EN： Passive Voice in the Past Simple ('was/were + past participle'): Used to describe an action that happened to the subject in the past, often emphasizing the victim or result rather than the perpetrator.
中文： 過去簡單式的被動語態（was/were + 過去分詞）：用於描述過去發生在主詞身上的動作，常用於強調受害者或事件結果，而非施動者。
The cyclist was injured in an accident on Friday evening.
這名單車騎士在週五傍晚的一場意外中受傷了。
EN： Past Participle as a Reduced Relative Clause: 'called Nathaniel Mortley' functions as a reduced form of 'who was called Nathaniel Mortley', post-modifying the noun phrase 'a 16-year-old'.
中文： 過去分詞片語作後位修飾（簡化關係子句）：「called Nathaniel Mortley」是「who was called Nathaniel Mortley」的簡化形式，用來修飾前面的名詞片語「a 16-year-old」。
A student called Liam won the science competition.
一位名叫利亞姆的學生贏得了科學競賽。
EN： In the UK, 'knife crime' involving teenagers has been a significant social and policing issue, particularly in urban areas like south London. Community street festivals are popular summer events, but can occasionally become flashpoints for youth violence.
中文： 在英國，涉及青少年的「持刀犯罪」（knife crime）一直是重大的社會與治安議題，特別是在倫敦南部等都會區。街頭節慶雖是夏季常見的社區盛事，但有時也容易成為青少年暴力衝突的引爆點。
EN： The past perfect tense ('had' + past participle 'received') is used to describe an action that happened before another past event (in this context, being attacked in 2010). The adverb 'just' emphasizes that it happened very recently before that reference point.
中文： 過去完成式（had + 過去分詞 received）用來表示在過去某個特定時間點（在此指 2010 年遭遇襲擊）之前就已經完成的動作。副詞「just」則強調該動作是在當時不久前才剛發生。
She had just finished her homework when the lights went out.
電燈熄滅時，她剛好寫完作業。
EN： The past continuous tense ('was' + '-ing' verb 'planning') is used here to describe an ongoing state of mind, intention, or future arrangement that existed around that specific time in the past.
中文： 過去進行式（was + 現在分詞 planning）在此用來描述過去特定時刻正在持續進行的心理狀態、意圖或未來的計畫安排。
They were planning to travel abroad before the trip was cancelled.
在行程被取消之前，他們原本正計劃出國旅行。
EN： In the UK education system, 'GCSEs' (General Certificate of Secondary Education) are key exams taken at age 16 (Year 11). Most students take 8 to 10 GCSEs, so achieving excellent grades in 14 is exceptionally impressive. 'A-levels' (Advanced Levels) are subject-based qualifications taken at age 18 to gain university entry; students typically take only 3 or 4, making Mortley's plan to take 5 a sign of extraordinary academic ambition.
中文： 在英國教育體制中，「GCSE」（普通中等教育證書）是學生在 16 歲（相當於中五／高一）時參加的重要學術會考，一般學生通常應考 8 至 10 門，能取得 14 門優異成績極為罕見且優異。「A-levels」（高級程度考試）則是 16 至 18 歲大學預科階段的課程與升學測驗，大多數學生僅修讀 3 到 4 門，莫特利計劃攻讀 5 門展現了他當時非凡的學業企圖心。
EN： The double genitive (or 'double possessive') pattern 'a friend of his girlfriend' combines 'of' with a possessive form (or here, a noun phrase specifying the possessor) to indicate one of several friends.
中文： 雙重所有格結構「a friend of + 名詞」表示「……的其中一個朋友」，強調該對象有多個朋友，這是其中之一。
He met a colleague of his brother at the party.
他在派對上遇到了他哥哥的一位同事。
EN： The relative adverb 'where' introduces a non-defining relative clause, adding descriptive background information about the location mentioned in the main clause ('a street').
中文： 關係副詞「where」引導非限定關係子句，用來對先行詞「a street」（一條街）補充說明該地點發生的情況。
We stayed at a quiet hotel, where we could relax completely.
我們住在一間安靜的飯店，在那裡我們可以徹底放鬆。
EN： In the UK, 'knife crime' involving teenage gangs has been a serious public concern, particularly in major cities like London. The setup described—being lured to an ambush by an acquaintance—reflects a tragic reality of street violence in certain urban areas.
中文： 在英國，青少年幫派涉及的「持刀犯罪」（knife crime）一直是嚴重的社會問題，特別是在倫敦等大城市。句中所描述的透過熟人引誘至特定地點設伏的情況，反映了當地街頭暴力的真實隱憂。
EN： Compound sentence with coordinating conjunction 'and': Two independent clauses are joined by 'and' to show chronological sequence. The second clause uses passive voice ('was called') because the caller is unspecified or unimportant.
中文： 對等連接詞「and」構成的複合句：以「and」連接兩個獨立子句，表達事件的先後順序。後半句使用被動語態（was called），因為打電話叫救護車的人身份不明或非句子焦點。
He slipped on the ice, and a doctor was called immediately.
他在冰上滑倒了，有人立刻叫了醫生。
EN： Infinitive of purpose ('to take him to hospital'): The 'to + verb' structure functions as an adverbial modifier indicating the goal or purpose of calling the ambulance. Note that in British English, 'to hospital' is commonly used without the article 'the' when referring to receiving medical care.
中文： 表示目的的不定詞（to take him to hospital）：「to + 原形動詞」在此作副詞修飾語，表示叫救護車的目的。值得注意的是，英式英語中「to hospital」習慣不加冠詞「the」，表示前去就醫。
She ran out to catch the bus.
她跑了出去為了趕上公車。
EN： In British English, speakers say 'go to hospital' or 'take someone to hospital' without the definite article 'the' when referring to being hospitalized or receiving medical treatment, similar to 'go to school' or 'go to church'. In contrast, American English typically includes the article: 'go to the hospital'.
中文： 在英式英語中，當表達前去就醫或住院時，習慣省略定冠詞 'the'，說成「go to hospital」或「take someone to hospital」，這與「go to school（上學）」、「go to church（做禮拜）」的用法類似；而美式英語通常會加上定冠詞說成「go to the hospital」。
EN： The present perfect passive ('have been' + past participle) is used here to describe an action that occurred at an unspecified time in the recent past whose effects are felt in the present moment.
中文： 現在完成式的被動態（have/has been + 過去分詞），在此用來描述最近剛剛發生、且影響延續到當前時刻的被動動作（「我被刺傷了」）。
I think the window has been broken.
我想窗戶被人打破了。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses using 'who' provide extra, non-essential information about a person. They are separated by commas and cannot use 'that'.
中文： 非限定關係子句使用「who」來補充說明先行詞（人）的額外資訊，前後需用逗號隔開，且此處不可用「that」替換。
He spoke to the manager, who agreed to refund his money.
他跟經理談過，經理同意退錢給他。
EN： In British culture, a 'pub' (public house) serves as a central community hub. If someone is injured or in trouble on the street, seeking shelter in a local pub where staff ('behind the bar') can assist and call emergency services is very common.
中文： 在英國文化中，酒吧（pub）是社區的核心交流場所。當有人在街頭遇險或受傷時，逃入附近的酒吧求助是常見的情況，吧檯工作人員（behind the bar）通常會協助提供庇護並報警叫救護車。
EN： A preposition followed by a gerund or noun phrase (such as 'of opening a restaurant') is often used after nouns like 'dream', 'idea', or 'hope' as an appositive/complement defining what the noun involves.
中文： 名詞（如 dream、idea、hope）後常接「of + 動名詞（V-ing）或名詞短語」，作為同位修飾或補充說明該名詞的具體內容。
Her dream of becoming an astronaut came true after years of training.
經過多年的訓練，她成為太空人的夢想終於實現了。
EN： The linking verb 'seem' followed by a to-infinitive ('seemed to disappear') expresses an impression or appearance, indicating that something appeared to be the case based on evidence or perception.
中文： 連綴動詞 seem 後接不定詞（to + 原形動詞），即「seemed to + V」，用來表達「似乎……」或「看起來……」，描述一種基於外在情況的主觀感受或觀察。
All their problems seemed to vanish once the rain stopped.
雨一停，他們所有的問題似乎都消失了。
EN： Passive Voice in the Past Simple ('was sent'): Formed with 'was/were' + past participle. It indicates that the action happened to the subject rather than the subject performing it. 'Be sent to jail' is a common passive idiom meaning to be imprisoned.
中文： 過去簡單式的被動語態（was sent）：由「was/were + 過去分詞」構成，表示主詞是動作的承受者而非執行者。「be sent to jail」為常見片語，意為「被送進監獄/入獄服刑」。
He was sent to prison for three years after the trial.
審判結束後，他被判入獄服刑三年。
EN： Prepositional Phrase 'behind bars': An idiomatic expression functioning as an adverbial phrase of place, meaning 'in prison' or 'incarcerated'. The 'bars' refer literally to the iron bars of a jail cell.
中文： 介系詞片語「behind bars」：慣用語，作地方副詞片語使用，字面意思是「在鐵欄杆後」，實際意指「在監獄裡、服刑中」。
The criminal will spend the rest of his life behind bars.
該罪犯餘生都將在牢獄中度過。
EN： In British English, 'offence' is spelled with a 'c', whereas American English uses 'offense' with an 's'. Furthermore, 'behind bars' is a universally understood idiom across the English-speaking world representing incarceration, often used in journalistic writing to avoid repetitive use of the word 'prison'.
中文： 在英式英語中，'offence' 拼寫為 -ce，而美式英語則寫作 'offense'（-se）。此外，'behind bars'（身陷囹圄、在獄中）是英語世界廣泛使用的生動成語，常用於新聞報導以避免重複出現 'prison' 或 'jail'。
EN： "Now that" is a subordinating conjunction used to explain a new situation or cause. It means 'since' or 'because now', indicating that something has changed and this change affects the main clause.
中文： 「Now that」為從屬連接詞，意為「既然、如今由於」，用來表示某種情況已經改變，並成為主要子句動作或狀態的原因或背景。
Now that the exams are over, we can finally relax.
既然考試已經結束，我們終於可以好好放鬆了。
EN： The idiom "make up for lost time" means to do something with great urgency or energy because one has missed the opportunity or wasted time in the past.
中文： 成語「make up for lost time」意為「彌補失去的時間／亡羊補牢」，表示因為過去錯過機會或浪費了時光，現在加倍努力去做某事。
After being sick for two weeks, she worked overtime to make up for lost time.
生病兩週後，她加班工作以彌補耽誤的時間。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 刺，戳（通常指用刀等利器傷害）
在本文中： 逃脫，逃跑
在本文中： 救護車
在本文中： 襲擊，攻擊事件
在本文中： 消失，不見
在本文中： 違法行為，罪行
在本文中： 熱情，熱愛
在本文中： 釋放，出獄
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
to do something quickly or thoroughly because you started late or missed opportunities earlier
補償失去的時間；彌補以往的蹉跎
in prison or jail
在監獄中；坐牢
to physically wound someone in the back with a sharp object (or idiomatically, to betray someone)
從背後刺傷（本文為字面義；引申義為背叛）