omitted in informal speech but is kept here for formal clarity.
Research indicates that regular exercise improves sleep quality.
EN: The simple present tense is used here to state a general truth or scientific fact. In this case, 'habits shape our health' is presented as a timeless fact.
Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.
EN: The structure 'It is + past participle + that-clause' is a formal passive construction used to report general beliefs, opinions, or arguments without specifying who holds them. 'It' acts as a dummy subject (or preparatory subject), while the 'that-clause' is the real subject.
It is widely believed that regular exercise boosts brain power.
EN: The 'that-clause' functions as a noun clause (or content clause) serving as the real subject of the sentence. Within this clause, 'screens' is the subject, 'harm' is the transitive verb, and 'sleep' is the direct object.
EN: In modern English-speaking societies, the debate over 'screen time' (the amount of time spent looking at devices like smartphones, tablets, and computers) and its impact on sleep hygiene and mental health is a highly prominent topic in public health and parenting discussions.
EN: The idiom 'play a key role in' means to be a very important part of something or to have a major influence on an outcome. 'Key' acts as an adjective meaning 'essential' or 'crucial'. It is followed by the preposition 'in' and a noun or gerund.
Regular exercise plays a key role in maintaining physical health.
EN: The use of the simple present tense ('plays') is used here to state a general fact, habit, or permanent situation that is true in the present.
Water plays an important part in our survival.
EN: The phrase 'In general' is a prepositional phrase used as a sentence adverb (or transition) to introduce a statement that is true in most situations. It is commonly placed at the beginning of a sentence followed by a comma.
In general, public transport is reliable in this city.
EN: The phrasal verb 'lead to' means to cause something to happen or to result in a particular outcome. In this sentence, 'leads' is in the simple present tense and takes the singular 's' because the subject 'balance' is an uncountable noun.
Hard work often leads to success.
EN: The word 'data' is historically the plural form of 'datum'. In modern English, especially in scientific and formal contexts, it is often treated as a plural noun, which is why it takes the plural verb 'support' (instead of 'supports'). However, in everyday informal English, it is also commonly treated as an uncountable singular noun.
The scientific data show a significant increase in temperature.
EN: Adverbs of manner, like 'clearly', are used to describe how an action is performed. They are commonly placed directly before the main verb they modify to add emphasis to the action.
EN: In academic and professional English, presenting arguments backed by 'data' is highly valued. Using phrases like 'The data clearly support...' shows objective, evidence-based reasoning, which is a cornerstone of Western academic writing and professional presentations.
EN: The infinitive phrase 'To put it simply' acts as an introductory adverbial phrase. It is used to simplify a complex idea or summarize a point. 'Put' in this context means 'to express' or 'to state'.
To put it simply, we don't have enough money for the project.
EN: The verb 'means' (from 'mean') is used here to express a logical consequence or equivalence. When a singular noun phrase like 'good rest' is the subject, the verb takes the third-person singular ending '-s'.
A red light means you must stop.
EN: In modern English-speaking professional and academic cultures, there is a growing emphasis on 'well-being' and 'work-life balance'. This sentence reflects the shift away from the 'hustle culture' (working constantly without rest) toward a philosophy where rest is seen as an active contributor to productivity, rather than a sign of laziness.
EN: The structure 'It is widely believed that...' uses 'it' as a dummy subject (or preparatory subject) to introduce a passive construction. The actual subject of the belief is the 'that-clause' (that sleep is essential...) which is placed at the end of the sentence for balance.
It is widely believed that regular exercise improves mental health.
EN: The adjective 'essential' means extremely important or absolutely necessary. It is commonly followed by the preposition 'for' to indicate the person or thing that benefits from or requires it.
EN: The prepositional phrase 'According to' is used to indicate the source of information, meaning 'as stated by' or 'on the authority of'. It is commonly followed by a noun phrase representing a study, report, or person.
According to the weather forecast, it will rain tomorrow.
EN: The word 'about' is used as an adverb before a number or quantity to mean 'approximately' or 'nearly'. It is used to give an estimated figure rather than an exact one.
The meeting will last for about two hours.
EN: The structure 'suggests that...' is used to introduce a clause (subject + verb) that expresses an idea, theory, or logical conclusion based on evidence. 'That' functions as a conjunction introducing the noun clause.
The dark clouds suggest that it will rain soon.
EN: The word 'enough' can function as an adverb modifying a verb, adjective, or other adverb. When modifying a verb (like 'sleep'), it is placed after the verb to indicate sufficiency.
He didn't practice enough to win the competition.
EN: The verb 'indicate' is followed by a 'that-clause' which functions as the direct object of the sentence. This structure is commonly used in academic and formal writing to report findings, facts, or suggestions. The word 'that' can optionally be omitted in informal speech, but is usually retained in formal contexts.
Recent reports indicate that global temperatures are rising.
EN: The phrase 'a lack of [noun]' is used as a noun phrase meaning 'not having enough of something'. When it acts as the subject of a sentence, the verb must agree with the singular noun 'lack', not the plural or uncountable noun that follows 'of'.
A lack of funds prevents us from completing the project.
EN: The phrase 'As a result of' is a compound preposition used to introduce the cause of a situation. It is followed by a noun or noun phrase (in this case, 'late-night screen use') and is often placed at the beginning of a sentence for emphasis, separated by a comma.
As a result of the heavy rain, the football match was postponed.
EN: The simple present tense is used here with the adverb of frequency 'often' to describe a general truth, habit, or regular occurrence ('sleep quality often drops').
He often drinks coffee in the morning to stay awake.
EN: The transitional phrase 'In other words' is used to introduce a statement that repeats what has been said in a different and usually simpler way, helping to clarify the speaker's point.
He was dismissed; in other words, he was fired.
EN: The modal verb 'may' is used to express possibility or probability in the present or future. It is followed by the base form of the verb ('harm').
It may rain tomorrow, so you should bring an umbrella.
EN: The noun clause 'that regular sleep improves both mood and grades' functions as the direct object of the verb 'shows'. The conjunction 'that' introduces this clause and can sometimes be omitted in informal contexts, but is kept here for clarity.
Research shows that exercise boosts brain power.
EN: The correlative conjunction 'both... and...' is used to join two parallel grammatical elements (here, the nouns 'mood' and 'grades'), emphasizing that both elements are included.
The program helps students improve both their speaking and writing skills.
EN: The structure 'It is often argued that...' uses 'it' as a dummy/preparatory subject. This passive construction is commonly used in formal writing and academic discussions to introduce a widely held opinion or debate topic without specifying who is arguing.
It is often argued that technology reduces face-to-face communication.
EN: The adjective 'too' is used before an adjective (here, 'early') to indicate that something is more than is desirable or necessary. It is often followed by 'for + noun/pronoun' to specify who or what is affected.
This book is too difficult for young children.
EN: In many Western countries, particularly the United States, there is an ongoing public health debate about school start times. Research from organizations like the American Academy of Pediatrics suggests that middle and high schools should start later (no earlier than 8:30 AM) to align with the natural biological sleep rhythms of adolescents.
EN: The idiom 'play a role in' means to be involved in something or to have an effect on it. The adjective 'major' modifies 'role' to indicate a high level of importance or influence.
Regular exercise plays a major role in maintaining physical health.
EN: The phrase 'many feel' is a relative clause (adjective clause) modifying the noun 'tiredness'. The relative pronoun 'that' or 'which' is omitted because it functions as the direct object of the verb 'feel'.
This is the stress many experience during exams.
EN: The phrase 'In general' is a sentence adverbial used to introduce a statement that is true in most situations or for most people. It is often followed by a comma.
In general, public transport in this city is very reliable.
EN: The phrasal verb 'lead to' means to cause something to happen or exist. It is followed by a noun, pronoun, or gerund (V-ing), where 'to' functions as a preposition.
EN: The word 'data' is historically a plural noun (singular: 'datum'), which is why it takes the plural verb form 'support' without an '-s'. In modern English, especially in scientific and academic contexts, it is often treated as a plural noun, though in everyday speech it is sometimes used as an uncountable singular noun.
The data show that global temperatures are rising.
EN: The adverb 'clearly' is used to modify the verb 'support'. Adverbs of manner often appear directly before the main verb they modify to emphasize the action.
She clearly explained the rules of the game.
EN: The infinitive phrase 'To put it simply' is used as an introductory adverbial phrase. It functions as a sentence modifier to indicate that the speaker is summarizing or explaining something in a direct, uncomplicated way.
To put it simply, we need more funding to complete the project.
EN: The semicolon (;) is used to link two independent clauses that are closely related in thought. In this sentence, it connects 'rest is not lazy' and 'it is smart' without using a coordinating conjunction like 'and' or 'but'.
Some people prefer tea; others prefer coffee.
EN: In modern fast-paced societies, there is often a cultural 'hustle' mentality where constant work is praised and resting is stigmatized as 'lazy'. This sentence challenges that cultural norm by reframing rest as a strategic, intelligent choice for long-term productivity and well-being.
EN: Wh-questions with auxiliary verbs: When forming a question with a question word like 'what', 'where', or 'how' in the simple present tense, we use the auxiliary verb 'do' or 'does' before the subject. 'Does' is used here because the subject 'the research' is singular.
What does the teacher think about the new schedule?
EN: Direct address with commas: When addressing someone directly by name in a sentence, their name is set off with a comma (or commas). In this sentence, 'Emma' is placed at the end, so a comma precedes it.
How are you feeling today, David?
EN: In academic and professional discussions, asking 'What does the research say?' is a common, polite way to shift the focus from personal opinions to objective evidence. Addressing a colleague or peer by their first name (like 'Emma') keeps the tone collaborative and friendly.
EN: The prepositional phrase 'According to' is used to introduce the source of information, followed by a noun or noun phrase. It is commonly used in academic and formal contexts to cite evidence or research.
According to the weather forecast, it will rain tomorrow.
EN: The verb 'boost' means to improve, increase, or encourage something. In this sentence, it is in the simple present tense ('boosts') because the subject 'exercise' is a singular uncountable noun, representing a general truth.
A good breakfast boosts your energy levels.
EN: The verb 'suggest' is used here with a 'that'-clause to express an implication or a recommendation. When 'suggest' means 'to imply' or 'to indicate a fact', the verb in the 'that'-clause follows normal tense and agreement rules (e.g., 'we should move').
The dark clouds suggest that it will rain soon.
EN: The modal verb 'should' is used to express advice, duty, or recommendation. It is followed by the base form of the verb ('move').
We should eat more vegetables for better health.
EN: The structure 'It is widely believed that...' uses 'it' as an empty subject (dummy pronoun) to introduce a passive construction. The real subject is the 'that-clause' (that reading builds focus) which is placed at the end of the sentence to avoid a top-heavy structure.
It is widely believed that healthy eating improves longevity.
EN: The verb 'build' is commonly used metaphorically to mean 'to develop, strengthen, or increase' abstract qualities such as focus, confidence, or relationships over time.
Regular exercise helps build confidence.
EN: The transitional phrase 'In other words' is used to introduce a simplification or clarification of a previously stated idea. It is typically followed by a comma and a complete independent clause.
He is always late; in other words, he lacks punctuality.
EN: The verb 'support' is a transitive verb meaning to encourage, help, or assist. In this sentence, it takes the gerund 'learning' (acting as a noun) as its direct object.
Regular exercise supports physical health.
EN: The noun clause starting with 'that' acts as the direct object of the verb 'shows'. In this structure, 'that' is a conjunction that introduces a complete sentence (stress harms our health) to express what is being shown.
Research shows that regular exercise improves sleep quality.
EN: The verb 'harm' is used here as a transitive verb meaning 'to cause damage to'. It directly takes the noun phrase 'our health' as its object without needing a preposition like 'to'.
Smoking can harm your lungs.
EN: The prepositional phrase 'as a result of' is used to introduce the cause of something. It is followed by a noun or noun phrase (in this case, 'breaks') and is equivalent to 'because of' or 'due to'.
As a result of the heavy rain, the game was postponed.
EN: The verb 'stay' functions as a linking verb (copula) here, meaning 'to continue to be in a particular state'. It is followed directly by an adjective ('fresh') rather than an adverb.
Please stay calm during the emergency.
EN: The idiom 'play a key role in' is used to describe something that has a major influence or importance in a particular outcome. The preposition 'in' is followed by a noun or a gerund (verb-ing).
Regular exercise plays a key role in maintaining physical health.
EN: The compound adjective 'long-term' is formed by combining an adjective (long) and a noun (term) with a hyphen. It modifies a noun to indicate that something lasts for a long period of time.
They are making long-term plans for their business expansion.
EN: In Western academic and professional settings, emphasizing 'long-term success' over short-term gains is highly valued. This phrase is commonly used in business, education, and self-development contexts to encourage sustainable habits.
EN: The phrase 'In general' is a sentence adverbial used to introduce a statement that is true in most situations or for most people. It is often placed at the beginning of a sentence followed by a comma.
In general, older adults need less sleep than teenagers.
EN: The comparative structure 'A matters more than B' uses the verb 'matter' (to be important) in the comparative form to show that one concept has greater importance or value than another.
Quality matters more than quantity when making friends.
EN: This sentence reflects a common modern philosophical shift in Western work and study culture, moving away from 'hustle culture' (doing things as fast as possible) toward 'mindfulness' and sustainable growth, where maintaining physical and mental balance is prioritized.
EN: The infinitive phrase 'To put it simply' is used as an adverbial disjunct (or sentence modifier) to introduce a simplified summary or explanation of a complex idea.
To put it simply, we need more funding.
EN: The sentence structure follows the classic Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) pattern in the simple present tense, where 'small habits' is the plural subject, 'create' is the transitive verb, and 'big change' is the object.
Good food choices promote better health.
EN: The phrase 'small habits create big change' aligns with the popular modern self-improvement philosophy (such as the concepts in the book 'Atomic Habits'), which emphasizes that incremental, daily improvements lead to massive long-term results.
Key vocabulary words with IPA pronunciation, definitions, example sentences, and interactive quizzes.
Phrases with type tags, bilingual definitions, usage notes, and example sentences.
because of something; due to
to have a very important involvement or influence in something
expressed in a different and usually simpler way
used for saying that you are explaining something in a clear and simple way