EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle) is used here to describe a recent action that has a result or relevance in the present. In this case, the agreement has already been made and its effects are ongoing.
中文： 現在完成式（have/has + 過去分詞）在此用於描述最近發生且對現在有影響或關聯的動作。在本文中，代表「同意」的動作已經發生，且其影響持續至今。
The company has decided to change its policy.
公司已經決定要更改其政策。
EN： The verb 'agree' is often followed by a 'to-infinitive' (to + base verb) to indicate what action the subject has consented to perform.
中文： 動詞「agree」（同意）後面經常接「不定詞」（to + 原型動詞），用來表示主詞同意執行的動作。
They agreed to meet again next week.
他們同意下週再次見面。
EN： In the UK, labor unions (often called 'trade unions') have a long history of collective bargaining. The mention of 'Acas' in the context refers to a public body that helps resolve industrial disputes, highlighting the structured nature of labor relations in Britain.
中文： 在英國，勞工工會（通常稱為 trade unions）在集體談判方面有悠久的歷史。背景中提到的「Acas」是一個協助解決勞資糾紛的公共機構，這突顯了英國勞資關係的結構化特質。
EN： The use of 'voted to + verb' indicates the purpose or the result of a voting process. In English, the infinitive (to + base verb) often follows specific verbs to show intention.
中文： 「voted to + 動詞」的用法表示投票過程的目的或結果。在英文中，不定詞（to + 原型動詞）經常接在特定動詞之後，用來表示意圖或決定。
The committee voted to postpone the meeting.
委員會投票決定延後會議。
EN： The word 'recently' is an adverb of time used with the past simple tense to describe an action that happened a short time ago.
中文： 「recently」是一個時間副詞，與過去簡單式連用，用來描述不久前發生的動作。
She recently moved to a new apartment.
她最近搬到了一間新公寓。
EN： In the UK and US tech industries, unionization has historically been rare compared to manufacturing. However, recent years have seen a surge in 'white-collar' tech workers organizing to influence company ethics and working conditions, as seen here with workers in London.
中文： 在英國和美國的科技產業中，與製造業相比，工會化歷來較為罕見。然而，近年來「白領」科技從業人員組織起來以影響公司倫理和工作條件的情況激增，正如這裡提到的倫敦員工一樣。
EN： The Present Perfect Continuous tense (have/has been + -ing) is used to describe an action or state that started in the past and is still continuing or has a strong connection to the present, emphasizing the process of 'growing'.
中文： 現在完成進行式（have/has been + 動詞-ing）用於描述從過去開始並持續到現在，或與現在有強烈關聯的動作或狀態，在此強調「擔憂」持續增長的過程。
Public interest in renewable energy has been growing for several years.
大眾對再生能源的興趣幾年來一直在增長。
EN： The word 'how' introduces a noun clause that functions as the object of the preposition 'about'. It explains the specific content of the workers' concerns.
中文： 由「how」引導的名詞子句作為介係詞「about」的受詞，用來具體說明工人們所擔憂的內容。
We are discussing how the new policy affects our team.
我們正在討論這項新政策如何影響我們的團隊。
EN： The sentence reflects ongoing ethical debates in the tech industry regarding 'dual-use' technology—AI developed for commercial purposes being adapted for military or surveillance use, which often leads to internal conflict between tech employees and management.
中文： 這句話反映了科技業持續存在的倫理爭議，即「軍民兩用」技術的問題：為商業目的開發的人工智慧被轉用於軍事或監視用途，這往往會導致科技公司員工與管理層之間的內部衝突。
EN： The phrasal verb 'take place' is used to say that an event happens, especially something that has been planned or organized. It is an intransitive verb, meaning it does not take a direct object.
中文： 片語動詞「take place」用於表示某事發生，特別是經過計畫或組織的活動。這是一個不及物動詞，意即其後不需要接直接受詞。
The graduation ceremony will take place in the main hall.
畢業典禮將在大禮堂舉行。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses provide extra information about a noun (in this case, the Service). They are separated by commas and use 'which' to refer to things or organizations. They cannot be introduced by 'that'.
中文： 非限定用法關係子句（Non-defining relative clauses）提供關於名詞（在此指該服務處）的額外資訊。這類子句通常用逗號隔開，並使用「which」來指代事物或機構，且不能使用「that」來引導。
He works for the BBC, which is a famous broadcasting company.
他在 BBC 工作，那是一家著名的廣播公司。
EN： Acas (Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service) is a UK public body that aims to improve organizations and working life through better employment relations. It is often called in to help resolve major industrial disputes between employers and trade unions.
中文： Acas（諮詢、調解與仲裁服務處）是英國的一個公共機構，旨在透過改善僱傭關係來提升組織效能與工作生活。當雇主與工會之間發生重大勞資糾紛時，通常會請該機構介入協助調解。
EN： Passive Voice (be + past participle): Used when the focus is on the person or thing affected by the action. In this sentence, 'is led' indicates that Google DeepMind receives the action of leading.
中文： 被動語態 (be 動詞 + 過去分詞)：用於強調動作的接受者而非執行者。在本句中，「is led」表示 Google DeepMind 是「被領導」的對象。
The project is managed by a team of experts.
該專案由專家團隊管理。
EN： Appositive Phrase: A noun or noun phrase that renames another noun right beside it. 'Nobel prize winner' provides extra information about 'Demis Hassabis'.
中文： 同位語片語：緊跟在名詞旁邊，用來重新定義或補充說明該名詞的單字或片語。「Nobel prize winner」（諾貝爾獎得主）為「德米斯·哈薩比斯」提供了額外的身分資訊。
My friend Sarah is a talented musician.
我的朋友莎拉是一位才華橫溢的音樂家。
EN： Demis Hassabis, the co-founder of DeepMind, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2024 for his work on protein structure prediction using AI, highlighting the growing intersection of technology and traditional science.
中文： DeepMind 的共同創辦人德米斯·哈薩比斯因其在利用人工智慧預測蛋白質結構方面的貢獻，於 2024 年獲得諾貝爾化學獎，這凸顯了科技與傳統科學之間日益增長的交集。
EN： The verb 'refuse' is followed by a 'to-infinitive' (to + base verb) when expressing that someone says they will not do something.
中文： 動詞「refuse」（拒絕）後接「不定詞」（to + 原型動詞），用來表達某人表示不願做某事。
He refused to answer the question.
他拒絕回答那個問題。
EN： The preposition 'for' is used here to indicate the purpose or reason for an action (collective bargaining).
中文： 介系詞「for」在此用於表示某個動作的目的或原因（在此指集體談判）。
They met for a private discussion.
他們見面是為了進行私人討論。
EN： In labor relations, 'collective bargaining' is a formal process where workers, through their union, negotiate contracts with employers regarding wages, hours, and working conditions. 'Recognizing' a union is the essential first legal step for this process to begin.
中文： 在勞資關係中，「集體談判」（collective bargaining）是一個正式過程，勞工透過工會與雇主就工資、工時和工作條件進行協商。「承認」（recognizing）工會是此過程開始前必要的法律第一步。
EN： The verb 'tell' is a ditransitive verb that often takes an indirect object (the person being told) followed by a 'that' clause acting as the direct object (the information being shared).
中文： 動詞「tell」是一個雙賓語動詞，通常接一個間接賓語（被告知的人），後接一個由「that」引導的從句作為直接賓語（分享的訊息）。
She told the manager that she would finish the report by Friday.
她告訴經理她會在週五前完成報告。
EN： The modal verb 'may' is used to express possibility or uncertainty about a future event.
中文： 助動詞「may」用於表達對未來事件的可能性或不確定性。
The heavy rain may cause a delay in the flight schedule.
大雨可能會導致航班行程延誤。
EN： Acas (Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service) is a UK public body that helps resolve workplace disputes. Its involvement indicates a formal stage in labor relations where an independent third party facilitates negotiation.
中文： Acas（諮詢、調解與仲裁服務處）是英國的一個公共機構，旨在協助解決職場糾紛。它的介入象徵著勞資關係進入了一個正式階段，由獨立第三方促進談判。
EN： Present Continuous Tense (is facing): Used here to describe a current, ongoing situation or trend that is happening around the present time.
中文： 現在進行式 (is facing)：在此用於描述目前正在發生、持續中的情況或趨勢。
The company is facing many difficulties this year.
這間公司今年正遭遇許多困難。
EN： Prepositional Phrase 'of [heritage/origin]': Used to describe a person's ethnic or cultural background.
中文： 介係詞短語 'of [血統/來源]'：用於描述一個人的種族或文化背景。
She is a writer of Italian heritage.
她是一位具有義大利血統的作家。
EN： The mention of 'Palestinian heritage' is significant here because it provides context for the researcher's protest against the company's work for the Israeli government, highlighting the intersection of personal identity and corporate ethics in the tech industry.
中文： 提及「巴勒斯坦血統」在此非常重要，因為它為該研究員抗議公司為以色列政府工作的行為提供了背景，突顯了科技產業中個人身分與企業倫理的交集。
EN： The sentence uses a 'that-clause' as a noun clause to function as the direct object of the verb 'claims'. This structure is used to report statements, thoughts, or beliefs.
中文： 本句使用「that 子句」作為名詞子句，擔任動詞「claims」的直接受詞。這種結構常用於轉述陳述、想法或信念。
She believes that the project will be successful.
她相信該計畫會成功。
EN： The passive voice 'was wrongfully dismissed' (be + past participle) is used to emphasize the person who experienced the action (the researcher) rather than who performed the action.
中文： 被動語態「was wrongfully dismissed」（be 動詞 + 過去分詞）用於強調承受動作的人（研究員），而非執行動作的人。
The employee was dismissed for violating company policy.
該員工因違反公司政策而被解僱。
EN： The term 'wrongful dismissal' is a specific legal concept in labor law, referring to a situation where an employee's contract is terminated by the employer in breach of one or more terms of the contract or a statutory provision.
中文： 「Wrongful dismissal」（不當解僱）是勞動法中的一個特定法律概念，指雇主違反勞動合約條款或法律規定而終止與員工的合約。
EN： The verb 'dispute' is used here as a transitive verb meaning to question whether a statement or account is true or valid. In the third person singular present tense, an '-s' is added to the base verb.
中文： 動詞「dispute」在此作為及物動詞，意思是質疑某個陳述或說法是否真實或有效。在第三人稱單數現在式中，原形動詞後需加上「-s」。
The company disputes the claims made by the former employee.
該公司駁斥了前員工提出的指控。
EN： The phrase 'what happened' acts as a noun clause (nominal relative clause) serving as the object of the preposition 'of'. It functions like a noun to represent the events that occurred.
中文： 短語「what happened」作為名詞子句（關係子句），擔任介係詞「of」的受詞。它的功能如同名詞，用來代表所發生的事件。
I want to know what happened at the meeting.
我想知道會議上發生了什麼事。
EN： In legal and corporate contexts, 'disputes' is a formal way to say the company disagrees with a version of events. It is a neutral but firm term often used in official statements to avoid direct accusations of lying while still denying the claims.
中文： 在法律與企業語境中，「disputes」是表達公司不同意某種說法的正式方式。這是一個中性但堅定的術語，常用於官方聲明中，以避免直接指責對方撒謊，但同時否認其指控。
EN： The verb 'be' (is) acts as a linking verb, connecting the subject 'The researcher' to the subject complement 'a member', which describes who the subject is.
中文： 動詞「be」(is) 在此作為連繫動詞，將主詞「The researcher」與主詞補語「a member」連接起來，用以描述主詞的身分。
She is a talented engineer at the company.
她是該公司一位才華橫溢的工程師。
EN： The preposition 'of' is used to show belonging or membership, indicating that the person belongs to a specific organization.
中文： 介係詞「of」用於表示歸屬或成員身份，指出該人屬於某個特定組織。
He is a member of the local chess club.
他是當地西洋棋俱樂部的成員。
EN： The 'United Tech and Allied Workers' Union' is a real-world branch of the Communication Workers Union in the UK, representing workers in the technology sector who are increasingly organizing to address ethical concerns and labor rights.
中文： 「聯合科技與盟軍工人工會」是英國通訊工人工會的一個分支，代表科技產業的勞工。近年來，科技業員工越來越傾向於透過工會組織來應對倫理疑慮與勞工權益問題。
EN： The phrasal verb 'credit A with B' is used to say that someone or something is responsible for a good thing. 'A' is the person or entity receiving the credit, and 'B' is the achievement or action (often a gerund ending in -ing).
中文： 動詞片語「credit A with B」用於表示將某項功勞或成就歸於 A。A 是獲得功勞的對象，B 則是該項成就或行為（通常使用動名詞 -ing 形式）。
The team credited their coach with winning the championship.
球隊將贏得冠軍的功勞歸於他們的教練。
EN： The Present Perfect tense (have + past participle) is used here to describe an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past and has relevance to the current situation.
中文： 現在完成式（have + 過去分詞）在此處用於描述過去某個不特定時間發生的動作，且該動作與現狀具有關聯性。
Scientists have discovered a new planet in a distant galaxy.
科學家們在遙遠的星系中發現了一顆新行星。
EN： The mention of 'Gaza' and 'Israeli officials' refers to the ongoing geopolitical tensions in the Middle East. In the tech industry, this highlights the ethical debate over 'dual-use' technology—commercial software being used for military applications.
中文： 提及「加薩」與「以色列官員」涉及中東持續的地緣政治緊張局勢。在科技產業中，這突顯了關於「軍民兩用」技術的倫理爭議，即商業軟體被用於軍事用途引發的討論。
EN： Present Perfect Tense (have + past participle): This tense is used to describe an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past and has relevance to the present, or a completed action with visible results.
中文： 現在完成式 (have + 過去分詞)：此時態用於描述過去某個不確定時間發生的動作，且該動作與現在有關聯，或是已完成並產生明顯結果的動作。
Many residents have signed the letter to protest the new law.
許多居民已經簽署了這封信以抗議新法律。
EN： Passive Voice in Continuous Tense (be + being + past participle): This structure is used to emphasize that an action is currently being performed on the subject, rather than the subject performing the action.
中文： 進行式的被動語態 (be + being + 過去分詞)：此結構用於強調動作目前正被施加在主體上，而不是主體在執行該動作。
The old building is being renovated by the construction crew.
那棟舊建築正由施工團隊進行翻修。
EN： The use of AI in military and defense is a highly sensitive ethical topic in the tech industry. Employees at major companies like Google often use 'petitions' and 'unions' as tools to voice their moral concerns and influence corporate policy, reflecting a culture of internal activism.
中文： 人工智慧在軍事與國防領域的應用是科技產業中極具敏感性的倫理議題。Google 等大型公司的員工經常利用「請願書」和「工會」作為表達道德疑慮及影響公司政策的工具，這反映了一種內部行動主義的文化。
EN： The verb 'represent' is used here to indicate that something serves as a sign or symbol of a particular quality or situation. It is a transitive verb, meaning it requires a direct object.
中文： 動詞「represent」（代表/象徵）在此用於表示某事充當了特定品質或情況的標誌或象徵。這是一個及物動詞，意即其後需要接直接受詞。
This discovery represents a major breakthrough in cancer research.
這項發現代表了癌症研究的一項重大突破。
EN： Prepositional phrases starting with 'for' and 'in' are used here as modifiers to provide more specific information about the 'moment'. 'For AI ethics' specifies the field, and 'in the technology industry' specifies the location/context.
中文： 以「for」和「in」開頭的介系詞片語在此作為修飾語，用來提供關於「moment」（時刻）更具體的資訊。「For AI ethics」指明了領域，而「in the technology industry」則指明了地點或背景。
It was a difficult time for the family in that small town.
對於那個小鎮上的家庭來說，那是一段艱難的時期。
EN： The sentence highlights the growing global concern over 'AI ethics,' a field that addresses the moral implications of artificial intelligence, especially its use in warfare and surveillance. This reflects a shift where tech workers increasingly hold their employers accountable for the social impact of their products.
中文： 這句話凸顯了全球對「人工智慧倫理」（AI ethics）日益增長的關注。這是一個探討人工智慧道德影響的領域，特別是其在戰爭和監視方面的應用。這反映了一種轉變：科技從業人員越來越要求雇主對其產品的社會影響負責。
EN： The sentence uses a 'Noun Clause' starting with 'how' as the object of the verb 'affect'. A noun clause functions as a noun and follows the word order of a statement (Subject + Verb), not a question.
中文： 本句使用了以「how」引導的「名詞子句」作為動詞「affect」的受詞。名詞子句的功能等同於名詞，且須使用陳述句語序（主詞 + 動詞），而非疑問句語序。
I don't know how the machine works.
我不知道這台機器是如何運作的。
EN： The modal verb 'could' is used here to express possibility or potential future impact, rather than past ability.
中文： 助動詞「could」在此處用於表達「可能性」或未來的潛在影響，而非指過去的能力。
This new law could change everything.
這項新法律可能會改變一切。
EN： In the tech industry, unionization is a relatively new and significant trend. Traditionally, tech workers relied on individual bargaining power, but concerns over ethics (like AI in warfare) and job security are driving collective action.
中文： 在科技產業中，成立工會是一個相對較新且重要的趨勢。傳統上，科技從業人員依賴個人議價能力，但對倫理問題（如 AI 用於戰爭）和工作保障的擔憂正推動集體行動。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 總部；總公司所在地
在本文中： 擔憂；掛念的事項
在本文中： 國防；防衛
在本文中： （正式）承認；認可（某組織的地位）
在本文中： 解僱；開除
在本文中： 反駁；對……提出異議
在本文中： 歸功於；認為……有功勞
在本文中： 請願書；連署書
在本文中： 倫理；道德規範
在本文中： 結果；結局
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
An organized association of workers formed to protect and further their rights and interests.
工會
Negotiation of wages and other conditions of employment by an organized body of employees.
團體協約談判；集體協商
To happen or occur, especially after being planned.
舉行；發生
The practice of using a network of remote servers hosted on the internet to store, manage, and process data.
雲端運算
To express strong objection or disapproval of something.
抗議；反對