EN： Passive Voice (be + past participle): This structure is used when the focus is on the action or the receiver of the action rather than the performer. In this sentence, 'is considered' emphasizes how the right is perceived by society.
中文： 被動語態 (be + 過去分詞)：此結構用於當重點在於動作本身或動作的承受者，而非執行者時。在本句中，「is considered」強調了這項權利如何被社會大眾所看待。
The new policy is considered a major step toward equality.
這項新政策被視為邁向平等的重要一步。
EN： Compound Subject with Infinitive Phrases: The subject of the main clause consists of two infinitive phrases ('to vote' and 'participate') linked by 'and', which together define the 'ability' being discussed.
中文： 不定詞短語構成的複合主語：主句的主語包含由「and」連接的兩個不定詞短語（「to vote」和「participate」），它們共同定義了所討論的「能力」。
The ability to read and write is essential for modern life.
讀寫能力對現代生活至關重要。
EN： In Western democratic theory, the 'ability to vote' is often framed as a 'fundamental right' rather than a privilege. This reflects the Enlightenment values that underpin many modern constitutions, emphasizing that sovereignty resides in the people.
中文： 在西方民主理論中，「投票能力」通常被界定為一種「基本權利」而非特權。這反映了支撐許多現代憲法的啟蒙運動價值觀，強調主權在民。
EN： Relative Clauses (Adjective Clauses): The word 'who' introduces a relative clause that modifies the noun 'Citizens'. This clause provides essential information about which specific citizens are being discussed.
中文： 關係子句（形容詞子句）：單字 'who' 引導一個關係子句來修飾名詞 'Citizens'（公民）。這個子句提供了關於正在討論哪些特定公民的必要資訊。
Students who study hard usually get good grades.
努力學習的學生通常會取得好成績。
EN： Subject-Verb Agreement with Complex Subjects: In this sentence, the main subject is 'Citizens' (plural), so the main verb is 'help' (base form). The relative clause 'who engage in civic activities' does not change the plural nature of the subject.
中文： 複雜主詞的主動詞一致性：在本句中，主要主詞是 'Citizens'（複數），因此主要動詞是 'help'（原形）。關係子句 'who engage in civic activities' 並不改變主詞的複數性質。
People who live in glass houses should not throw stones.
住在玻璃房子裡的人不應該扔石頭。
EN： In democratic societies, 'civic activities' refers to a broad range of actions beyond just voting, such as volunteering, attending town halls, or local organizing. This sentence reflects the Western democratic ideal of 'active citizenship'.
中文： 在民主社會中，「公民活動」指的是除投票之外的廣泛行動，例如志願服務、參加鎮民大會或地方組織。這句話反映了西方民主理想中的「積極公民權」。
EN： The preposition 'Without' is used here to introduce a conditional situation (similar to 'If there is no...'), often followed by a noun phrase to describe a lack of something necessary.
中文： 介係詞「Without」在此用於引導一個假設性的條件（類似於「如果沒有...」），後接名詞短語，用來描述缺乏某種必要事物的情況。
Without your help, we cannot finish the project on time.
如果沒有你的幫助，我們無法準時完成這項專案。
EN： The modal verb 'may' followed by a base verb ('fail') expresses a possibility or a potential negative outcome in the future or general truth.
中文： 助動詞「may」後接原形動詞（fail），用來表達一種可能性，或是在未來、普遍事實中可能發生的負面結果。
If you don't study, you may fail the exam.
如果你不讀書，你可能會考試不及格。
EN： In Western democratic discourse, 'ordinary people' or 'grassroots' participation is often emphasized as the moral foundation of government legitimacy. The sentence reflects the civic value that democracy is a 'bottom-up' process rather than just 'top-down' administration.
中文： 在西方民主論述中，「一般民眾」（ordinary people）或「草根」參與常被強調為政府合法性的道德基礎。這句話反映了民主是一種「自下而上」的過程，而不僅僅是「自上而下」行政管理的公民價值觀。
EN： Gerund as Subject: The word 'understanding' is a gerund (a verb ending in -ing that functions as a noun). In this sentence, it acts as the head of the subject phrase, representing an abstract concept or action.
中文： 動名詞當主詞：單字 'understanding' 是一個動名詞（以 -ing 結尾且具有名詞功能的動詞）。在本句中，它作為主詞短語的核心，代表一個抽象的概念或行為。
Learning a new language opens up many career opportunities.
學習一門新語言會開啟許多職涯機會。
EN： Noun Clause with 'How to': The phrase 'how to get involved' is an infinitive phrase used as a noun clause. It functions as the object of the gerund 'understanding', specifying what needs to be understood.
中文： 包含 'how to' 的名詞片語：短語 'how to get involved' 是一個作為名詞使用的不定詞片語。它充當動名詞 'understanding' 的受詞，明確說明了需要了解的內容。
She explained how to solve the complex math problem.
她解釋了如何解決那個複雜的數學問題。
EN： In Western democratic discourse, 'civic duty' and being a 'responsible citizen' are emphasized as the foundation of a stable government. The sentence reflects the value placed on individual agency and the belief that education/understanding is the first step toward effective participation.
中文： 在西方民主論述中，「公民義務」和成為「負責任的公民」被強調為穩定政府的基石。這句話反映了對個人能動性的重視，以及相信教育與理解是有效參與的第一步。
EN： The coordinating conjunction 'yet' is used to connect two independent clauses, indicating a contrast or surprise, similar to 'but' but often more formal.
中文： 對等連接詞 'yet' 用於連接兩個獨立子句，表示對比或出乎意料的情況，語氣通常比 'but' 更正式。
The weather was cold and rainy, yet they decided to go for a hike.
天氣寒冷且下著雨，然而他們還是決定去健行。
EN： The phrase 'the most recognized' uses the superlative form of the adjective 'recognized'. For long adjectives, 'the most' is placed before the word to indicate the highest degree.
中文： 短語 'the most recognized' 使用了形容詞 'recognized' 的最高級形式。對於多音節的長形容詞，在單字前加上 'the most' 來表示最高程度。
This is the most beautiful painting in the entire gallery.
這是整個畫廊中最美麗的一幅畫。
EN： In many Western democracies, 'civic participation' is a core value, yet 'voter turnout' (the percentage of eligible voters who actually cast a ballot) varies significantly and is often a subject of intense political debate.
中文： 在許多西方民主國家，「公民參與」是核心價值觀，但「投票率」（符合資格並實際投票的選民百分比）差異很大，且經常是激烈政治辯論的主題。
EN： Present Perfect Continuous Tense: Formed with 'has/have been + -ing', this tense describes an action that started in the past and is still continuing or has just finished, emphasizing the duration and ongoing nature of the process.
中文： 現在完成進行式：由「has/have been + 現在分詞 (-ing)」構成，用來描述一個從過去開始並持續到現在的動作，強調過程的持續性與未中斷的狀態。
The global temperature has been rising steadily since the industrial revolution.
自工業革命以來，全球氣溫一直在穩定上升。
EN： Prepositional Phrases for Time: The phrase 'over the past few decades' uses 'over' to indicate a duration of time during which a trend or change occurs.
中文： 時間介係詞短語：短語「over the past few decades」使用介係詞「over」來表示在某段時間跨度內，某種趨勢或變化持續發生。
Technology has changed significantly over the last ten years.
科技在過去十年間發生了顯著變化。
EN： Voter turnout is a key indicator of the health of a democracy. In many Western nations, declining turnout among young people is a major topic of political debate, often leading to discussions about compulsory voting or digital voting options.
中文： 投票率是衡量民主健康程度的關鍵指標。在許多西方國家，年輕人投票率下降是政治辯論的主要議題，這常引發關於義務投票制或數位投票選項的討論。
EN： Noun Clauses with 'that': The verbs 'suggests' and 'doubt' are followed by noun clauses starting with 'that'. These clauses function as the direct object of the verb, expressing the content of the suggestion or the doubt.
中文： that 引導的名詞子句：動詞 'suggests' (顯示) 與 'doubt' (懷疑) 後方接由 'that' 引導的名詞子句。這些子句作為動詞的直接受詞，用來表達建議或懷疑的具體內容。
Many people believe that technology has improved our quality of life.
許多人相信科技改善了我們的生活品質。
EN： Compound Predicate: The subject 'younger generations' is followed by two verbs connected by 'and' ('feel' and 'doubt'). This allows the sentence to describe multiple actions or states of the same subject efficiently.
中文： 複合謂語：主詞 'younger generations' 後方接了兩個由 'and' 連接的動詞（'feel' 與 'doubt'）。這使得句子能有效地描述同一主詞的多個動作或狀態。
She finished her homework and went to the park.
她完成了作業並去了公園。
EN： The phrase 'make a difference' is a common idiomatic expression in democratic discourse, emphasizing that individual actions contribute to a larger positive change. The sentence reflects a widespread concern in Western democracies regarding youth voter apathy.
中文： 'make a difference' 是民主論述中常見的習語，強調個人行動能為整體帶來積極改變。這句話反映了西方民主國家對於年輕選民政治冷感（voter apathy）的普遍擔憂。
EN： Present Perfect Passive: Formed by 'have/has + been + past participle', it describes an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past and has a result in the present, emphasizing the receiver of the action.
中文： 現在完成式的被動語態：由「have/has + been + 過去分詞」構成，描述過去不特定時間發生且對現在有影響的動作，並強調動作的承受者。
The project has been completed by the team ahead of schedule.
該專案已由團隊提前完成了。
EN： Present Participle as a Result Clause: The '-ing' phrase (proving...) is used here to show a logical result or consequence of the preceding main clause.
中文： 現在分詞作為結果子句：這裡的「-ing」短語（proving...）用來表示前述主句所產生的邏輯結果或後果。
The heavy rain lasted for hours, causing severe flooding in the area.
大雨持續了數小時，導致該地區嚴重淹水。
EN： The phrase 'every vote counts' is a common slogan in democratic societies, especially in the United States, used to encourage voter turnout by emphasizing that even in large-scale elections, individual participation can influence the outcome.
中文： 「每一票都重要」(every vote counts) 是民主社會中常見的口號，尤其在美國，常用於強調即使在大規模選舉中，個人的參與也能影響結果，藉此鼓勵選民投票。
EN： Gerunds as Subjects and Objects: A gerund is the '-ing' form of a verb that functions as a noun. In this sentence, 'voting' acts as the object of the preposition 'Beyond', and 'attending' acts as the head of the subject phrase.
中文： 動名詞作為主詞與受詞：動名詞是動詞的 -ing 形式，其功能等同於名詞。在本句中，'voting' 作為介系詞 'Beyond' 的受詞，而 'attending' 則是主詞片語的核心。
Exercising regularly improves your physical health.
規律運動能改善你的身體健康。
EN： Subject-Verb Agreement with Gerund Phrases: When a gerund phrase (attending community meetings) acts as the subject, the verb must be singular ('offers'), even if the noun following the gerund is plural ('meetings').
中文： 動名詞片語的主詞與動詞一致性：當動名詞片語（參加社區會議）作為主詞時，動詞必須使用單數形式（offers），即使動名詞後面的名詞是複數（meetings）也是如此。
Reading books expands our knowledge.
閱讀書籍能擴展我們的知識。
EN： In many democratic societies, 'Town Hall Meetings' or community gatherings are a staple of local governance. They represent the grassroots level of democracy where ordinary citizens can directly question local officials, a concept deeply rooted in Western civic duty.
中文： 在許多民主社會中，「市政廳會議 (Town Hall Meetings)」或社區集會是地方治理的重要組成部分。它們代表了基層民主，普通公民可以直接質詢地方官員，這一概念深植於西方的公民義務意識中。
EN： The verb 'voice' is used here as a transitive verb meaning 'to express' or 'to give utterance to' feelings, opinions, or concerns. It is often used in formal or civic contexts.
中文： 動詞「voice」在此作為及物動詞，意為「表達」或「說出」感受、意見或擔憂。這在正式或公民討論的語境中非常常見。
Employees were encouraged to voice their suggestions during the meeting.
員工被鼓勵在會議期間表達他們的建議。
EN： The phrase 'such as' is used to introduce specific examples that belong to a broader category (in this case, 'issues'). It is followed by a list of nouns or noun phrases.
中文： 短語「such as」用於引入屬於廣泛類別（在此為「issues」）的具體例子。其後接名詞或名詞短語列表。
The store sells organic vegetables such as carrots, spinach, and kale.
這家店販售有機蔬菜，例如胡蘿蔔、菠菜和羽衣甘藍。
EN： In many Western democracies, 'town hall meetings' or community gatherings are a standard way for local governments to maintain transparency and for citizens to directly influence local policy.
中文： 在許多西方民主國家，「市民大會」(town hall meetings) 或社區聚會是地方政府保持透明度以及公民直接影響地方政策的標準方式。
EN： Perfect Participle Phrase (Having + Past Participle): This structure is used to indicate that one action was completed before another action in the main clause. It functions as an adverbial phrase showing sequence or cause.
中文： 完成分詞短語 (Having + 過去分詞)：此結構用於表示一個動作在主句動作之前已經完成。它作為副詞短語，用來表示動作的先後順序或原因。
Having finished the report, she turned off her computer.
完成報告後，她關掉了電腦。
EN： Adjective + To-Infinitive (Equipped to design): Certain adjectives describing ability or readiness are followed by an infinitive to specify the purpose or area of that ability.
中文： 形容詞 + 不定詞 (Equipped to design)：某些描述能力或準備程度的形容詞後接不定詞，用以說明該能力的具體目的或領域。
The team is well prepared to handle the crisis.
團隊已做好充分準備來應對這場危機。
EN： In democratic governance, 'community feedback' is a formal part of the policy-making process. Public hearings and town hall meetings are common in Western countries to ensure transparency and accountability.
中文： 在民主治理中，「社區回饋」是政策制定過程中的正式環節。在西方國家，公聽會和鎮民大會是確保透明度和問責制的常見方式。
EN： The structure 'provide an opportunity for [someone] to [do something]' is used to describe giving someone the chance to perform an action. Here, 'for neighbors' acts as the logical subject of the infinitive verbs 'to collaborate' and 'build'.
中文： 結構「provide an opportunity for [某人] to [做某事]」用於描述給予某人執行某動作的機會。在這裡，「for neighbors」作為不定詞動詞「to collaborate」和「build」的邏輯主詞。
The internship provides an opportunity for students to gain practical experience.
這份實習為學生們提供了一個獲得實務經驗的機會。
EN： Parallel structure with infinitives: When two or more verbs follow 'to', the 'to' is often omitted for the subsequent verbs. In this sentence, 'to' applies to both 'collaborate' and 'build' (to collaborate and [to] build).
中文： 不定詞的平行結構：當兩個或多個動詞接在「to」之後時，後續動詞的「to」通常會省略。在本句中，「to」同時適用於「collaborate」和「build」（to collaborate and [to] build）。
She wants to travel the world and meet new people.
她想要環遊世界並結識新朋友。
EN： In many Western democratic societies, 'community meetings' or 'town hall meetings' are a staple of local governance, emphasizing the value of grassroots participation and direct dialogue between citizens and local leaders.
中文： 在許多西方民主社會中，「社區會議」或「鎮民大會」是地方治理的重要組成部分，強調草根參與以及公民與地方領導人之間直接對話的價值。
EN： The phrase 'whether... or...' is used to introduce a conditional clause that expresses two or more possibilities, indicating that the main statement remains true regardless of which alternative is chosen.
中文： 「whether... or...」引導的讓步狀語子句，用來表達兩種或多種可能性，表示無論哪種情況發生，主句的內容都成立。
Whether it rains or shines, the football match will proceed as scheduled.
無論下雨還是晴天，足球比賽都將按計劃進行。
EN： The idiom 'play a role in' means to have an effect or influence on something. The word 'role' is often modified by adjectives like 'crucial', 'important', or 'significant'.
中文： 片語「play a role in」意為「在...中扮演角色」或「對...起作用」。名詞 role 前常加上形容詞如 crucial (至關重要的) 或 significant (顯著的) 來修飾其影響程度。
Diet plays a crucial role in maintaining overall health.
飲食在維持整體健康方面起著至關重要的作用。
EN： In Western democratic theory, 'public discourse' refers to the open exchange of ideas necessary for a healthy society. The distinction between 'online' and 'in person' reflects modern concerns about how digital platforms affect the quality of political debate compared to traditional face-to-face meetings.
中文： 在西方民主理論中，「公眾論述」(public discourse) 指的是健康社會所必需的思想開放交流。文中區分「線上」與「親自」反映了現代社會對於數位平台如何影響政治辯論品質（相對於傳統面對面會議）的關注。
EN： Gerund as Subject: The sentence starts with 'Engaging', which is a gerund (verb + -ing acting as a noun). It functions as the subject of the sentence.
中文： 動名詞當主詞：句子以 'Engaging' 開頭，這是一個動名詞（動詞 + -ing 作為名詞使用），在句中擔任主詞的角色。
Reading books broadens your horizons.
閱讀書籍能開闊你的視野。
EN： Allow someone to do something: The verb 'allow' is followed by an object (individuals) and a 'to-infinitive' (to consider), indicating permission or possibility.
中文： Allow someone to do something (允許/讓某人做某事)：動詞 'allow' 後接受詞（individuals）與不定詞（to consider），用來表示許可或使某事成為可能。
The new law allows citizens to vote online.
新法律允許公民在網上投票。
EN： In democratic societies, 'respectful debate' is a core value. It emphasizes that while people may disagree on policy, the discourse should remain civil to maintain social cohesion.
中文： 在民主社會中，「尊重的辯論」是一項核心價值。它強調雖然人們可能在政策上意見分歧，但對話應保持文明，以維持社會凝聚力。
EN： The 'It is + adjective + that-clause' structure uses 'It' as a dummy subject to introduce a fact or opinion. When expressing importance or necessity (using adjectives like 'important' or 'essential'), the verb in the 'that' clause often follows the subjunctive mood, though in modern English, the base form or 'should + base form' is common.
中文： 「It is + 形容詞 + that 子句」結構使用虛主詞 'It' 來引導一個事實或觀點。當表達重要性或必要性（使用如 important 或 essential 等形容詞）時，that 子句中的動詞通常使用虛擬語氣，即省略 should 的動詞原形。
It is essential that every student submit their assignment on time.
每位學生準時提交作業是至關重要的。
EN： The verb 'distinguish' is often used with the preposition 'between' to show the difference between two or more things. The pattern is 'distinguish between A and B'.
中文： 動詞 'distinguish' 常與介系詞 'between' 連用，用來表示區分兩個或多個事物之間的差異。句型為 'distinguish between A and B'（區分 A 與 B）。
It can be difficult to distinguish between a cold and the flu.
要區分感冒和流感有時可能很困難。
EN： In democratic societies, 'media literacy'—the ability to analyze and evaluate information—is considered a vital skill for maintaining a healthy political environment and preventing the spread of misinformation.
中文： 在民主社會中，「媒體素養」（分析與評估資訊的能力）被視為維持健康政治環境及防止誤導性訊息傳播的關鍵技能。
EN： Relative Clause (Adjective Clause): The word 'that' introduces a relative clause 'that actively participates in thoughtful discussion' to modify the noun 'public'. It provides essential information about which specific public is being discussed.
中文： 關係子句（形容詞子句）：單字 'that' 引導關係子句 'that actively participates in thoughtful discussion' 來修飾名詞 'public'（公眾）。它提供了關於正在討論的是哪種特定公眾的必要資訊。
Students that study consistently usually achieve better grades.
持續學習的學生通常會取得更好的成績。
EN： Reflexive Pronoun for Emphasis: The word 'itself' is used as an intensive pronoun to emphasize the noun 'democracy', highlighting that the very core of democracy is being strengthened.
中文： 反身代名詞的強調用法：'itself' 在此作為強調代名詞，用來加強名詞 'democracy'（民主）的語氣，強調民主制度本身的基礎正受到鞏固。
The building itself is beautiful, even if the neighborhood is not.
這棟建築本身很美，即使周邊環境並非如此。
EN： The sentence reflects the Western democratic ideal of 'deliberative democracy,' where the quality of public debate is seen as essential to the health of the political system, rather than just the act of voting.
中文： 這句話反映了西方民主理想中的「審議式民主」(deliberative democracy)，即公眾辯論的品質被視為政治體系健康的關鍵，而不僅僅是投票行為本身。
EN： The passive structure 'be limited to' is used to describe the boundaries or restrictions of something. It is followed by a noun or a gerund (V-ing).
中文： 被動結構「be limited to」（侷限於）用於描述某事物的界限或限制。後方接名詞或動名詞（V-ing）。
The discount is limited to students with a valid ID card.
此折扣僅限於持有有效學生證的學生。
EN： The past participle phrase 'held at city hall' acts as an adjective to modify the preceding noun 'formal meetings'. This is a reduced relative clause (which are held).
中文： 過去分詞短語「held at city hall」（在市政廳舉行）作為形容詞使用，修飾前面的名詞「formal meetings」。這是一個省略了關係代名詞與助動詞的簡化關係子句。
The concert held in the park was free for everyone.
在公園舉行的音樂會對所有人都是免費的。
EN： In many Western democracies, 'City Hall' is not just a building but a symbol of local government accessibility, where citizens are encouraged to attend public hearings to voice their opinions on local laws.
中文： 在許多西方民主國家，「City Hall」（市政廳）不僅是一棟建築，更是地方政府透明度的象徵。公民被鼓勵參加在那裡舉行的公聽會，就地方性法規發表意見。
EN： Gerunds as Objects: The verb 'include' is followed by gerunds (verb-ing) when listing activities. In this sentence, 'volunteering', 'signing', 'contacting', and 'supporting' all function as nouns representing the acts themselves.
中文： 動名詞作為受詞：動詞 'include' (包括) 後面接動名詞 (V-ing) 來列舉活動。在此句中，'volunteering'、'signing'、'contacting' 與 'supporting' 皆作為名詞使用，代表這些行為本身。
Her hobbies include hiking in the mountains and taking photographs.
她的愛好包括在山中健行和拍照。
EN： Relative Clauses: The phrase 'that matter to you' is a relative clause (adjective clause) that modifies the noun 'causes'. 'That' acts as the relative pronoun and subject of the clause.
中文： 關係子句：短語 'that matter to you' 是一個關係子句（形容詞子句），用來修飾名詞 'causes' (事業/原因)。'That' 在此作為關係代名詞，同時也是該子句的主詞。
I want to work for a company that values creativity.
我想在一家重視創造力的公司工作。
EN： In democratic societies, 'signing petitions' and 'contacting representatives' are standard ways for citizens to voice their opinions to the government between elections. 'Causes' often refers to social or political movements like environmental protection or human rights.
中文： 在民主社會中，「簽署請願書」和「聯繫代表」是公民在兩次選舉之間向政府表達意見的標準方式。「Causes」(事業) 通常指社會或政治運動，如環境保護或人權議題。
EN： The past participle phrase 'taken to improve society' acts as an adjective modifying the noun 'Every action'. This is a reduced relative clause (Every action [that is] taken...).
中文： 過去分詞短語「taken to improve society」作為形容詞修飾名詞「Every action」。這是一個簡化的關係子句（原為 Every action [that is] taken...）。
The decisions made by the committee will affect everyone.
委員會所做的決定將影響每個人。
EN： The concessive clause 'no matter how + adjective' is used to express that the degree of a quality does not change the main result. It functions as an adverbial insertion.
中文： 讓步子句「no matter how + 形容詞」用於表達某種特質的程度不會改變主要結果。它在句中作為插入語性質的副詞子句。
No matter how hard you try, you must follow the rules.
無論你多麼努力，你都必須遵守規則。
EN： This sentence reflects the democratic ideal of 'civic virtue,' where individual contributions, however minor, are seen as essential to the collective well-being of the state.
中文： 這句話反映了「公民美德」的民主理想，即個人的貢獻，無論多麼微小，都被視為國家集體福祉不可或缺的一部分。
EN： The preposition 'By' followed by a gerund (V-ing) is used to express the method or means by which an action is achieved. It answers the question 'How?'.
中文： 介係詞「By」後接動名詞（V-ing）用於表達達成某個動作的方法或手段，回答「如何做？」的問題。
By practicing every day, you can improve your English fluency.
透過每天練習，你可以提高你的英語流利度。
EN： The verb 'ensure' is often followed by a 'that' clause, which functions as the direct object of the sentence to specify what is being guaranteed.
中文： 動詞「ensure」（確保）之後經常接一個由「that」引導的名詞子句，作為句子的直接受詞，用來具體說明所保證的事項。
Please ensure that all the lights are turned off before you leave.
請確保在你離開之前所有的燈都已關掉。
EN： In democratic theory, 'accountability' and 'responsiveness' are key pillars. Accountability means officials must answer for their actions, while responsiveness means they should act according to the needs and preferences of the citizens.
中文： 在民主理論中，「問責性」(accountability) 和「回應性」(responsiveness) 是兩大支柱。問責性意味著官員必須為其行為負責，而回應性則意味著他們應根據公民的需求和偏好採取行動。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 基礎的、根本的，指構成某事核心的部分。
在本文中： 公民的、市民的，與城市或公民義務有關的。
在本文中： 具備資格的、符合條件的。
在本文中： （活動或選舉的）出席人數、投票率。
在本文中： （票數、得分等的）幅度、差額。
在本文中： （正式的）討論、論述或對話。
在本文中： 區分、辨別兩者之間的不同。
在本文中： 基礎、基石，指支撐某事物的核心結構。
在本文中： 請願書，指由許多人簽署並提交給當局的正式請求。
在本文中： 應負責任的，指必須對自己的行為做出解釋。
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
To have a significant effect on a person or situation.
產生影響、發揮作用。
To take part in an activity or organization.
參與、捲入。
To express worries or complaints about something publicly.
表達擔憂、發聲。
To happen or occur, especially after being planned.
發生、舉行。
The percentage of eligible voters who cast a ballot in an election.
投票率
The difference between the number of votes that the winner gets and the number that the loser gets.
（票數的）差距
To think about and begin to deal with an issue or problem.
處理；解決；應對
A principle, aim, or movement that, because of its perceived value, is supported by people.
（公益）事業；理想；目標
To be significant or important.
重要；有價值