EN： The past participle phrase 'based in China' is used as a reduced relative clause (short for 'which is based in China') to modify the noun 'team'. This structure creates concise and formal written prose.
中文： 過去分詞短語「based in China」作為簡化的關係子句（原為「which is based in China」），用來修飾前面的名詞「team」。這種結構能使書面表達更加精煉且正式。
A software company based in London has developed a new artificial intelligence tool.
一家總部位於倫敦的軟體公司開發了一款新型人工智慧工具。
EN： The non-defining relative clause introduced by 'which' provides extra descriptive information about the framework. The modal verb 'could' indicates present or future possibility, while 'fundamentally alter' uses a manner adverb to modify the main verb.
中文： 由「which」引導的非限定關係子句對前面的框架提供額外的補充說明。情態助動詞「could」表示現在或未來的可能性，而「fundamentally alter」則使用方式副詞來修飾主要動詞。
The recent discovery of clean groundwater, which could greatly improve public health, was welcomed by the local community.
最近發現的潔淨地下水可能會大幅改善公共衛生，這受到了當地社區的歡迎。
EN： The relative adverbs 'how' introduces a noun clause that acts as the direct object of 'alter'. Within this nominal clause, 'scientists' is the subject and 'approach' functions as a transitive verb meaning 'to deal with or handle'.
中文： 疑問副詞「how」引導一個名詞子句，作為主要動詞「alter」的直接受詞。在這個名詞子句內部，「scientists」是主詞，而「approach」則作為及物動詞，意思是「看待、處理或應對」。
The guide explained how engineers design resilient structures for earthquake zones.
這本指南解釋了工程師如何為地震帶設計具備韌性的結構。
EN： Reduced relative clause using a past participle ('put forward'). The phrase 'put forward by...' is a shortened form of 'which was put forward by...', functioning as a non-restrictive adjectival modifier set off by commas.
中文： 過去分詞片語形成的簡化關係子句（縮減子句）。「put forward by...」是「which was put forward by...」的省略形式，在此作為非限定修飾語，前後以逗號隔開，用來補充說明主詞概念。
The proposal, drafted by the senior engineering team, addresses all major safety concerns.
這份由資深工程團隊起草的提案，解決了所有主要的安全顧慮。
EN： The phrasal verb 'integrate A into B' means to combine two or more things so that they become a single, unified whole. It is commonly used in academic and professional contexts to describe synthesis.
中文： 動詞片語「integrate A into B」表示「將 A 整合/融合至 B 之中」，常用於學術與專業語境，用來描述概念、系統或學科之間的綜合與結合。
The new curriculum integrates interactive technology into traditional classroom instruction.
新課程將互動科技整合進傳統課堂教學之中。
EN： Qingdao University of Science and Technology (QUST) in Shandong Province, China, is widely recognized for its strength in chemical engineering and materials science. Academic breakthroughs from Chinese institutions often emphasize interdisciplinary frameworks that support national sustainability goals.
中文： 位於中國山東省的青島科技大學（QUST）在化學工程與材料科學領域享有盛名。中國學術機構近年發表的突破性研究，常強調跨學科架構的建立，以響應國家永續發展與綠色科技的目標。
EN： 'Rather than' is a prepositional or conjunctional phrase used to indicate preference or alternative, often meaning 'instead of'. When followed by a verb, it typically takes a gerund (-ing form) when functioning prepositionally, emphasizing the action that is being rejected or avoided in favor of the main clause.
中文： 「Rather than」為介詞或連接詞短語，用於表示偏好或替代方案，意為「而不是…/與其…不如…」。當後面接續動詞時，若作為介詞使用，通常接動名詞（-ing 形式），用以強調主句所替代或摒棄的動作。
Rather than relying on fossil fuels, the company invests heavily in renewable energy solutions.
該公司並沒有依賴化石燃料，而是大量投資於可再生能源解決方案。
EN： The structures 'treat X as Y' and 'envision X as Y' use 'as' to introduce a complement that defines the role, status, or perception of the object. 'Treat as' means to regard or handle in a specified way, while 'envision as' implies conceptualizing or imagining something in a prospective or theoretical role.
中文： 結構「treat X as Y」（將 X 視為 Y）與「envision X as Y」（將 X 構想/想像為 Y）皆使用介詞「as」來引出補語，定義受詞的角色、身份或認知方式。「treat as」指以特定方式對待或看待；「envision as」則帶有對未來或理論層面將事物概念化的意涵。
The city council envisions the abandoned railway as a vibrant public park.
市議會將這條廢棄的鐵路構想為一個充滿活力的公園。
EN： The conjunction 'when' introduces a relative clause modifying a temporal noun ('time'), indicating a situation or condition that coincides with the main event.
中文： 關係副詞『when』引導限定關係子句，用來修飾表示時間的名詞（如 time），說明主句事件發生時所處的特定時代背景或情況。
We live in an era when technological advancements occur at a breakneck speed.
我們生活在一個科技進步以極快速度發生的時代。
EN： The aspectual construction 'prove + adjective' (often used in continuous tense 'are proving') functions as a linking verb showing a gradual revelation or confirmation of a state over time.
中文： 『prove + 形容詞』此結構（常以進行式 are proving 呈現）扮演連綴動詞的角色，用以表達某種狀態隨著時間推移而逐漸被證實或顯現出來。
Initial strategies are proving ineffective against the newly mutated strain of the virus.
初步的策略正被證明對這種新變異的病毒株無效。
EN： 'Inadequate for + noun/gerund' is a precise formula indicating that something lacks the necessary quality, quantity, or capability required for a specific purpose.
中文： 『inadequate for + 名詞/動名詞』為精準的固定搭配，表示某物在品質、數量或能力上『不足以應付/不勝任』特定的用途或目標。
The current infrastructure is highly inadequate for handling such a massive surge in data traffic.
目前的基礎設施極度不足以處理如此龐大的數據流量激增。
EN： The subordinating conjunction 'although' introduces a concessive clause that highlights a contrast between the positive attributes of natural enzymes (high selectivity) and their limitations (vulnerability). Unlike 'despite' or 'in spite of', which require a noun phrase or gerund, 'although' must be followed by a full subject-verb clause.
中文： 從屬連詞「although」（儘管/雖然）引導讓步子句，用來凸顯天然酶的優點（高選擇性）與其局限性（脆弱性）之間的對比。與「despite」或「in spite of」（後接名詞短語或動名詞）不同，「although」後面必須接包含主語與動詞的完整子句。
Although the new material exhibits excellent conductivity, it remains difficult to mass-produce efficiently.
儘管這種新材料展現出極佳的導電性，但要進行高效的大規模生產依然非常困難。
EN： The linking verb 'remain' is followed by the predicate adjective 'vulnerable', which takes the preposition 'to'. The structure 'remain vulnerable to + [noun/noun phrase]' expresses a continuous state of susceptibility to external damaging factors.
中文： 連繫動詞「remain」（保持/依然是）後接表語形容詞「vulnerable」（易受傷害的/脆弱的），並配合介系詞「to」。結構「remain vulnerable to + [名詞/名詞短語]」用於表示對外部破壞性因素持續處於易受影響或受損的狀態。
Without proper encapsulation, the active biological molecules remain vulnerable to enzymatic degradation.
若沒有適當的封裝，這些活性生物分子依然容易受到酶解作用的破壞。
EN： When listing multiple parallel items (in this case, four obstacles: heat, acidity, oxidation, and prolonged operational stress), English academic prose uses Oxford commas and maintains parallel noun structures to establish formal rhythm and absolute clarity.
中文： 在列舉多個平行項目時（本句包含四個不利因素：高溫、酸度、氧化與長時間運作壓力），英文學術寫作常使用牛津補充逗號（Oxford comma），並保持名詞結構的對等平行，以確保結構嚴謹與語意清晰。
The catalyst failed due to contamination, mechanical wear, thermal shock, and poor pH stability.
該催化劑因污染、機械磨損、熱衝擊以及酸鹼穩定性不佳而失效。
EN： The transition adverb 'Furthermore' is used to introduce an additional, usually stronger, point that supports or expands upon a previous statement. It sets a formal and persuasive tone.
中文： 轉接副詞「Furthermore」（此外/再者）用於引出補充性且通常語氣更強烈的論點，用以支持或擴展前文，常見於正式寫作與學術論述中。
The proposed policy is economically unfeasible; furthermore, it violates existing environmental regulations.
這項提議的政策在經濟上不可行；此外，它還違反了現行的環保法規。
EN： The gerund phrase 'recovering them after use' acts as the singular subject of the second independent clause, taking the third-person singular verb 'presents'. Gerund subjects are common in formal contexts to describe actions or processes.
中文： 動名詞短語「recovering them after use」（使用後回收它們）作為第二個獨立子句的單數主詞，因此搭配第三人稱單數動詞「presents」。動名詞作主詞常用於正式語境中，用來抽象化描述某一動作或過程。
Managing large-scale scientific datasets requires advanced computational tools.
管理大規模科學數據集需要先進的計算工具。
EN： The word 'prohibitive' is a high-level predicate adjective meaning 'so high or expensive as to prevent something from being done or bought'. It often modifies nouns like 'cost', 'price', or 'expense'.
中文： 形容詞「prohibitive」在此作為表語形容詞，意思是「（價格或成本）高得令人望而卻步的」，常用於修飾「cost」（成本）、「price」（價格）或「expense」（費用）等名詞。
The initial setup fees for the laboratory equipment proved prohibitive for the small startup.
該實驗室設備的初始設置費用對這家小型初創企業來說高得令人望而卻步。
EN： The transitional phrase 'by contrast' is used parenthetically between commas to introduce a stark difference between the main subject and a previously mentioned topic.
中文： 轉折短語「by contrast」（相比之下）以插入語的形式置於雙逗號之間，用以引出主詞與前文所述事物之間的鮮明對比。
Traditional solar panels require vast surface areas; wind turbines, by contrast, utilize vertical space more efficiently.
傳統的太陽能電池板需要廣大的表面積；相比之下，風力發電機則能更有效率地利用垂直空間。
EN： The preposition 'through' is paired with a noun phrase ('modifications to...') to express the method, means, or mechanism by which an action is accomplished.
中文： 介系詞「through」（透過）後接名詞短語（如「modifications to...」），用來表達達成某項動作的方法、手段或機制。
Engineers improved the vehicle's fuel efficiency through structural modifications to the chassis.
工程師透過對底盤進行結構改進，提升了車輛的燃油效率。
EN： Parallel structure is maintained when listing noun phrases as objects of a preposition, using 'and' before the final element ('particle size, surface structure, and electronic configuration').
中文： 在列舉介系詞的受詞時，採用平行結構（排比），並於最後一個項目之前使用連詞「and」（如「particle size, surface structure, and electronic configuration」），以維持句法的對稱與流暢。
The material's strength can be optimized through control of ambient temperature, processing duration, and cooling speed.
該材料的強度可透過控制環境溫度、加工時間和冷卻速度來達到最佳化。
EN： The nominal relative clause (or fused relative clause) beginning with 'What' acts as a noun phrase functioning as the subject of the main sentence. Here, 'What distinguishes...' means 'The thing that distinguishes...'.
中文： 由 'What' 引導的名詞性關係子句（又稱複合關係代名詞子句）在句中充當主詞，相當於 'The thing that...'，表示「……的事物/特點」。
What makes this approach revolutionary is its focus on long-term ecological sustainability.
使這種方法具有革命性突破的地方，在於它關注長期的生態永續性。
EN： The noun 'insistence' takes a appositive 'that' clause expressing a recommendation, requirement, or strong claim, which often takes a subjunctive mood (e.g., 'should not be evaluated' or 'not be evaluated').
中文： 抽象名詞 'insistence'（堅持）後方常接由 'that' 引導的同位語子句，用以說明堅持的具體內容。子句中常使用虛擬語氣，即含情態助動詞 'should' 或直接使用原形動詞。
The committee reiterated its insistence that all safety protocols be strictly observed.
委員會再次重申其堅持，即所有安全規範都必須被嚴格遵守。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'distinguish A from B' is used to highlight the difference between two entities, where A is the subject of distinction and B is the point of comparison.
中文： 'distinguish A from B' 為固定動詞搭配，意為「將 A 與 B 區別開來」或「使 A 不同於 B」。在此句中，A 為生態奈米酶學，B 為先前的研究。
Clear communication and analytical rigor distinguish top researchers from their peers.
清晰的溝通能力與嚴謹的分析態度，將頂尖研究人員與其同儕區別開來。
EN： The reported speech pattern 'argued that + clause' uses 'that' as a conjunction introducing a noun clause that acts as the direct object of the verb 'argued'. In formal academic or journalistic contexts, this structure is standard for presenting arguments or hypotheses.
中文： 「argued that + 子句」的間接引語句型，使用「that」作為連接詞來引導一個名詞子句，作為動詞「argued」的直接受詞。在正式學術或新聞語境中，此結構常用於提出觀點、論點或假設。
Scholars have argued that urban green spaces significantly reduce stress levels among residents.
學者們主張，城市綠地能顯著降低居民的壓力水平。
EN： The passive voice modal verb construction 'must be + past participle' (must be understood) expresses strong necessity or obligation regarding how something should be perceived or analyzed, removing the emphasis from the agent performing the action.
中文： 情態動詞被動語態結構「must be + 過去分詞」（must be understood），用於表達對某事應如何被看待或分析的強烈必要性或義務，從而轉移對動作執行者的關注。
These policy changes must be implemented within a strict timeframe to be effective.
這些政策變更必須在嚴格的時間框架內實施才能生效。
EN： The relative clause introduced by 'that' ('that sustain ecosystems') modifies the preceding noun phrase 'the broader cycles of energy and matter', where 'that' acts as the subject of the verb 'sustain'.
中文： 由「that」引導的關係子句（that sustain ecosystems）用來修飾前方的名詞短語「the broader cycles of energy and matter」，在此「that」充當動詞「sustain」的主語。
We should focus on technologies that support sustainable development.
我們應該專注於能支持永續發展的技術。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses starting with 'who' provide extra, non-essential information about a person or group of people. They are separated from the main sentence by commas.
中文： 由 'who' 引導的非限定關係子句用於對前面的人或群體提供額外的補充說明（非必要資訊），前後需使用逗號與主句隔開。
Dr. Aris, who led the climate task force, delivered the opening speech.
領導氣候任務小組的阿里斯博士發表了開幕致詞。
EN： The verb 'emphasize' followed by a 'that' clause is a formal reporting structure used to express a strong opinion, claim, or key finding in academic and professional contexts.
中文： 動詞 'emphasize' 後接 'that' 引導的名詞子句，為學術與專業語境中常見的正式報導動詞結構，用於強調核心觀點或重要研究發現。
Researchers emphasized that immediate action is required to combat biodiversity loss.
研究人員強調需要立即採取行動以對抗生物多樣性流失。
EN： The preposition 'on' is used after abstract nouns like 'perspective', 'view', or 'take' to indicate the specific subject or topic being considered.
中文： 在 'perspective'（觀點）、'view'（看法）等抽象名詞之後，習慣使用介系詞 'on' 來引導所關注或探討的具體主題與對象。
The conference provided a novel perspective on renewable energy integration.
該會議提供了關於再生能源整合的新穎觀點。
EN： Inversion in conditional clauses: When 'if' is omitted in a first conditional or hypothetical structure, 'should' is placed before the subject. This creates a more formal, academic tone.
中文： 條件句倒裝：當省略「if」時，助動詞「should」會置於主詞之前，形成主謂倒裝。這種結構常見於正式書面語或學術文章中，用以表達假設情況。
Should you require further assistance, please do not hesitate to contact our customer support team.
倘若您需要進一步的協助，請隨時與我們的客戶支援團隊聯繫。
EN： The idiom 'gain traction' means to become popular, gain acceptance, or start making progress. It is widely used in business, academic, and scientific contexts.
中文： 慣用語「gain traction」意指（想法、概念或產品）獲得支持、抓牢市場、開始流行或取得進展。常用於商業、學術及科學報導中。
The novel renewable energy policy is beginning to gain traction among local governments.
這項新穎的可再生能源政策正開始獲得地方政府的重視與支持。
EN： The phrase 'for [time period] to come' is used to emphasize that something will continue or have an impact far into the future.
中文： 短語「for [時間單位] to come」用於強調某事在未來的漫長一段時間內將持續發生或產生影響，譯為「在未來……的時間裡」。
The decisions made at this conference will shape economic development for years to come.
在此次會議上做出的決定將影響未來多年的經濟發展。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 開創性的；先驅的
在本文中： 跨學科的；跨領域的
在本文中： 催化的
在本文中： 調節的；管理的
在本文中： 補救；（環境）修復
在本文中： 選擇性
在本文中： （費用）昂貴得令人負擔不起的；高得嚇人的
在本文中： 後勤的；運籌規劃的
在本文中： 令人信服的；很有吸引力的
在本文中： 提倡者；支持者
在本文中： 整體的；全面的
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
To propose or suggest an idea, plan, or theory for consideration.
提出（想法、計畫或理論）
The removal of pollution or contaminants from environmental media such as soil, groundwater, sediment, or surface water.
環境修復；污染整治
Used to show that there is a clear difference between two things.
相比之下；相反地
To become popular, accepted, or gathering momentum.
獲得支持；開始流行；取得進展