EN： The parenthetical contrastive structure 'A, rather than B,' is used to emphasize that 'A' is the actual case, while 'B' is rejected or less important. It is often placed between the subject and the verb, or between the verb and the object, requiring commas on both sides when used parenthetically.
中文： 「A, rather than B,」（是 A 而非 B）這種插入式對比結構，用於強調 A 才是實際情況，而 B 則是被排除或次要的。當它作為插入語使用時，通常置於主詞與動詞之間，或動詞與受詞之間，且兩側需加上逗號。
The company's success is driven by innovative technology, rather than aggressive marketing, to secure long-term growth.
該公司的成功是由創新技術而非積極的行銷所驅動，以確保長期增長。
EN： The verb 'constitute' is a formal alternative to 'be' or 'make up', used to define what something is or what elements form a whole. It is highly common in academic and legal registers.
中文： 動詞「constitute」是「be」（是）或「make up」（組成）的正式替代詞，用於定義某事物的本質或哪些要素構成了整體。這在學術和法律語域中非常常見。
These minor infractions do not constitute a material breach of the contract.
這些輕微的違規行為並不構成對合約的實質性違約。
EN： The present perfect tense 'has revealed' is used to introduce recent research findings that have ongoing relevance and validity in the present scientific discourse.
中文： 現在完成式「has revealed」（已顯示/揭示）用於引入近期研究的發現，這些發現於當前的科學討論中仍具有持續的關聯性與有效性。
Recent data has revealed that global temperatures are rising faster than previously projected.
最近的數據顯示，全球氣溫上升的速度比先前預測的還要快。
EN： In Japan, bioethical discussions often revolve around the concept of 'inochi no senbetsu' (selection of life), which historically created strong social and ethical resistance to genetic screening technologies. However, this study highlights a pragmatic shift: while the philosophical debate persists in media and academic circles, the actual, practical barrier for everyday citizens of reproductive age is overwhelmingly financial, reflecting the high cost of advanced reproductive medicine not fully covered by national health insurance.
中文： 在日本，生命倫理討論往往圍繞著「命の選別」（inochi no senbetsu，即生命篩選）這一概念展開，這在歷史上對基因篩檢技術產生了強烈的社會與倫理阻力。然而，這項研究指出了一個務實的轉變：儘管媒體和學術界仍在進行哲學辯論，但對於育齡期普通民眾而言，實際且主要的障礙壓倒性地指向經濟因素，這反映出未納入全民健保全額給付的高昂先進輔助生殖醫學費用。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses (using 'which') provide extra, non-essential information about a noun. They are separated by commas and cannot use 'that'.
中文： 非限定修飾關係子句（使用 'which'）用於提供關於名詞的額外且非必要的資訊。此類子句前後須加上逗號，且不能以 'that' 代替 'which'。
The report, which was published last week, highlights the need for urgent policy reform.
該報告（於上週發表）強調了進行緊急政策改革的必要性。
EN： The verb 'identify' often uses the pattern 'identify A as B' to classify or recognize someone or something as having a particular role, identity, or characteristic.
中文： 動詞 'identify' 常用 'identify A as B'（將 A 視為/認定為 B）的句型，用來歸類或認定某人或某事具有特定的角色、身份或特徵。
Most consumers identified high prices as the chief reason for not buying organic food.
大多數消費者將高昂的價格視為不購買有機食品的主要原因。
EN： The preposition 'to' in 'impediment to' is a preposition, not part of an infinitive, meaning it must be followed by a noun or a gerund (verb-ing).
中文： 在 'impediment to'（…的障礙）結構中，'to' 是介係詞而非不定詞符號，因此其後必須接名詞或動名詞（V-ing）。
Lack of funding is a major impediment to implementing the new educational program.
資金缺乏是實施這項新教育計畫的主要障礙。
EN： In Japan, bioethical discussions around reproductive technologies often involve deep-seated cultural concepts such as 'inochi no senbetsu' (selection of life). While public discourse in media frequently focuses on these ethical and philosophical concerns, this study highlights a pragmatic reality: the high cost of medical procedures (which are often not fully covered by national insurance) remains the most significant practical barrier for ordinary citizens.
中文： 在日本，圍繞生殖技術的生物倫理討論通常涉及根深蒂固的文化概念，例如「生命之選擇」（inochi no senbetsu）。雖然媒體和公共輿論經常聚焦於這些倫理和哲學層面的擔憂，但這項研究揭示了一個務實的現實：醫療程序的高昂費用（通常未納入國民健康保險的完全給付範圍）仍然是普通民眾面臨的最主要實際障礙。
EN： The verb 'rank' can be used intransitively followed by an ordinal number (e.g., 'ranked second') to indicate a position in a hierarchy or list, often accompanied by 'at' to specify the exact percentage or value.
中文： 動詞「rank」可作不及物動詞使用，後接序數（如「ranked second」）表示在階層或列表中的排名，通常會搭配介係詞「at」來標示具體的百分比或數值。
The company's flagship smartphone ranked first in customer satisfaction at 92%.
該公司的旗艦智慧型手機以 92% 的客戶滿意度榮登第一。
EN： The conjunction 'while' is used here to introduce a contrast between two parallel facts or statistics in a formal register.
中文： 連接詞「while」在此處用於引導一個對比，在正式語體中用來呈現兩個平行對照的事實或數據。
The marketing department requested a budget increase, while the sales team proposed a cost-cutting measure.
行銷部門要求增加預算，而銷售團隊則提出了縮減開支的措施。
EN： The phrasal verb 'account for' means to form, comprise, or make up a specified amount or proportion of a total.
中文： 片語動詞「account for」意為「佔（特定比例或數量）」，常用於說明數據、比例或組成成分。
Renewable energy sources accounted for over 40% of the nation's electricity generation last year.
去年再生能源佔了該國發電量的四成以上。
EN： In Japanese bioethical discussions, the term 'inochi no senbetsu' (selection of life) carries deep historical and moral weight, often associated with eugenics concerns. This background explains why the study measures 'guilt associated with selecting children' as a potential barrier, reflecting a cultural sensitivity toward reproductive technologies that is highly specific to Japan's regulatory and social landscape.
中文： 在日本的生命倫理討論中，「命の選別」（生命篩選）一詞帶有深遠的歷史與道德包袱，常與優生學疑慮連結。這一背景解釋了為什麼該研究會將「與篩選孩子相關的罪惡感」列為潛在障礙進行測量，反映出日本社會與法規環境對生殖技術所特有的文化敏感度。
EN： The use of 'that' as a conjunction introducing a noun clause acting as the direct object of the reporting verb 'emphasized'. This is a standard structure in academic and journalistic writing to report findings or assertions.
中文： 使用連接詞「that」引導名詞子句，作為報導動詞「emphasized」（強調）的直接受詞。這是學術與新聞寫作中，用來陳述研究發現或主張的標準結構。
The report indicated that global temperatures are rising faster than previously projected.
該報告指出，全球氣溫上升的速度比先前預測的還要快。
EN： The use of the demonstrative pronoun 'those' to avoid repetition of the plural noun 'thresholds'. It is followed by a past participle phrase ('established by...') acting as an adjective.
中文： 使用指示代名詞「those」來避免重複複數名詞「thresholds」（門檻）。其後接過去分詞片語（「established by...」）作為形容詞修飾語。
The safety standards in this factory are much higher than those required by national law.
這間工廠的安全標準遠高於國家法律所要求的標準。
EN： The comparative structure 'substantially broader than', where the adverb 'substantially' acts as a modifier to emphasize the significant degree of difference in the comparison.
中文： 比較級結構「substantially broader than」（顯著寬於），其中副詞「substantially」（大幅地、顯著地）作為修飾語，用以強調比較對象之間極大的差異程度。
The new budget is substantially larger than the one we allocated last year.
新預算顯著大於我們去年編列的預算。
EN： In Japan, bioethical discussions, particularly regarding reproductive technologies like preimplantation genetic testing (PGT), are highly sensitive and heavily regulated. The term 'inochi no senbetsu' (selection of life) reflects deep-seated cultural anxieties about eugenics and the moral status of the embryo. This study highlights a gap between rigid official regulations and the more pragmatic, economically-driven perspectives of the general public.
中文： 在日本，生命倫理討論（特別是關於胚胎著床前基因診斷 PGT 等生殖技術）極具敏感性且受到嚴格監管。日語中的「命の選別」（生命篩選）一詞，反映了日本社會對於優生學及胚胎道德地位的深層文化焦慮。本研究指出，官方僵化的法規限制與一般大眾更具務實性、受經濟因素驅動的觀點之間，存在著顯著的落差。
EN： The use of the sentence-modifying adverb 'Notably' at the beginning of a clause. It functions as a disjunct, expressing the writer's attitude or evaluation of the entire proposition that follows, rather than modifying a specific verb or adjective.
中文： 句首修飾副詞「Notably」的用法。它作為「游離修飾語」（disjunct），用來表達作者對隨後整個命題的態度或評價，而非修飾特定的動詞或形容詞。常用於學術或新聞寫作中以引導讀者注意關鍵發現。
Notably, the treatment showed no adverse side effects during the clinical trials.
值得注意的是，該療法在臨床試驗期間並未顯示出任何不良副作用。
EN： The use of a non-defining relative clause introduced by a present participle ('suggesting that...'). This structure acts as a sentential relative clause, where the participle phrase comments on or draws a logical conclusion from the entire preceding clause.
中文： 使用現在分詞引導的非限定性關係子句（「suggesting that...」）。此結構起到了「句子關係子句」的作用，由分詞短語對前面整個主句的內容進行評論或得出邏輯結論。
The company's profits fell by 30%, forcing them to downsize their workforce.
該公司的利潤下降了30%，迫使他們縮減員工規模。
EN： The subjunctive mood with 'would be' in the subordinate clause. The modal 'would' is used here to express a hypothetical situation or a tentative prediction based on the evidence presented in the main clause.
中文： 從屬子句中「would be」的虛擬語氣用法。助動詞「would」在此處用於表達一種假設情況，或基於主句所呈現的證據而做出的推測性預測（即「如果僅舉辦宣傳活動，結果將會是不夠的」）。
Without proper funding, the proposed research project would be impossible to complete.
若無充足的資金，這項擬議的研究計畫將無法完成。
EN： In bioethical discussions, particularly in Japan, there is often a tension between promoting scientific literacy (awareness) and the actual ethical acceptance of reproductive technologies. This sentence highlights a common policy misconception: that simply educating the public (information campaigns) will lead to higher acceptance or utilization of controversial medical procedures, whereas the real barriers are often economic or deeply personal.
中文： 在生物倫理討論中（特別是在日本），提高科學素養（認知）與大眾對生殖技術的實際倫理接受度之間往往存在張力。本句強調了一個常見的政策誤解：即認為僅僅教育大眾（資訊宣傳活動）就會提高對具爭議性醫療程序的接受度或利用率，而實際上真正的阻礙往往是經濟因素或深層的個人價值觀。
EN： The relative pronoun 'that' introduces a defining relative clause modifying the noun phrase 'nuanced distinctions'. In formal and academic contexts, 'that' or 'which' is used to restrict the meaning of the preceding noun, with 'transcended' acting as the active verb within the clause.
中文： 關係代名詞「that」引導一個限定修飾名詞片語「nuanced distinctions」（細微的區別）的關係子句。在正式與學術語境中，「that」或「which」用於限定先行詞的意義，而「transcended」則作為該子句中的主動詞。
The committee proposed innovative solutions that bypassed the bureaucratic obstacles of the current system.
委員會提出了避開現行體制官僚障礙的創新解決方案。
EN： The past participle phrase 'traditionally used in Japanese bioethical discourse' functions as an adjectival modifier describing 'the binary framework'. This is a reduced relative clause, equivalent to 'which is traditionally used...'.
中文： 過去分詞片語「traditionally used in Japanese bioethical discourse」作為形容詞修飾語，用來修飾「the binary framework」（二元框架）。這是一個簡化的關係子句，等同於「which is traditionally used...」。
The methodology traditionally used in this laboratory requires meticulous attention to temperature control.
該實驗室傳統上使用的研究方法需要對溫度控制給予極大的關注。
EN： The past participle 'known as...' is used as an appositive modifier to provide an alternative name or definition for the preceding noun phrase ('the binary framework...'). It is a concise way to introduce terminology without starting a new sentence.
中文： 過去分詞「known as...」（被稱為…）用作同位語修飾語，為前述的名詞片語（「the binary framework...」）提供替代名稱或定義。這是在不另起新句的情況下引入專業術語的簡明方式。
They studied the atmospheric phenomenon known as the Aurora Borealis.
他們研究了被稱為北極光的氣象現象。
EN： The phrase 'inochi no senbetsu' (命の選別) is a highly charged term in Japanese bioethics. It translates literally to 'the selection of life' or 'sorting of lives' and carries strong historical and moral connotations, often associated with eugenics and the ethical dilemmas of modern reproductive technologies. By noting that participants 'transcended' this binary, the study highlights that public attitudes are more pragmatic and less ideologically rigid than traditional bioethical debates in Japan suggest.
中文： 「inochi no senbetsu」（命の選別，意為「生命之選擇」或「生命的篩選」）在日本生命倫理學中是一個具有強烈道德與歷史包袱的詞彙。它通常與優生學以及現代生殖技術的倫理困境聯繫在一起。研究指出受訪者「超越」了這種二元對立框架，顯示出日本大眾的實際態度比傳統生命倫理辯論所呈現的更具務實性，而非僅限於意識形態的爭論。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'Among...' is placed at the beginning of the sentence for fronting (or topicalization). This structure is commonly used in formal and academic writing to establish the context or category first, creating a smooth transition from previous sentences.
中文： 介係詞片語「Among...」（在……之中）被置於句首作為「前置」（或主題化）。這種結構常用於正式與學術寫作中，用以先建立背景或分類，使前一句與本句之間的過渡更加平滑。
Among the candidates interviewed, only two possessed the required managerial experience.
在接受面試的候選人中，只有兩位具備所需的管理經驗。
EN： The conjunction 'while' is used here to contrast two parallel statistics or facts. It functions as a coordinating conjunction of contrast, similar to 'whereas', and is essential for maintaining balance in academic reporting.
中文： 連接詞「while」在此處用於對比兩個平行的數據或事實。它的功能是作為表示對比的並列連接詞，類似於「whereas」（然而），對於維持學術報告中的句型平衡至關重要。
The marketing department requested a budget increase, while the sales team proposed a cost-cutting measure.
行銷部門要求增加預算，而銷售團隊則提出了縮減開支的措施。
EN： The verb 'register' is used intransitively here to mean 'to record or show a specified amount or value'. It is a highly formal alternative to 'stand at', 'be', or 'reach' when reporting statistics or measurements.
中文： 動詞「register」在此處作不及物動詞使用，意思是「記錄或顯示特定的數量或數值」。在報告數據或測量值時，它是「stand at」、「be」或「reach」的極正式替代詞。
The temperature registered at an unprecedented 45 degrees Celsius during the peak of the heatwave.
在熱浪襲擊的最高峰，溫度記錄達到了前所未有的攝氏 45 度。
EN： The sentence touches upon 'children's right not to know their genetic information.' In modern bioethics, this concept is increasingly important. It balances parental autonomy in making reproductive decisions with the future child's right to open future options and privacy, reflecting a shift from purely parent-centric decisions to child-centric ethical considerations in medical genetics.
中文： 句子中提到了「兒童不了解其基因資訊的權利」。在現代生命倫理學中，這個概念日益受到重視。它在父母做出生育決定時的自主權，與未來孩子擁有開放未來選擇及隱私的權利之間取得平衡，反映了醫學遺傳學中，從純粹以父母為中心的決定，轉向以兒童為中心的倫理考量的轉變。
EN： Inverted Conditional (Had/Were/Should inversion): In formal and literary English, the conditional conjunction 'if' can be omitted by inverting the subject and the auxiliary verb. For the second conditional (hypothetical present/future), 'were' is placed before the subject. If the verb is not 'to be', the structure 'Were + subject + to + infinitive' is used.
中文： 倒裝條件句（Had/Were/Should 倒裝）：在正式與書面英語中，可以透過將主詞與助動詞倒裝來省略條件連接詞「if」。在第二類條件句（與現在/未來事實相反的假設）中，會將「were」置於主詞之前。若主要動詞不是「to be」，則使用「Were + 主詞 + to + 原形動詞」的結構。
Were they to accept our proposal, we would begin the project immediately.
倘若他們接受我們的提案，我們將立即啟動該專案。
EN： Mixed/Second Conditional with Modal 'Might': The main clause uses 'might + infinitive' ('might expect') to express a tentative, hypothetical possibility in the present or future, corresponding to the inverted 'were to' condition. 'Might' conveys a lower degree of certainty than 'would'.
中文： 使用情態助動詞「Might」的第二類條件句：主句使用「might + 原形動詞」（might expect）來表達目前或未來暫定的、假設性的可能性，與倒裝的「were to」條件句相呼應。「Might」所表達的確定程度比「would」更低，帶有「或許、可能」的語氣。
If you started training now, you might win the competition next month.
如果你現在開始訓練，你下個月或許能贏得比賽。
EN： Objective Complement with Infinitive: The verb 'expect' can take an object followed by an infinitive ('expect + object + to-infinitive') to indicate what action the object is anticipated to perform.
中文： 受詞補語搭配不定詞：動詞「expect」（預期）可接一個受詞，後接不定詞（expect + 受詞 + to-不定詞），用以表示預期該受詞會進行的動作。
The manager expects the team to complete the report by Friday.
經理預期團隊會在週五前完成這份報告。
EN： The sentence reflects a highly academic and formal register common in peer-reviewed scientific and bioethical journals. The use of 'one' as an impersonal pronoun and the inverted conditional 'Were these...' are stylistic markers of high-level written English, designed to maintain objective distance and intellectual rigor.
中文： 此句子反映了同行評審科學與生物倫理學期刊中常見的高度學術與正式語體（register）。使用非人稱代名詞「one」以及倒裝條件句「Were these...」，是高階書面英語的文體特徵，旨在保持客觀距離與學術嚴謹性。
EN： The adverb 'conversely' is a transition word used to introduce a statement that contrasts with or reverses a previous proposition. It is typically placed at the beginning of a sentence to signal a logical shift in perspective.
中文： 副詞「conversely」（相反地）是一個轉折詞，用於引出與前述主張相反或呈現對比的陳述。它通常置於句首，用以標示邏輯視角的轉變。
Some consumers prefer high-end luxury brands; conversely, others actively seek out budget-friendly alternatives.
有些消費者偏好高端奢侈品牌；相反地，其他人則積極尋找經濟實惠的替代品。
EN： The infinitive phrase 'to undergo the procedure' acts as an adjectival modifier describing the noun phrase 'social pressure', specifying the exact nature or purpose of the pressure.
中文： 不定詞片語「to undergo the procedure」在此作為形容詞性修飾語，用以修飾名詞片語「social pressure」（社會壓力），明確指出該壓力的具體性質或目的。
The decision to undergo the surgery was made after consulting multiple specialists.
接受該手術的決定是在諮詢多位專家後做出的。
EN： The adverb 'whatsoever' is used after a negative noun phrase (in this case, 'no particular barriers') to add strong emphasis, equivalent to 'at all'.
中文： 副詞「whatsoever」用於否定名詞片語（在此為「no particular barriers」）之後，用以加強語氣，相當於「at all」（絲毫、完全）。
She had no doubts whatsoever about her career choice.
她對自己的職業選擇絲毫沒有半點懷疑。
EN： In Japanese bioethical discourse, the concept of 'inochi no senbetsu' (selection of life) carries deep historical and moral weight, often leading to strong social and ethical resistance against reproductive technologies. However, this sentence highlights a pragmatic reality: despite the intense philosophical debates surrounding the 'selection of life' in the public sphere, actual Japanese individuals of reproductive age report very low levels of social pressure to either undergo or avoid these procedures, focusing instead on tangible economic barriers.
中文： 在日本的生命倫理討論中，「生命之選擇」（inochi no senbetsu）這一概念具有深遠的歷史與道德分量，往往導致社會對生殖技術產生強烈的倫理抵制。然而，本句揭示了一個務實的現狀：儘管公共領域對「選擇生命」有著激烈的哲學爭論，但實際處於生育年齡的日本民眾表示，無論是要求接受還是避免這些療程的社會壓力都非常低，他們更關注的是具體的經濟障礙。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'Regarding...' is used as a sentence modifier (or frame marker) to introduce a new topic or refer to a subject that is about to be discussed. It is highly common in formal and academic registers to transition smoothly between different data points.
中文： 介係詞片語「Regarding...」（關於……）用作句子修飾語（或框架標記），用以引入新話題或提及即將討論的主題。在正式和學術語體中非常常見，用於在不同的數據點之間進行平穩過渡。
Regarding the implementation timeline, the committee decided to postpone the launch until next quarter.
關於實施時間表，委員會決定將啟動時間推遲到下一季。
EN： The adverb-adjective collocation 'strikingly even' uses the adverb 'strikingly' (meaning in a way that attracts attention or is highly unusual) to modify the adjective 'even' (meaning flat, equal, or well-balanced). This structure adds nuance and emphasis to the description of a statistical distribution.
中文： 副詞與形容詞的搭配「strikingly even」使用副詞「strikingly」（意為引人注目地、極其不尋常地）來修飾形容詞「even」（意為平均的、對等的）。這種結構為統計分佈的描述增添了細微差別和強調語氣。
The distribution of wealth in the region was strikingly uneven, prompting calls for policy reform.
該地區的財富分配不均得令人震驚，引發了政策改革的呼聲。
EN： In academic and journalistic English, presenting data with words like 'strikingly even' highlights the researcher's analytical voice. Rather than just presenting raw numbers, the author guides the reader's interpretation of the statistics, which is a key feature of high-level (C1/C2) writing.
中文： 在學術和新聞英語中，使用「strikingly even」（驚人地均勻）等詞彙來呈現數據，突顯了研究者的分析視角。作者不僅僅是呈現原始數據，而是引導讀者去解讀這些統計數字，這是高階（C1/C2等級）寫作的一個關鍵特徵。
EN： The use of 'each' as a post-nominal modifier to distribute a quantity or action individually to multiple subjects. It emphasizes that the percentage applies to both items separately, not combined.
中文： 「each」作為名詞後置修飾語的用法，用以將數量或動作個別分配給多個主詞。這強調了該百分比分別適用於兩個項目，而非兩者合併的總和。
The two research departments each received a one-million-dollar grant.
這兩個研究部門各獲得了一百萬美元的補助金。
EN： The conjunction 'whereas' is used to introduce a subordinate clause that contrasts with the main clause. It is highly formal and commonly used in academic and statistical reporting to compare two facts.
中文： 連接詞「whereas」用於引導與主句形成對比的從屬子句。此用法非常正式，常用於學術和統計報告中以比較兩項事實。
Some countries invest heavily in renewable energy, whereas others remain dependent on fossil fuels.
有些國家大力投資再生能源，而其他國家則仍然依賴化石燃料。
EN： The phrase 'those surveyed' is a reduced relative clause, short for 'those who were surveyed'. The past participle 'surveyed' post-modifies the pronoun 'those'.
中文： 短語「those surveyed」是一個簡化的關係子句，為「those who were surveyed」的省略形式。過去分詞「surveyed」後置修飾代名詞「those」。
Over half of those surveyed expressed concern about data privacy.
超過半數的受訪者對數據隱私表示擔憂。
EN： The reporting verb 'caution' followed by a 'that'-clause is used to issue a warning or express concern about a potential negative outcome. It is a formal alternative to 'warn' or 'advise'.
中文： 動詞「caution」（警告/提醒）後接「that」引導的子句，用於對潛在的負面結果發出警告或表達擔憂。這是比「warn」或「advise」更正式的學術與新聞體裁表達方式。
The economists cautioned that inflation might rise if interest rates are lowered too quickly.
經濟學家警告說，如果降息過快，通貨膨脹可能會上升。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'without + noun phrase' functions as a conditional clause (equivalent to 'if there were no...'), setting up the condition under which the main clause's outcome ('is likely to persist') will occur.
中文： 介係詞片語「without + 名詞片語」在此處相當於條件子句（等同於「if there were no...」），為主要子句中預期會發生的結果（is likely to persist）設定了前提條件。
Without proper planning, the project is likely to fail.
若沒有妥善的規劃，該專案很可能會失敗。
EN： The semi-auxiliary phrase 'be likely to + infinitive' is used to express probability. It indicates a strong tendency or high chance of an action or state occurring, which is softer and more objective than 'will'.
中文： 半助動詞片語「be likely to + 原形動詞」用於表示可能性。它指出某個動作或狀態發生的強烈傾向或極高機率，語氣比直接使用「will」更為溫和且客觀。
The new policy is likely to improve the country's economic growth over the next decade.
新政策很可能在未來十年內促進該國的經濟增長。
EN： In Japan, bioethical discussions often revolve around the concept of 'inochi no senbetsu' (selection of life), reflecting deep-seated cultural sensitivities regarding genetic modification and reproductive technologies. However, this study highlights a pragmatic shift: while philosophical and ethical debates dominate media and regulatory discourse, the general public's primary concern is highly practical—the prohibitive cost of medical procedures. This reveals a gap between elite bioethical debates and the economic realities faced by ordinary citizens.
中文： 在日本，生命倫理討論通常圍繞著「命の選別」（inochi no senbetsu，即選擇生命）的概念展開，這反映了對於基因改造和生殖技術根深蒂固的文化敏感性。然而，這項研究指出了一個務實的轉變：雖然哲學和倫理辯論主導了媒體和監管話語，但一般大眾最關心的卻是非常實際的問題——醫療程序的高昂費用。這揭示了精英階層的倫理辯論與普通公民面臨的經濟現實之間的差距。
EN： The correlative conjunction 'not only... but also...' is used to connect and emphasize two coordinated clauses or phrases. In formal writing, the 'also' can sometimes be omitted, or 'as well' can be used at the end of the clause. It requires parallel grammatical structure after both parts.
中文： 相關連接詞「not only... but also...」（不僅……而且……）用於連接並強調兩個對等的子句或片語。在正式寫作中，「also」有時可以省略，或在句尾改用「as well」。此結構要求在兩個部分後面使用對等的語法結構。
The program aims to not only improve students' academic performance but also foster their social skills.
該計畫的目的不僅在於提高學生的學業表現，還在於培養他們的社交技能。
EN： The relative pronoun 'that' introduces a restrictive relative clause ('that currently restrict...') modifying the noun phrase 'tangible economic barriers'. In this clause, 'that' functions as the subject.
中文： 關係代名詞「that」引導限制性關係子句（that currently restrict...），用來修飾名詞片語「tangible economic barriers」（實質經濟障礙）。在此子句中，「that」充當主詞的角色。
We need to implement measures that directly address the root causes of inflation.
我們需要實施能直接解決通貨膨脹根本原因的措施。
EN： The verb 'argue' is followed by a 'that'-clause functioning as the direct object, which expresses the opinion, claim, or thesis of the subject. This is a common structure in academic and argumentative writing to present a stance.
中文： 動詞「argue」（主張、論證）後面接一個由「that」引導的子句作為直接受詞，用來表達主詞的觀點、主張或論點。這是學術和論說文寫作中用來呈現立場的常用結構。
Many educators argue that standardized testing does not accurately measure a student's potential.
許多教育工作者主張，標準化考試無法準確衡量學生的潛力。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 單基因的（由單一基因突變引起的疾病或特徵）
在本文中： 阻礙、障礙物
在本文中： 界限、標準、門檻
在本文中： 普及率、流行程度
在本文中： 超越、超出…的範圍
在本文中： 論述、探討、對話
在本文中： （政府的）補助金、津貼
在本文中： 公平合理的、公正的
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
A medical procedure used to analyze the genetics of an embryo prior to implantation in the uterus.
胚胎著床前基因檢測
A branch of medicine that deals with the prevention, diagnosis, and management of reproductive problems.
生殖醫學
A system of rules, laws, and regulations established by a government or authority to govern a specific activity.
監管框架、法規體系
Communication, discussion, or debate on issues of public interest or concern.
公共輿論、大眾探討