EN： Present Perfect Tense (has/have + past participle): Used here to describe a recent action that has a result in the present. In this context, 'has revealed' indicates that the analysis was completed and the information is now known.
中文： 現在完成式（has/have + 過去分詞）：此處用於描述最近發生且對現在產生影響的動作。在本文中，「has revealed」表示分析已經完成，且其結果（資訊）現在已為人所知。
The study has revealed a link between diet and health.
這項研究顯示了飲食與健康之間的聯繫。
EN： Appositive Phrase: A noun or noun phrase that sits next to another noun to rename it or describe it in more detail. 'Australia's two largest supermarkets' is an appositive describing 'Coles and Woolworths'.
中文： 同位語片語：緊跟在另一個名詞旁邊，用來重新命名或更詳細地描述該名詞的名詞或名詞片語。此處「Australia's two largest supermarkets」是「科爾斯和伍爾沃斯」的同位語。
Mr. Chen, my English teacher, is very kind.
陳先生，我的英文老師，非常親切。
EN： In Australia, Coles and Woolworths form a 'duopoly,' controlling a vast majority of the grocery market. The term 'High-Low pricing' mentioned in the context refers to a strategy where prices fluctuate significantly, which is a major point of discussion regarding the cost of living in Australia.
中文： 在澳洲，科爾斯 (Coles) 和伍爾沃斯 (Woolworths) 形成了「雙頭壟斷」，控制了絕大部分的雜貨市場。背景中提到的「高低定價策略」(High-Low pricing) 指的是價格大幅波動的策略，這是目前澳洲關於生活成本討論的一個主要焦點。
EN： The past participle phrase 'called CW Scanner' acts as an adjective to modify the preceding noun 'website'. This is a reduced relative clause, shortened from 'which is called CW Scanner'.
中文： 過去分詞短語「called CW Scanner」作為形容詞使用，用來修飾前面的名詞「website」（網站）。這是一個簡化的關係子句，由「which is called CW Scanner」縮減而來。
A company called Apple makes the iPhone.
一家名為蘋果的公司製造了 iPhone。
EN： The verb 'provide' follows the pattern 'provide something to someone/something'. It indicates the transfer of information or goods from a source to a recipient.
中文： 動詞「provide」遵循「provide something to someone/something」（提供某物給某人/某單位）的句型。它表示將信息或物品從來源轉移到接收者手中。
The teacher provided the notes to the students.
老師將講義提供給了學生。
EN： Guardian Australia is the Australian edition of The Guardian, a major global news organization. In this context, it highlights how independent data analysis from third-party websites like CW Scanner is used by investigative journalism to hold large corporations accountable.
中文： 衛報澳洲版（Guardian Australia）是全球主要新聞機構《衛報》的澳洲版本。在此背景下，它突顯了調查記者如何利用來自 CW Scanner 等第三方網站的獨立數據分析，來監督大型企業的行為。
EN： Compound Predicate: This sentence uses a compound predicate where two verbs ('covers' and 'includes') share the same subject ('The information'). They are connected by the conjunction 'and'.
中文： 複合謂語：本句使用了複合謂語，即兩個動詞（covers 和 includes）共享同一個主詞（The information），並由連接詞「and」連接。
The report analyzes the market and suggests new strategies.
這份報告分析了市場並提出了新策略。
EN： Listing with 'such as': The phrase 'such as' is used to introduce specific examples of a general category (in this case, 'products'). It is followed by a list of nouns separated by commas.
中文： 使用「such as」進行列舉：短語「such as」用於引出一般類別（本句中為「products」）的具體實例。其後接一串以逗號分隔的名詞。
She enjoys outdoor activities such as hiking, swimming, and cycling.
她喜歡戶外活動，例如健行、游泳和騎單車。
EN： The phrase 'According to' is a prepositional phrase used to indicate the source of information. It is followed by a noun or a noun phrase.
中文： 短語「According to」是一個介系詞短語，用於表示資訊的來源。其後接名詞或名詞短語。
According to the weather forecast, it will rain tomorrow.
根據天氣預報，明天會下雨。
EN： The correlative structure 'one... the other' is used when referring to two specific items or groups. 'One' identifies the first, and 'the other' identifies the remaining one of the pair.
中文： 相關結構「one... the other」用於指代兩個特定的項目或群體。「One」指代第一個，「the other」則指代該對組合中剩下的一個。
I have two pens; one is blue and the other is red.
我有兩枝筆；一枝是藍色的，另一枝是紅色的。
EN： In Australia, the supermarket industry is dominated by a 'duopoly' consisting of Coles and Woolworths. This market structure often leads to similar pricing behaviors, which can sometimes be scrutinized by the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) to ensure fair competition and protect consumers.
中文： 在澳洲，超市產業由科爾斯和伍爾沃斯組成的「雙頭壟斷」所主導。這種市場結構經常導致相似的定價行為，有時會受到澳洲競爭及消費者委員會 (ACCC) 的審查，以確保公平競爭並保護消費者權益。
EN： Passive Voice (be + past participle): Used when the action is more important than the person or thing performing it. Here, 'was advertised' focuses on the promotion of the product.
中文： 被動語態 (be 動詞 + 過去分詞)：當動作本身比執行動作的人或物更重要時使用。這裡的「was advertised」強調產品被刊登廣告這一事實。
The new smartphone was launched last month.
這款新智慧型手機於上個月發表。
EN： Prepositional Phrases for Pricing: The preposition 'at' is used to indicate a specific price point or rate (at half price), while 'for' indicates the total amount paid.
中文： 表示價格的介係詞短語：介係詞「at」用於表示特定的價格點或比率（以半價），而「for」則用於表示支付的總金額。
The tickets are available at a discount for 20 dollars.
這些門票以折扣價 20 美元出售。
EN： In Australia, the supermarket duopoly of Coles and Woolworths is a major public topic. 'Half price' specials are a very common marketing tactic used to drive foot traffic, often alternating between the two chains to ensure one always has a higher price while the other is on sale.
中文： 在澳洲，科爾斯與伍爾沃斯的超市雙頭壟斷是一個主要的公共議題。「半價」特價是吸引客流量非常常見的行銷手段，這兩家連鎖店經常交替進行特價，以確保其中一家維持高價時，另一家正在促銷。
EN： The Passive Voice (be + past participle) is used when the action is more important than the person performing it. Here, 'was sold' focuses on the product's price rather than the supermarket staff.
中文： 被動語態（be 動詞 + 過去分詞）用於當動作本身比執行者更重要時。這裡使用「was sold」（被售出）是為了強調產品的價格，而非超市的員工。
The tickets were sold in just five minutes.
門票在短短五分鐘內就售罄了。
EN： Prepositional Phrases for Price: 'At' is used to indicate a specific price point (at full price), while 'for' is used to indicate the total amount of money (for 199 dollars).
中文： 價格介係詞用法：「at」用於表示特定的價格點（以全價），而「for」則用於表示具體的金額（計 199 元）。
I bought this shirt for 20 dollars at a discount.
我以折扣價花了 20 元買了這件襯衫。
EN： In Australia, Coles and Woolworths form a 'duopoly,' controlling the vast majority of the grocery market. This sentence highlights the controversial practice where they avoid competing on price for the same items simultaneously, a topic currently under government scrutiny.
中文： 在澳洲，科爾斯 (Coles) 和伍爾沃斯 (Woolworths) 形成了「雙頭壟斷」，控制了絕大部分的雜貨市場。這句話凸顯了兩家超市避免同時針對同一商品進行價格競爭的爭議性做法，這也是目前澳洲政府審查的重點。
EN： The Past Perfect tense ('had been') is used to describe an action or state that was completed before another point in the past. In this context, it emphasizes the state of affairs prior to the 'recent' promotion mentioned earlier.
中文： 過去完成式（had been）用於描述在過去某個時間點之前已經完成的動作或持續的狀態。在此語境中，它強調在前面提到的「近期」促銷活動之前的情況。
By the time I arrived at the store, the sale had already ended.
當我到達商店時，特價活動已經結束了。
EN： The word 'just' is used here as an adverb to emphasize the specific amount of time or the precision of the timing, meaning 'exactly' or 'only'.
中文： 單字「just」在此作為副詞使用，用來強調特定時間量或時間點的精確性，意指「就在」或「僅僅」。
The train left just two minutes ago.
火車就在兩分鐘前離開了。
EN： In the context of Australian retail, the 'High-Low' pricing strategy mentioned in the text is a common but controversial practice. The sentence highlights how quickly prices can fluctuate between major competitors like Coles and Woolworths, which is a central point of the ongoing consumer rights debate in Australia.
中文： 在澳洲零售業的背景下，文中提到的「高低價」定價策略是一種常見但具爭議的作法。這句話強調了科爾斯（Coles）與伍爾沃斯（Woolworths）等主要競爭對手之間價格波動之快，這是澳洲目前消費者權益辯論的核心焦點。
EN： Passive Voice (be + past participle): Used when the subject receives the action rather than performing it. In this sentence, 'is known' indicates that the strategy doesn't know itself, but is recognized by others.
中文： 被動語態 (be 動詞 + 過去分詞)：當主詞是動作的接受者而非執行者時使用。在本句中，「is known」表示該策略並非主動去認識，而是被他人所認知。
The new policy is known to all employees.
所有員工都知道這項新政策。
EN： The phrase 'be known as' is used to specify the name, title, or category of someone or something.
中文： 短語「be known as」用於指定某人或某事物的名稱、頭銜或類別，意為「被稱為...」或「以...身分聞名」。
Paris is known as the City of Light.
巴黎被稱為光之城。
EN： "High-Low" pricing is a common psychological marketing tactic where a retailer charges a high price for an item every day, but then offers a significant discount through promotions or coupons to create a sense of urgency and value for the customer.
中文： 「高低價」定價是一種常見的心理行銷策略。零售商平時對商品標示較高的原價，然後透過促銷或優惠券提供大幅折扣，以此營造緊迫感並讓顧客覺得物超所值。
EN： The sentence uses the Present Simple tense to describe a habitual action or a general business strategy. The third-person singular subject 'The supermarket' requires the verbs to end in '-s' (sets, offers).
中文： 本句使用現在簡單式來描述習慣性的行為或一般的商業策略。第三人稱單數主詞「The supermarket」要求動詞字尾加上「-s」（如 sets, offers）。
The store opens at 9 AM every day.
這家商店每天上午九點開門。
EN： The 'to + infinitive' structure (to attract) is used here as an infinitive of purpose, explaining why the supermarket offers promotions.
中文： 「to + 原形動詞」的結構（to attract）在此作為不定詞的目的用法，解釋了超市提供促銷活動的原因。
He saved money to buy a new car.
他存錢是為了買一輛新車。
EN： The 'High-Low' pricing strategy mentioned in the context is a common retail tactic where prices are kept high normally but dropped significantly during sales. This contrasts with 'Everyday Low Price' (EDLP) strategies used by retailers like Walmart or ALDI.
中文： 文中提到的「高低價策略」（High-Low pricing）是零售業常見的策略，平時維持高價，但在促銷期間大幅降價。這與沃爾瑪（Walmart）或 ALDI 等零售商採用的「天天低價」（Everyday Low Price, EDLP）策略形成對比。
EN： Relative Clauses (Defining and Non-defining): The sentence uses two types of relative clauses. 'That followed this pattern' is a defining relative clause that identifies which products are being discussed. ', which include...' is a non-defining relative clause that provides extra information about those products, separated by a comma.
中文： 關係子句（限定與非限定）：本句使用了兩種類型的關係子句。「that followed this pattern」是限定用法，用來明確指出是哪些產品；而「, which include...」是非限定用法，用逗號隔開，用來補充說明關於這些產品的額外資訊。
The company released a report that analyzed sales, which helped investors understand the market.
該公司發布了一份分析銷售情況的報告，這有助於投資者了解市場。
EN： At least: This phrase is an adverbial modifier used to indicate that a number or amount is the minimum possible, and it could be more.
中文： At least（至少）：這是一個副詞修飾語，用來表示某個數字或數量是可能的最低限度，實際情況可能更多。
You need to wait at least twenty minutes for the paint to dry.
你至少需要等待二十分鐘讓油漆變乾。
EN： The conjunction 'because' is used to introduce a subordinate clause that provides a reason or explanation for the main clause.
中文： 連接詞「because」用於引導從屬子句，為主要子句提供原因或解釋。
I stayed home because it was raining.
我待在家裡是因為當時正在下雨。
EN： The determiner 'many more' is used to emphasize a significantly larger quantity of countable nouns.
中文： 限定詞「many more」用於強調可數名詞的數量顯著增加。
Many more people attended the concert than expected.
參加音樂會的人數比預期的多得多。
EN： The Past Perfect Tense (had + past participle) is used here to describe an action (deceiving customers) that happened before another past action (the court finding).
中文： 過去完成式（had + 過去分詞）在此處用於描述一個發生在另一個過去動作（法院裁定）之前的動作（欺騙顧客）。
The police discovered that the thief had escaped before they arrived.
警方發現小偷在他們到達之前就已經逃跑了。
EN： The conjunction 'after' introduces a subordinate clause that provides temporal context for the main event.
中文： 連接詞「after」引導一個從句，為主要事件提供時間背景資訊。
He felt much better after he took the medicine.
他在服藥後感覺好多了。
EN： This sentence refers to a real legal case in Australia where major supermarkets faced scrutiny over their pricing tactics. In Australia, the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) is a powerful body that protects consumer rights against misleading advertising.
中文： 這句話指的是澳洲一個真實的法律案件，大型超市因其定價策略面臨審查。在澳洲，澳洲競爭及消費者委員會 (ACCC) 是一個強大的機構，旨在保護消費者權益免受誤導性廣告的侵害。
EN： The verb 'ruled' is followed by a 'that' clause, which functions as a noun clause (the direct object of the verb). This structure is commonly used to report official decisions or statements.
中文： 動詞「ruled」(裁定) 後面接一個由「that」引導的子句，該子句作為名詞子句（動詞的直接受詞）。這種結構常用於報告官方決定或陳述。
The committee decided that the proposal was too expensive.
委員會判定該提案過於昂貴。
EN： The possessive form 'supermarket's' uses an apostrophe and 's' to indicate ownership or association with the noun that follows ('promotional program').
中文： 所有格形式「supermarket's」使用撇號加「s」來表示對其後名詞（促銷活動）的所有權或關聯性。
The company's logo is very recognizable.
這家公司的標誌辨識度很高。
EN： The 'Down Down' campaign is a famous long-running marketing strategy by Coles in Australia, using a giant red hand pointing downwards to signify price drops. The legal ruling mentioned reflects increasing scrutiny on whether these 'drops' are genuine or artificial.
中文： 「Down Down」活動是澳洲科爾斯 (Coles) 超市一項著名的長期行銷策略，使用巨大的紅色手掌向下指，象徵價格下跌。文中提到的法律裁定反映了社會對於這些「降價」是真實的還是人為操縱的審查日益嚴格。
EN： Present Perfect Continuous (have/has been + -ing): This tense is used to describe an action that started in the past and is still continuing in the present, or has just finished but has a strong connection to the present. It emphasizes the duration or the ongoing nature of the activity.
中文： 現在完成進行式 (have/has been + -ing)：此時態用於描述從過去開始並持續到現在的動作，或剛結束但與現在有強烈關聯的活動。它強調動作的持續性或過程。
The police have been looking for the suspect for three days.
警方已經尋找這名嫌疑犯三天了。
EN： Correlative Conjunctions (both... and...): This pair of words is used to join two equal elements (nouns, adjectives, or phrases) together, emphasizing that both items are included.
中文： 對等連接詞 (both... and...)：這組詞用於連接兩個對等的元素（名詞、形容詞或短語），強調兩者皆包含在內。
She likes both tea and coffee.
她茶和咖啡都喜歡。
EN： The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) is a powerful independent government authority in Australia. Its role is to enforce competition and consumer protection laws, ensuring that businesses act fairly and do not mislead customers. In Australia, the supermarket industry is highly concentrated, dominated by Coles and Woolworths (often called the 'duopoly'), which is why ACCC investigations into their pricing are major national news.
中文： 澳洲競爭及消費者委員會 (ACCC) 是澳洲一個權力龐大的獨立政府機構。其職責是執行競爭與消費者保護法，確保企業行為公平且不誤導消費者。在澳洲，超市產業高度集中，由科爾斯 (Coles) 和伍爾沃斯 (Woolworths) 兩大巨頭壟斷（常被稱為「雙頭壟斷」），這也是為什麼 ACCC 對其價格策略的調查會成為重大的全國新聞。
EN： The verb 'deserve' is followed by an infinitive (to + verb) to indicate that someone should have or do something because of their qualities or actions.
中文： 動詞「deserve」（應得/理應）後接不定詞（to + 動詞），用來表示某人因其特質或行為而應該擁有或做某事。
All employees deserve to be treated with respect.
所有員工都理應受到尊重。
EN： The word 'if' is used here as a conjunction to introduce indirect questions or noun clauses, meaning 'whether'. It presents two or more possibilities.
中文： 這裡的「if」作為連字號引導間接問句或名詞子句，意思是「是否」，用來呈現兩種或多種可能性。
I don't know if the store is open today.
我不知道這家店今天是否有開門。
EN： In Western retail markets like Australia, consumer rights are heavily protected by law. The statement reflects the expectation of 'price transparency,' where retailers are discouraged from using 'was/is' pricing (raising a price just to immediately discount it) to create a false sense of savings.
中文： 在澳洲等西方零售市場，消費者權益受到法律的高度保護。這段話反映了對「價格透明度」的期望，即零售商不應使用「原價/現價」的定價策略（先調高價格再立即打折）來營造虛假的省錢錯覺。
EN： The conjunction 'Although' is used to introduce a subordinate clause that expresses a contrast or concession. In English, 'although' is not paired with 'but' in the same sentence.
中文： 連接詞「Although」（雖然）用於引導表示對比或讓步的從屬子句。在英文語法中，「although」不能與「but」同時出現在同一個句子中。
Although it was raining, we decided to go for a walk.
雖然正在下雨，我們還是決定去散步。
EN： The Present Perfect tense (has/have + past participle) is used here to describe an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past and has a result or relevance in the present.
中文： 現在完成式（has/have + 過去分詞）在此用於描述過去某個不確定時間點發生的動作，且該動作對現在產生了影響或具有相關性。
The new policy has improved customer satisfaction.
新政策已經提升了客戶滿意度。
EN： In Australia, the supermarket sector is dominated by a duopoly consisting of Coles and Woolworths. This market structure often leads to public scrutiny regarding pricing tactics and competition, especially during periods of high inflation.
中文： 在澳洲，超市產業由科爾斯（Coles）與伍爾沃斯（Woolworths）兩大巨頭壟斷。這種市場結構經常引發大眾對定價策略與競爭公平性的檢視，尤其是在高通膨時期。
EN： The structure 'make it + adjective + for someone + to do something' uses 'it' as a dummy object (preparatory object). The real object is the infinitive phrase 'to find...'.
中文： 結構「make it + 形容詞 + for 某人 + to do 某事」中，「it」作為虛擬受詞（先行受詞），真正的受詞是後面的不定詞短語「to find...」。
The heavy rain made it impossible for us to go hiking.
大雨使得我們無法去健行。
EN： The word 'that' introduces a noun clause acting as the direct object of the verb 'believe'. It connects the main subject/verb to a complete thought.
中文： 單字「that」引導一個名詞子句，作為動詞「believe」的直接受詞。它將主要主詞/動詞與一個完整的想法連接起來。
Experts believe that the economy will improve next year.
專家認為明年經濟將會好轉。
EN： In the Australian retail context, the duopoly of Coles and Woolworths is a frequent topic of public debate regarding competition and cost-of-living pressures. The term 'critics' often refers to consumer advocacy groups or economic analysts who monitor these market giants.
中文： 在澳洲零售背景下，科爾斯 (Coles) 與伍爾沃斯 (Woolworths) 的雙頭壟斷是關於競爭和生活成本壓力的熱門公共議題。句中的「評論家」通常指監測這些市場巨頭的消費者權益倡導團體或經濟分析師。
EN： The verb 'encourage' follows the pattern 'encourage someone to do something', where an object is followed by a to-infinitive to express the action being promoted.
中文： 動詞「encourage」（鼓勵）遵循「encourage + 某人 + to + 動詞原形」的句型，其中受詞後接不定詞，用以表達所鼓勵的行為。
The teacher encourages students to ask questions.
老師鼓勵學生提問。
EN： The phrase 'where to buy' is a wh-word followed by a to-infinitive, acting as a noun phrase that serves as the object of the verb 'decide'.
中文： 「where to buy」是由疑問詞接不定詞構成的結構，在此作為名詞短語，擔任動詞「decide」（決定）的受詞。
I haven't decided where to go for my vacation.
我還沒決定要去哪裡度假。
EN： In Australia, the term 'groceries' typically refers to food and household items bought at supermarkets like Coles and Woolworths. The retail sector in Australia is often described as a 'duopoly' because these two major chains dominate the market, making price comparison a significant public interest topic.
中文： 在澳洲，「groceries」通常指在科爾斯 (Coles) 和伍爾沃斯 (Woolworths) 等超市購買的食品和民生用品。澳洲的零售業常被描述為「雙頭壟斷」，因為這兩大連鎖店主導了市場，這使得價格比較成為大眾高度關注的話題。
EN： Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle): Used here to describe an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past and has a result or relevance in the present.
中文： 現在完成式（have/has + 過去分詞）：此處用於描述過去某個不確定時間點發生的動作，且該動作對現在仍有影響或關聯性。
The new policy has caused many changes in the company.
這項新政策已為公司帶來了許多變化。
EN： Collocation 'draw attention': A common word pairing where 'draw' means to attract or pull in. It is often modified by adjectives like 'significant' or 'considerable'.
中文： 慣用語搭配 'draw attention'：這是一個常見的詞彙組合，'draw' 在此意為「吸引」。通常會加上 'significant' (顯著的) 或 'considerable' (相當大的) 等形容詞來修飾程度。
Her unique style of painting drew international attention.
她獨特的繪畫風格吸引了國際關注。
EN： In Australia, the supermarket duopoly of Coles and Woolworths is a major political and social issue. Because these two chains control about 65% of the market, any suspicion of price manipulation or misleading discounts quickly becomes national news and draws government scrutiny.
中文： 在澳洲，科爾斯 (Coles) 與伍爾沃斯 (Woolworths) 的超市雙頭壟斷是一個重大的政治與社會議題。由於這兩家連鎖店控制了約 65% 的市場份額，任何關於價格操縱或誤導性折扣的懷疑都會迅速成為全國新聞，並引起政府的嚴格審查。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 促銷活動，指商家為了增加銷量而進行的降價或宣傳活動。
在本文中： 揭露、顯示，指透過分析或研究使原本不為人知的事實顯現出來。
在本文中： 策略，指為了達到特定目標而制定的計畫或方法。
在本文中： 欺騙、誤導，指使人相信不真實的事情。
在本文中： 誤導性的，指資訊不實或容易讓人產生錯誤理解。
在本文中： 調查，指官方或機構為了查明真相而進行的審查。
在本文中： 同步的，指多個事件在時間上完全一致或配合。
在本文中： 真正地、名副其實地。
在本文中： 辨識出、確認，指在大量數據或群體中找出特定的對象。
在本文中： 暫時的，指僅持續一段時間而非永久的。
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
A retail pricing strategy where a store charges a high price for an item and then periodically sells it at a lower price through promotions.
高低價定價策略
To start and stop something repeatedly or at specific times.
開啟與關閉（切換）
Simultaneously; happening during the same period.
同時
To cause people to feel worried or to start a discussion about a potential problem.
引起關注、引發擔憂
The part of the economy that involves the sale of goods to the public in relatively small quantities for use or consumption.
零售業、零售部門