EN： In news headlines, the conjunction 'that' introducing an object noun clause is almost always omitted for brevity (e.g., 'Employers Warn [that] Higher Training Costs...'). Additionally, headlines commonly use the simple present tense ('Warn') to report recent events.
中文： 在英文新聞標題中，引導受詞名詞子句的連接詞「that」通常會被省略以節省篇幅（例如本句實為 Employers Warn [that] Higher Training Costs...）。此外，新聞標題習慣以現在簡單式（如 Warn）來報導近期發生的事件。
Experts warn cutting public transit could hurt low-income families.
專家警告削減大眾運輸可能會衝擊低收入家庭。
EN： The modal verb 'could' is used here to express a cautious, tentative possibility or potential future consequence ('might possibly cause harm'), which is softer and less definitive than 'will' or 'can'.
中文： 情態助動詞「could」在此處用來表示推測或潛在的可能性（意為「有可能會造成損害」），相較於「will」或「can」，語氣更為委婉與審慎。
The rising interest rates could reduce consumer spending next quarter.
利率上升可能會降低下一季度的消費者支出。
EN： In UK news headlines, 'Headlinese' style is common: function words like articles ('the', 'a') and conjunctions ('that') are omitted to save space, and headlines use title casing or present tense even for past statements.
中文： 在英國新聞標題中，常採用「標題文體」（Headlinese）：省略冠詞（如 the、a）與引導詞（如 that）以精簡篇幅，且即便陳述過去發生的發言，動詞也習慣使用現在式。
EN： The reporting verb 'warn' is followed by a 'that-clause' functioning as the direct object, explaining what the employers are warning about. In this clause, 'that' acts as a subordinating conjunction.
中文： 報導動詞（reporting verb）「warn」（警告）後方接由「that」引導的名詞子句作為受詞，用來說明警告的具體內容。在口語或非正式書面語中，「that」常可省略。
Scientists warned that climate change would cause severe droughts.
科學家警告說，氣候變遷將會引發嚴重的乾旱。
EN： The infinitive phrase 'to help young people' functions as an adjective (adjectival infinitive) modifying the preceding noun 'plan', specifying what the plan aims to do.
中文： 不定詞片語「to help young people」在此作形容詞用（形容詞性不定詞），後位修飾前方名詞「plan」（計畫），說明該計畫的目的與內容。
The government launched a campaign to protect local wildlife.
政府發起了一項保護當地野生動物的活動。
EN： In the UK, the Apprenticeship Levy is a government tax on large employers to fund workplace apprenticeships. Debates frequently arise regarding whether funding should prioritize school leavers (young people) or reskilling older workers transitioning in their careers.
中文： 在英國，政府透過「學徒稅」（Apprenticeship Levy）向大型雇主收費以補貼職場學徒培訓。政策界經常爭論資金應優先用於剛離校的年輕人，還是用於協助需要轉型升級的年長勞工。
EN： The verb 'plan' is commonly followed by an infinitive ('to + verb') to express intentions or future arrangements: 'plan to do something'. In this sentence, it appears in the present continuous tense ('are planning to change') to show an ongoing, active plan.
中文： 動詞「plan」（計劃）後面常接不定詞（to + 原形動詞）來表示意圖或未來安排，句型為「plan to do something」。在此處使用現在進行式（are planning to change），表示目前正在著手進行或籌劃的行動。
The committee is planning to launch a new environmental program next month.
委員會正計劃於下個月推出一項新的環保計畫。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses are introduced by a comma followed by 'which' (or who/whom/whose). They provide extra, non-essential information about the preceding noun phrase. Here, ', which pays for workers' training' adds explanatory detail about 'the apprenticeship funding system in England'.
中文： 非限定關係子句（Non-defining relative clause）使用逗號隔開，並以「which」引導，用來對前方名詞提供額外的補充資訊。此句中「, which pays for workers' training」補充說明了「英格蘭的學徒資助制度」的具體功用。
He decided to buy the laptop, which offers exceptional battery life.
他決定購買這台筆記型電腦，它具備極為出色的電池續航力。
EN： In the UK political system, education and skills funding policies are devolved. This means the UK central government sets policies specifically for England, while Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland manage their own separate apprenticeship systems. That is why the sentence explicitly specifies 'in England'.
中文： 在英國的政治體制中，教育與技能培訓政策屬於地方權限（Devolution）。這表示英國中央政府制定的這項政策僅適用於英格蘭（England），而蘇格蘭、威爾斯與北愛爾蘭各自擁有獨立的學徒體系，因此句中特別指明「in England」。
EN： Gerunds (verb + -ing) can function as the subject of a sentence. In this sentence, the entire gerund phrase 'training a worker over the age of 25' acts as the singular subject governing the verb 'would cost'.
中文： 動名詞（動詞字尾加 -ing）可以在句中充當主詞。在此句中，整個動名詞片語「training a worker over the age of 25」（培訓一名25歲以上的員工）作為主詞，引導後續的謂語動詞「would cost」。
Studying abroad opens up many new opportunities for young people.
出國留學為年輕人開啟了許多新的機會。
EN： The verb 'cost' can take a double object structure: 'cost + someone + amount/value', meaning that an action requires someone to spend or lose a specific amount of money, time, or effort.
中文： 動詞「cost」常採用雙賓語結構（cost + 人 + 金額/代價），表示某事使某人花費或耗費特定的金錢、時間或心力。本句中「employers」為間接賓語，「25 percent more」為量度賓語/代價。
Repainting the house cost them two thousand dollars.
重新粉刷這棟房子花了他們兩千美元。
EN： In the UK, government policies frequently define 'young workers' or target groups around the age threshold of 25. The Apprenticeship Levy and related funding rules often differentiate between younger trainees (aged 16–24) and adult learners (25 and older) to incentivize youth employment.
中文： 在英國，政府的就業政策常以 25 歲作為劃分青年勞動力與成年工作者的關鍵分界點。英國學徒制培訓補助（Apprenticeship funding）制度常透過調整補貼比例，鼓勵企業多僱用並培訓 16 至 24 歲的青年，減少青年失業率。
EN： The pattern 'encourage + object + to-infinitive' means to persuade or stimulate someone to perform a specific action. Here, 'companies' is the object, followed by 'to train'.
中文： 句型「encourage + 受詞 + 不定詞 (to V)」表示「鼓勵某人做某事」。在此句中，companies 是受詞，後面接不定詞 to train 作為受詞補語。
The government launched a campaign to encourage citizens to recycle plastic waste.
政府發起了一項活動，鼓勵市民回收塑膠廢棄物。
EN： 'Instead of' is a prepositional phrase meaning 'in place of' or 'rather than'. It is followed by a noun, pronoun, or gerund (-ing form). In this sentence, it contrasts 'young people' with the noun phrase 'older staff'.
中文： 「instead of」是介系詞片語，意思是「而不是」或「代替」，後面須接名詞、代名詞或動名詞（V-ing）。在此句中用來對比 young people 與 older staff。
She decided to walk to work instead of taking the bus.
她決定走路去上班，而不是搭公車。
EN： In British English, 'staff' is an uncountable collective noun often used to refer to employees as a whole, whereas American English frequently uses 'employees' or 'workers'. When British policy discusses 'older staff', it typically reflects concerns around retraining mature workers versus subsidizing apprenticeships for school and college leavers.
中文： 在英式英語中，「staff」是不可數的集合名詞，常用來統稱員工；美式英語則較常使用「employees」或「workers」。在英國政策脈絡下，提及「older staff」通常反映出針對資深員工再培訓與補助初出茅廬年輕人學徒制（apprenticeships）之間的資源權衡考量。
EN： Compound predicate with passive voice: Two passive verb phrases ('was prepared' and 'was first reported') share the same subject ('The proposal') and are joined by the coordinating conjunction 'and'.
中文： 被動語態的複合謂語：兩個被動語態動詞片語（'was prepared' 與 'was first reported'）共享同一個主詞（'The proposal'），並由對等連接詞 'and' 連接。
The document was reviewed yesterday and was approved this morning.
該文件已於昨天審核，並於今天上午獲得批准。
EN： Adverb placement in passive voice: The frequency/order adverb 'first' is positioned between the auxiliary verb 'was' and the past participle 'reported'.
中文： 被動語態中的副詞位置：表示順序或頻率的副詞 'first' 放置在助動詞 'was' 與過去分詞 'reported' 之間。
The missing files were quickly discovered by the IT team.
遺失的檔案很快就被資訊團隊找到了。
EN： In the UK, the 'budget' (or Budget statement) is an annual major event where the Chancellor of the Exchequer presents taxation and government spending plans. Significant policy reforms are frequently scheduled or announced in alignment with the budget date.
中文： 在英國，「預算案」（Budget）是一年一度的重要政府大事，由財政大臣親自向國會發表稅收與政府支出計畫。許多重大的公共政策或改革方案通常會配合預算案的發布時程一同推出。
EN： The passive construction 'be expected to + infinitive' is commonly used in news reporting to express anticipation or likelihood without definitively stating who expects it.
中文： 「be expected to + 原形動詞」為常見的被動語態句型，常用於新聞報導中，表達某事「預計會……」或「被期望……」，省略明確預期者以展現客觀性。
The new policy is expected to take effect next month.
這項新政策預計將於下個月生效。
EN： The pattern 'part of something' denotes a component or fraction of a larger whole, followed here by multiple prepositional phrases ('to...', 'by...') providing descriptive detail.
中文： 「part of + 名詞」表示「……的一部分」，其後可接續多個介系詞片語（如本文中的 to 與 by）來層層修飾核心名詞。
This project is part of our long-term strategy.
這項專案是我們長期策略的一部分。
EN： In British politics, an independent 'review' is often commissioned by the government to examine pressing public issues. Alan Milburn, a former Labour Cabinet minister and former chair of the Social Mobility Commission, is a prominent figure frequently tasked with advising on welfare, education, and employment policy.
中文： 在英國政壇中，政府經常委託獨立人士主導「審查報告」（review）以研擬重大公共政策。艾倫·米爾本（Alan Milburn）曾任工黨內閣大臣及社會流動委員會主席，長期在社會福利、教育及青年就業政策領域扮演關鍵諮詢角色。
EN： The phrasal verb 'look at' means to examine, investigate, or consider an issue or problem.
中文： 片語動詞「look at」在此處意為「審視、探討或調查」某個議題或問題。
The committee will look at the causes of the economic crisis.
委員會將審視這場經濟危機的起因。
EN： An embedded question (wh-clause acting as a noun clause) follows normal statement word order (Subject + Verb), rather than question word order (Auxiliary + Subject). Here, 'why' introduces the clause serving as the prepositional object of 'at'.
中文： 間接問句（名詞子句）須使用陳述句語序（主詞 + 動詞），而非一般疑問句的倒裝語序（助動詞 + 主詞）。此處「why」引導的子句作為介系詞「at」的受詞。
Nobody understands why the project failed.
沒有人理解該專案為何失敗。
EN： In the UK, government-commissioned 'reviews' led by experienced politicians or independent experts (such as the Milburn review) are standard tools used to evaluate pressing social challenges—like youth unemployment or NEETs (young people Not in Education, Employment, or Training)—before formulating new public policies.
中文： 在英國，由資深政治人物或獨立專家主導的「政府獨立審查」（review，如文中的米爾本審查）是制定公共政策前的常見機制，專門用來深入調查青年失業或「尼特族」（NEET，即未在學、未就業或未受培訓）等嚴峻社會問題。
EN： The passive structure 'be expected to + verb' expresses what is anticipated or scheduled to happen, often used in formal news reporting.
中文： 被動結構「be expected to + 原形動詞」表示「預計／預期會做某事」，常用於新聞報導以客觀呈現預定或預期的事件。
The company is expected to release its new product next month.
該公司預計下個月發布其新產品。
EN： The relative clause 'that support young people' uses the relative pronoun 'that' as the subject to modify the preceding noun 'measures'.
中文： 關係子句「that support young people」使用關係代名詞「that」作為主詞，修飾先行詞名詞「measures」（措施）。
The government introduced policies that encourage green energy.
政府推行了鼓勵綠色能源的政策。
EN： In the UK government, the 'Chancellor of the Exchequer' (often shortened to 'the Chancellor') is the senior minister responsible for all economic and financial matters, equivalent to a finance minister or the Secretary of the Treasury in other countries.
中文： 在英國政府體系中，「Chancellor of the Exchequer」（通常簡稱為「the Chancellor」）即為「財政大臣」，主管英國整體的經濟與財政事務，地位僅次於首相，相當於其他國家的財政部長。
EN： The past participle 'aged' functions as a post-nominal adjective modifying 'people'. It is equivalent to the reduced relative clause 'who are aged 16 to 24'.
中文： 過去分詞「aged」在此作為後置修飾語，修飾前面的名詞「people」，等同於省略了關係代名詞子句的「who are aged 16 to 24」（年齡介於……歲）。
Students aged 12 to 18 can enter the competition for free.
12 至 18 歲的學生可免費參加該競賽。
EN： The phrase 'in education, employment or training' uses parallel noun structures governed by the single preposition 'in' to describe a status or condition.
中文： 片語「in education, employment or training」利用單一介系詞「in」連接三個平行的抽象名詞，用來描述人所處的狀態（就學、就業或受訓）。
Many young adults are currently in higher education.
許多青年目前正處於高等教育階段。
EN： The phrase 'not in education, employment or training' is the source of the well-known acronym NEET (Not in Education, Employment, or Training). First categorized by policy researchers in the UK in the late 1990s, the term has since been adopted internationally (including in Japan, Taiwan, and other regions, where NEETs are often referred to as '尼特族' or '啃老族') to describe young people disconnected from the labor market and school systems.
中文： 片語「not in education, employment or training」正是知名縮寫「NEET」（尼特族）的由來。該概念源自 1990 年代末期的英國政府政策研究，用來界定既未求學、也未就業或受訓的青年族群；後來此概念廣泛傳入台灣、日本等亞洲社會，成為公共政策與社會學熱門探討的族群。
EN： The verb 'ask' can follow the pattern 'ask + someone + to + infinitive', meaning to request or urge someone to do something.
中文： 動詞「ask」常用於「ask + 受詞 + to 不定詞」的句型，表示「要求／請求某人做某事」。在此句中，business leaders 要求 the government 進行「to think again」的動作。
The teacher asked the students to submit their assignments on time.
老師要求學生按時繳交作業。
EN： The present perfect tense ('have asked') is used here to describe an action that occurred in the recent past and has relevance or impact on the present situation.
中文： 現在完成式（have + 過去分詞）在此用於描述近期剛發生的動作，且該動作對當前的局勢或討論仍具有直接的影響力。
Residents have demanded better public transportation in the area.
居民們已經要求改善該地區的大眾運輸。
EN： In British political and media discourse, asking the government to 'think again' is a standard, polite, yet firm diplomatic idiom used by lobby groups and industry leaders to urge ministers to reconsider or withdraw a controversial policy before it becomes law.
中文： 在英國政治與新聞報導中，要求政府「think again」（重新考慮）是一種常見、客氣卻立場堅定的外交式說法，通常由產業遊說團體或商界領袖使用，呼籲部長級官員在具爭議的政策正式立法或推行前重新審視甚至撤回。
EN： A non-defining relative clause (introduced by 'who') provides extra, non-essential information about a noun (Robert Halfon) and is set off by commas. Removing it does not change the core meaning of the main sentence.
中文： 非限定子句（由關係代名詞 who 引導）用來補充說明主詞「羅伯特·哈方」的額外資訊，前後需加逗號隔開。即使省略該子句，主要句子的核心語意依然完整。
Sarah, who joined our team last year, is leading the project.
去年加入我們團隊的莎拉，正帶領著這個專案。
EN： The phrasal preposition 'work for' means to be employed by a company or organization. The adverb 'now' contrasts the subject's current employment with their past role ('was once').
中文： 動詞片語「work for」意為「受僱於……／在……工作」。副詞「now」（現在）在此處與非限定子句中的過去身份（「was once」曾經是）形成時間上的對比。
He used to teach, but he now works for an international tech company.
他過去曾任教職，但現在在一家國際科技公司工作。
EN： In the UK political system, a 'skills minister' is a junior ministerial post responsible for apprenticeships, vocational qualifications, and adult education. Former ministers frequently take advisory or leadership roles in business groups such as Make UK (the manufacturers' organisation), bridging government policy and private sector interests.
中文： 在英國政制中，「技能大臣（skills minister）」是負責學徒制、職業培訓與成人教育的次長級職位。英國前官員常於卸任後加入「英國製造業商會（Make UK）」等代表業界的商會組織擔任要職，在政府政策與產業利益間扮演重要橋樑。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'instead of' is followed by a gerund (V-ing) or a noun phrase to express that one action or thing replaces another.
中文： 介系詞片語「instead of」（而不是、代替）後面須接動名詞（V-ing）或名詞片語，用來表示以某事替代另一事，或否定後者以強調前者。
She chose to study online instead of attending classes in person.
她選擇在線上學習，而不是親自去上課。
EN： The indefinite pronoun 'ones' is used here to avoid repeating the plural noun 'opportunities'.
中文： 不定代名詞「ones」在此用作代名詞，用來代替前文出現過的複數可數名詞「opportunities」（機會），以避免文字重複。
I don't like these shoes; can you show me the other ones?
我不喜歡這雙鞋，你可以給我看其他的嗎？
EN： In UK policy debates, 'moving opportunities around' refers to zero-sum policies where aiding one group (e.g., younger workers) unintentionally disadvantages another (older workers) without expanding the overall job market.
中文： 在英國的公共政策辯論中，「moving opportunities around」（僅轉移機會）常指零和政策（zero-sum policy），批評政策只是把資源或機會從某個族群（如中高齡勞工）挪給另一個族群（青年勞工），而沒有實質擴大整體就業市場的餅。
EN： The verb 'agreed' is followed by a that-clause ('that helping young people into work was important...') acting as the direct object of the sentence. In formal and written English, 'that' explicitly marks the start of the noun clause.
中文： 動詞「agreed」（同意）後接由「that」引導的名詞子句（that helping young people into work was important...），作為整句的受詞。在正式英語中，「that」通常保留以清楚標記名詞子句的開始。
The committee agreed that providing financial aid was necessary.
委員會同意提供經濟援助是必要的。
EN： A gerund phrase ('helping young people into work') can act as the subject of a clause. Because gerunds represent singular abstract concepts or activities, they take a singular verb ('was').
中文： 動名詞片語（helping young people into work）可以作為子句的主詞。由於動名詞代表單一抽象的概念或活動，因此搭配單數動詞（was）。
Learning new skills helps adults adapt to the job market.
學習新技能有助於成年人適應就業市場。
EN： The phrase 'helping people into work' reflects common UK policy and public sector terminology, often associated with welfare-to-work initiatives aimed at reducing youth unemployment (especially NEETs: Not in Education, Employment, or Training).
中文： 片語「helping people into work」（助人就業）是英國公共政策領域常見的術語，經常與解決青年失業問題（特別是俗稱「尼特族」的 NEET 群體：未就學、未就業亦未受訓青年）的各項就業輔導政策緊密相連。
EN： The sentence uses a gerund phrase ('Making it...') as the subject. In addition, 'it' serves as a dummy (preparatory) object following the verb 'make', while 'more expensive' is the object complement, and the true object is the infinitive clause 'for employers to train older workers'.
中文： 此句使用動名詞片語（Making...）作為主要子句的主詞。此外，動詞 make 後面接了虛受詞「it」，而「more expensive」是受詞補語，真正的受詞則是後面的不定詞子句「for employers to train older workers」（讓雇主培訓年長員工）。
Making it easier for students to access resources improves learning outcomes.
讓學生更容易獲取資源能改善學習成果。
EN： The structure 'isn't the answer' is a common idiomatic expression used to indicate that a suggested course of action is not an effective or suitable solution to a problem.
中文： 「... isn't the answer」是一個常見的習慣用語，用來表示某種提議的具體做法並非解決問題的有效或適當方法（並非解決之道）。
Cutting healthcare funding isn't the answer to reducing the budget deficit.
削減醫療補助並不是減少財政赤字的解決之道。
EN： In British political and economic debates, policy proposals often spark discussions about 'trade-offs' between age demographics. When ministers attempt to boost youth apprenticeships by cutting or raising costs on older workers (over 25), business representatives like Make UK frequently argue against pitting older workers against younger ones.
中文： 在英國的政治與經濟辯論中，政策常引發不同年齡層利益「權衡取捨（trade-offs）」的爭議。當政府官員試圖透過調整補貼、變相提高年滿25歲員工的培訓成本來鼓勵青年就業時，像英國製造業商會（Make UK）等商業代表團體常公開反對這種「顧此失彼」或將不同世代對立起來的政策手段。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 雇主，雇用人員的機構或個人
在本文中： 學徒期，見習培訓制度
在本文中： 資金，經費撥款
在本文中： 鼓勵，促進
在本文中： 提案，提議
在本文中： 預算案，財政預算
在本文中： 失業的，待業的
在本文中： 措施，處置方法
在本文中： 製造業，生產製造的
在本文中： 經濟上的
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
To reconsider a decision, opinion, or course of action.
重新考慮，再想想
In place of someone or something else.
而不是……，代替……
A classification describing young people who are currently unemployed and not enrolled in school or job training (commonly abbreviated as NEET).
未在學、未就業且未接受培訓（尼特族/NEET）
To shift or transfer people or things from one position or group to another without increasing the total amount.
搬移，挪動；在此指把資源或機會內部轉移而不增加總量