EN： The preposition 'following' functions as a complex preposition meaning 'after' or 'as a result of', often used in formal news registers to link an event directly to its triggering cause.
中文： 介系詞「following」在此作複合介系詞使用，意思為「在……之後」或「由於……」，常用於正式新聞報導中，用以將特定事件與引發該事件的起因緊密連結。
The company issued a public apology following a series of data breaches.
在發生一連串數據洩漏事件後，該公司發表了公開道歉。
EN： The post-modifying infinitive phrase 'to terminate funding...' acts as an adjectival modifier directly attached to the abstract noun 'decision', explaining the specific content or purpose of that decision.
中文： 不定詞片語「to terminate funding...」作為後置修飾語，直接修飾抽象名詞「decision」，用以說明該項決定的具體內容或目的。
The board approved a proposal to expand international operations.
董事會批准了一項擴展國際業務的提案。
EN： The present perfect tense 'have expressed' is used to connect a past action with the current context, emphasizing the ongoing relevance and immediate impact of the scientists' reaction.
中文： 現在完成式「have expressed」用於將過去發生的動作與當前情境相連結，強調科學家們的反應在目前依然具備重要性與即時影響力。
Environmentalists have voiced strong opposition to the new policy.
環保人士已對這項新政策表達了強烈反對。
EN： Jodrell Bank Observatory, located in Cheshire, England, is an iconic center for astrophysics and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Home to the famous Lovell Telescope, it played a key historical role in space exploration, including tracking early Soviet and American satellites during the Space Race.
中文： 位於英格蘭柴郡的喬德雷爾班克天文台是天體物理學的標誌性中心，並獲登錄為聯合國教科文組織世界遺產。該天文台擁有著名的洛威爾望遠鏡，在太空競賽時期曾協助追蹤美蘇早期的衛星與探測器，於人類太空探索史上具有極高的文化與科學地位。
EN： Reduced relative clauses using past participles ('situated...', 'designated...') act as non-defining adjectival modifiers to insert supplementary descriptive details between the main subject and its predicate without needing full relative clauses (e.g., 'which is situated...').
中文： 使用過去分詞短語（如 situated...、designated...）作為非限定形容詞修飾語，可在主詞與謂語之間插入補充說明，省去完整的關係子句（如 which is situated...），使句子結構更緊湊流暢。
The castle, built in the fourteenth century and restored recently, attracts thousands of tourists.
這座城堡建造於十四世紀且最近剛經過修復，吸引了數以千計的遊客。
EN： The present perfect tense ('has contributed') combined with a duration expression ('for nearly seven decades') indicates an action that began in the past and has continued uninterrupted up to the present moment.
中文： 現在完成時（has contributed）搭配時間長度介詞短語（for nearly seven decades），用以表述從過去某個時間點開始持續進行、直到現在仍具影響力或仍在繼續的動作或狀態。
The organization has supported renewable energy initiatives for over twenty years.
該組織二十多年來一直支持可再生能源倡議。
EN： The Jodrell Bank Observatory, located in Cheshire, England, was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2019 due to its pioneering role in radio astronomy and technological innovation since the mid-20th century.
中文： 位於英格蘭柴郡的喬德雷爾班克天文台於 2019 年被列為聯合國教科文組織世界遺產，以表彰其自 20 世紀中葉以來在射電天文學及技術創新領域的先驅地位。
EN： The non-defining relative clause starting with 'which' provides extra, non-essential information about the preceding noun 'the scientific community'. It is set off by a comma.
中文： 由「which」引導的非限定關係子句，用於對前面的名詞「the scientific community（科學界）」補充說明額外資訊。非限定子句前通常會加上逗號與主句隔開。
The proposal, which attracted severe criticism from environmentalists, was ultimately rejected by the board.
該提議招致了環保人士的嚴厲批評，最終被董事會否決。
EN： The structure 'regard [object] as [adjective/noun]' means to consider or view something in a particular way. Here, 'potentially irreversible' functions as an adjectival complement.
中文： 動詞片語「regard [受詞] as [形容詞/名詞]」表示「將……視為……」或「認為……具備某種性質」。在本句中，'potentially irreversible' 作為形容詞補語補充說明該決定。
Many experts regard the new policy as highly beneficial for small businesses.
許多專家認為這項新政策對小型企業極為有利。
EN： The present perfect tense ('has prompted') is used to express an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past but has significant relevance to the current situation.
中文： 現在完成式（has prompted）用於表示過去發生但對現在仍具有重大影響或相關性的動作或事件。
The sudden change in interest rates has caused widespread concern among homeowners.
利率的突然變動引發了屋主的廣泛擔憂。
EN： Apposition: A noun phrase ('the national funding body') is placed immediately after another noun phrase ('United Kingdom Research and Innovation') to rename or provide essential background information about it, set off by commas.
中文： 同位語（Apposition）：將名詞短語（如『the national funding body』）緊跟在另一個名詞短語（如『英國研究與創新署』）之後，用於說明、補充或定義該專有名詞，前後通常以逗號隔開。
CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, announced a major discovery.
歐洲核子研究組織（CERN）宣布了一項重大發現。
EN： Backshifting in Reported Speech: When the main reporting verb is in the past tense ('confirmed'), the verb in the dependent nominal 'that' clause is shifted back to a past form. Here, 'will' becomes 'would' to express future-in-the-past.
中文： 轉述語氣中的時態後移（Backshifting）：當主句的報導動詞為過去式（如『confirmed』）時，名詞子句（that 子句）中的動詞時態需相應後移。在此處，表示過去將來時的『will』轉化為『would』。
The spokesperson confirmed yesterday that the company would shut down its local branch.
發言人昨天確認該公司將關閉其在地分公司。
EN： Negative Correlative Construction 'no longer... or...': The negative expression 'no longer' applies to both connected elements. When joining two objects under a negative scope, 'or' is used instead of 'and' to indicate that neither action/entity receives funding.
中文： 否定連詞結構『no longer... or...』：當否定詞（no longer，不再）作用於多個受詞時，需使用『or』而非『and』來連接，表示兩者皆非（既不資助望遠鏡，也不資助其網路）。
The municipality will no longer finance the sports complex or its surrounding parks.
市政當局將不再資助該體育中心或其周邊公園。
EN： United Kingdom Research and Innovation (UKRI) is the non-departmental public body that directs research and innovation funding in the UK, funded via the Department for Science, Innovation and Technology. The Lovell Telescope, located at Jodrell Bank Observatory in Cheshire, is one of the world's largest steerable radio telescopes and a historic landmark of British scientific achievement.
中文： 英國研究與創新署（UKRI）是英國非部門公營機構，透過科學、創新與科技部營運，統一管理全英科研與創新預算。位於柴郡喬德雷爾班克天文台的洛威爾望遠鏡是全球最大的可定向射電望遠鏡之一，不僅在冷戰時期曾追蹤人造衛星（如 Sputnik），也是英國科學成就的重要歷史地標。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses starting with 'whose' provide extra, non-essential information about a noun's possessions or properties. Commas are used to separate the clause from the rest of the sentence.
中文： 由 'whose' 引導的非限制性關係子句，用於對名詞的擁有所屬或特徵進行補充說明。此子句前後需使用逗號與主句隔開，若省略不影響主句語意的完整性。
The ancient cathedral, whose spire reaches a height of one hundred metres, attracts thousands of tourists every year.
這座古老的大教堂，其尖塔高度達一百公尺，每年吸引數千名遊客。
EN： The phrasal verb 'serve as' means to function as, act as, or play the role of something, often highlighting the function or status of a person or object in a specific context.
中文： 動詞片語 'serve as' 意為「充當」、「作為」或「發揮……的作用」，常用於說明某物或某人在特定情境下的功能或身分地位。
The converted warehouse will serve as a temporary community centre during the renovations.
這座翻修後的倉庫將在整修期間用作臨時社區中心。
EN： The expression 'in diameter' is a prepositional phrase used to specify measurement along a straight line passing through the centre of a circle or sphere.
中文： 介系詞片語 'in diameter' 意為「在直徑上」或「直徑為……」，常用於度量單位（如 metres, feet）之後，精確說明圓形或球形物體的大小。
The giant sequoia tree trunk measures over eight metres in diameter at its base.
這棵巨杉樹幹基部的直徑超過八公尺。
EN： The Lovell Telescope, located at Jodrell Bank Observatory in Cheshire, England, was completed in 1957. At the time, it was the largest steerable radio telescope in the world. It played a significant iconic role during the Space Race by tracking space probes from both the Soviet Union and the United States. Its distinctive white dish structure has made it a landmark in the rural English landscape and a symbol of British scientific history.
中文： 洛威爾望遠鏡位於英格蘭柴郡的喬德雷爾班克天文台，於 1957 年完工。當時它是全球最大的可定向射電望遠鏡。在冷戰時期的太空競賽中，它曾協助追蹤蘇聯與美國的太空探測器，發揮了舉足輕重的歷史作用。其巨大的白色碟型天線建築已成為英格蘭鄉村景觀中的著名地標，也是英國現代科學成就的象徵之一。
EN： An appositive noun phrase (here, 'a sophisticated array...') directly follows another noun ('e-Merlin') to rename or elaborate on it without using a relative clause.
中文： 同位語名詞短語（此處為 'a sophisticated array...'）緊跟在另一個名詞（'e-Merlin'）之後，用以對其進行補充說明或重新定義，無須使用關係子句。
We visited Kyoto, the ancient capital of Japan, during the cherry blossom season.
我們在櫻花季期間造訪了日本古都京都。
EN： Past participial phrases ('distributed across England' and 'linked to...') act as reduced relative clauses, modifying the preceding noun phrase 'seven radio telescopes'.
中文： 過去分詞短語（如 'distributed across England' 與 'linked to...'）充當簡化的關係子句，用來修飾前面的名詞短語 'seven radio telescopes'。
The documents sent to the headquarters contained confidential data.
發送到總部的文件包含機密資料。
EN： The post-positive directional/spatial modifier 'south of Manchester' follows the proper noun to specify its precise geographical orientation.
中文： 方位介詞短語（如 'south of Manchester'）置於專有名詞之後，作為後置修飾語，用以明確指出其具體地理位置。
The castle is located on a cliff north of Edinburgh.
這座城堡位於愛丁堡以北的懸崖上。
EN： Jodrell Bank Observatory, located in Cheshire, England, is one of the world's leading radio astronomy observatories. Its flagship instrument, the Lovell Telescope, played a pivotal role in the Space Race and early satellite tracking. The e-MERLIN array connects multiple telescopes across Great Britain via a high-speed fiber-optic network to create a virtual telescope with extraordinary resolution.
中文： 喬德雷爾班克天文台位於英格蘭柴郡，是全球頂尖的電波天文學研究中心之一。其核心設施洛威爾望遠鏡曾在冷戰時期的太空競賽及早期衛星追蹤中發揮關鍵作用。e-MERLIN 網絡則透過高速光纖將大不列顛各地多座望遠鏡串聯，形成一個解析力極高的虛擬電波望遠鏡陣列。
EN： The structure 'justify + [noun/gerund] + by + [gerund]' is used to explain the reason or rationale behind an action or decision.
中文： 動詞結構「justify + [名詞/動名詞] + by + [動名詞]」常用於說明某項行動或決定的背後理由或合理依據。
The company justified the workforce reduction by citing a severe decline in global demand.
該公司藉由引述全球需求大幅下降，來為其裁員決定辯護。
EN： The past participle phrase 'designed to...' functions as a reduced relative clause (which was designed to...), modifying the preceding noun 'process'.
中文： 過去分詞片語「designed to...」在此作為簡化關係子句（原為 which was designed to...），用以修飾前面的名詞「process」（程序）。
The government launched a new policy designed to stimulate economic growth in rural areas.
政府推出了一項旨在刺激農村地區經濟增長的新政策。
EN： The present participle phrase 'promising...' acts as an active reduced relative clause (which promise...), directly modifying the noun 'endeavours'.
中文： 現在分詞片語「promising...」作主動語態的簡化關係子句（原為 which promise...），直接後位修飾名詞「endeavours」（事業/計畫）。
Investors are keen to support start-ups promising innovative solutions to climate change.
投資者熱衷於支持那些承諾為氣候變遷提供創新解決方案的新創公司。
EN： In British public policy and academic funding, 'prioritisation processes' are frequently used by research councils like UKRI (United Kingdom Research and Innovation) when facing budget constraints. Decisions to defund heritage science facilities often trigger debate between pure scientific value, historical legacy, and government economic strategy.
中文： 在英國的公共政策與學術資助體系中，當英國研究與創新署（UKRI）等研究委員會面臨預算緊縮時，常實施「優先順序審查程序」（prioritisation processes）。撤資歷史悠久的科學設施往往會引發廣泛爭議，焦點在於純科學價值、歷史遺產與政府經濟策略之間的衡平。
EN： The structure 'be set to + infinitive' is used to express that something is scheduled, arranged, or highly likely to happen in the near future or at a specified time.
中文： 「be set to + 動詞原形」結構用於表示某事已被預先安排、排定或極可能在不久的將來（或指定時間）發生。
The new renewable energy policy is set to take effect next January.
新的再生能源政策預計將於明年一月生效。
EN： The intransitive verb 'cease' means to come to an end or stop happening. It is often preferred over 'stop' in formal, technical, or journalistic registers.
中文： 不及物動詞「cease」意為「停止」或「終止」。在正式、技術或新聞報導的語體中，常比「stop」更為優先使用。
All hostilities between the two nations ceased following the signing of the peace treaty.
簽署和平條約後，兩國之間的所有敵對行動皆已停止。
EN： The phrasal verb 'account for' is used here meaning 'to take into consideration' or 'to explain the cause of'. It is commonly followed by a noun phrase or a gerund in formal arguments.
中文： 動詞片語「account for」在此處意為「考量到、考慮入內」或「解釋……的原因」。在正式的論辯與學術語境中，其後常接名詞片語或動名詞。
The budget projection fails to account for unexpected inflation.
預算預測未能考量到未預期的通貨膨脹。
EN： The correlative conjunction 'both... and...' is used to join two parallel grammatical elements (here, two noun phrases), emphasizing that two conditions or attributes apply equally.
中文： 對應連詞「both... and...」（既……又……／……與……皆是）用於連接兩個語法對等的結構（在此為兩個名詞片語），強調兩種情況或特質同時成立。
The project requires expertise in both computer science and marine biology.
該計劃需要兼具電腦科學與海洋生物學的專業知識。
EN： The noun phrase 'such a + [singular countable noun]' is used for emphasis, referring back to a specific concept or reason previously mentioned in the context.
中文： 名詞片語「such a + [單數可數名詞]」用於加強語氣，並指代前文已提及的特定概念、原因或理由。
It is difficult to justify such a drastic measure during a economic recovery.
在經濟復甦期間採取如此嚴厲的措施，實難具備正當理由。
EN： The verb pattern 'describe something as adjective/noun' is used to express an opinion or characterization of something. Here, 'the cuts' is the object, followed by 'as' and the descriptive adjectives 'devastating and irreversible'.
中文： 動詞句型「describe something as + 形容詞/名詞」用於表達對某事物的看法或特徵描述。在此處，「the cuts」（預算削減）為受詞，後接「as」以及描述性形容詞「devastating and irreversible」（毀滅性且不可逆轉的）。
The committee described the new policy as essential for long-term growth.
委員會將這項新政策形容為對長期成長至關重要。
EN： The present participle clause 'underscoring...' acts as an adverbial clause of result or accompanying circumstance (participle construction), providing additional information about the effect of Brian Cox's description.
中文： 現在分詞子句「underscoring...」作為結果或伴隨狀況的副詞修飾語（分詞構句），補充說明布萊恩·柯克斯此番描述所帶來的影響或強調的重點。
The CEO resigned unexpectedly, leaving the board in a state of turmoil.
執行長突然辭職，使董事會陷入一片混亂。
EN： The phrase 'what stands to be lost' uses the idiom 'stand to do/be something', meaning to be in a position where one is likely to experience or gain/lose something.
中文： 片語「what stands to be lost」使用了慣用語「stand to do/be something」，表示「很有可能面臨、獲得或失去某事物」處境。
Investors need to carefully assess what they stand to gain from this merger.
投資人需要仔細評估他們能從這次合併中獲得什麼。
EN： Brian Cox is a prominent British particle physicist, professor at the University of Manchester, and a well-known science communicator who presents popular BBC science documentaries. His public statements carry significant weight in the UK regarding science funding and public policy.
中文： 布萊恩·柯克斯（Brian Cox）是英國著名的粒子物理學家、曼徹斯特大學教授，也是極具知名度的科普傳播者，曾主持多部熱門 BBC 科學紀錄片。他在英國科學預算與公共政策領域的公開發言具有相當大的影響力。
EN： The structure 'characterise something as something' is used to describe or depict the nature, quality, or character of something in a specific way.
中文： 「characterise something as something」（將某事/物描述/特徵化為……）此句型用於具體說明或定義某事物的性質、特徵或影響。
The report characterised the economic downturn as a temporary setback.
該報告將經濟衰退形容為暫時性的挫折。
EN： An appositive noun phrase (here, 'president of the Institute of Physics') is placed next to another noun ('Paul Howarth') to rename or specify it, typically set off by commas.
中文： 同位語名詞短語（在此句中為「president of the Institute of Physics」）緊跟在另一個名詞（保羅·豪沃斯）之後，用以說明或補充其身分，通常前後會加上逗號。
Dr. Sarah Evans, director of the medical center, announced the breakthrough.
醫療中心主任莎拉·埃文斯博士宣布了這項突破。
EN： The idiom 'a terrible blow to [someone/something]' uses a metaphor of a physical striking force to describe a devastating event, loss, or disappointment.
中文： 片語「a terrible blow to [某對象]」比喻性地使用「重擊（blow）」來形容極大的打擊、挫折或損失。
The sudden closure of the factory was a severe blow to the local economy.
工廠的突然關閉對當地經濟是一個嚴重的打擊。
EN： The Institute of Physics (IOP) is the professional body and learned society for physics in the UK and Ireland. Comments from its president carry significant weight in national science policy discussions and media coverage regarding research budget cuts.
中文： 物理學會（Institute of Physics, IOP）是英國與愛爾蘭地區物理學界最具權威的專業機構。該學會理事長對政府科研預算削減的公開評論，在英國國家科學政策討論與媒體報導中具有舉足輕重的影響力。
EN： The verb 'urge' follows the structure 'urge + object + to-infinitive', which means to strongly advise or try to persuade someone to do something. This structure is common in formal and news contexts.
中文： 動詞 urge 句型為「urge + 受詞 + 不定詞 (to V)」，表示強烈建議或促使某人採取某項行動。常見於正式書面語及新聞報導中。
Environmental groups urged the council to reject the development proposal.
環保團體敦促委員會否決該項開發案。
EN： The passive form 'is inflicted upon' uses 'inflict [something] upon/on [someone/something]', meaning to cause something unpleasant or painful to be suffered by someone or something.
中文： 被動式「is inflicted upon」源自片語「inflict [傷害/痛苦] upon/on [對象]」，意為「將（痛苦、損害等）加諸於……身上」。於此處指損害被施加於國家的科學聲譽。
Severe penalties will be inflicted upon anyone who violates the safety rules.
任何違反安全規定的人都將受到嚴厲的懲罰。
EN： The word 'newly' is an adverb modifying the past participle 'appointed', forming a compound adjective 'newly appointed' to describe a noun (Prime Minister).
中文： 副詞 newly 用於修飾過去分詞 appointed，組成複合形容詞「newly appointed」（新任命的、新上任的），用來修飾後面的名詞（首相）。
The newly elected mayor promised to reduce public transport fares.
新當選的市長承諾調降大眾運輸票價。
EN： The reported speech with past tense main verb ('emphasised') requires sequence of tenses in the subordinate clause, shifting 'will' to 'would'. This expresses future-in-the-past prospective action.
中文： 當主句動詞為過去式（如『emphasised』）時，轉述句（賓語子句）中的時態需遵循時態一致原則，將將來時『will』改為過去將來時『would』，用以表達從過去時間點來看將要發生的事。
The economists predicted that the new tax policy would stimulate business growth.
經濟學家預測新稅務政策將會刺激商業增長。
EN： The idiom 'have far-reaching consequences for [something]' uses the compound adjective 'far-reaching' (having wide-ranging or significant effects) to modify the noun 'consequences', followed by the preposition 'for' to indicate the affected domain.
中文： 動詞片語『have far-reaching consequences for [something]』意為『對……產生深遠的影響／後果』。複合形容詞『far-reaching』表示影響廣泛且深遠的，後接介系詞『for』來引出受影響的領域或對象。
The rise of automation will have far-reaching consequences for the global workforce.
自動化的興起將對全球勞動力產生深遠的影響。
EN： The Institute of Physics (IOP) is a leading scientific charity and professional body for physics in the UK and Ireland. Statements from its president carry significant weight in British public policy debates regarding science funding and higher education infrastructure.
中文： 物理學會（Institute of Physics, IOP）是英國與愛爾蘭主要的物理專業機構與科學慈善組織。該學會理事長的公開發言在英國政府制定科學預算、科研補助及高等教育政策的討論中具有極高影響力。
EN： Inverted conditional structure for hypothetical future situations. 'Were + subject + to + verb' replaces 'If + subject + were + to + verb'. This structure is highly formal and frequently used in academic, news, or legal registers to emphasize a hypothetical or unlikely scenario.
中文： 用於假設未來狀況的倒裝條件句型。以「Were + 主詞 + to + 動詞原型」取代「If + 主詞 + were + to + 動詞原型」。此句型極為正式，常見於學術、新聞或法律語體中，用以強調假設性或發生機率較低的情境。
Were the board to approve the proposal, implementation would begin immediately.
倘若董事會批准該提案，實施工作將立即展開。
EN： Complex prepositional phrase structure 'as a [adjective] [noun] for [noun]', used to describe a subject's role, reputation, or identity in a specific domain. Here, 'as a leading destination for scientific inquiry' acts as an adjectival modifier specifying 'the United Kingdom's standing'.
中文： 複雜的介詞短語結構「as a [形容詞] [名詞] for [名詞]」，用於描述主詞在特定領域的角色、聲譽或身分。在此處，「as a leading destination for scientific inquiry」作為形容詞修飾語，明確說明「英國的地位」。
The city has cemented its standing as a primary hub for technological innovation.
該城市已鞏固其作為技術創新主要樞紐的地位。
EN： Modal passive voice with adverbial modification ('could be severely undermined'). The modal verb 'could' indicates theoretical possibility, 'be undermined' forms the passive voice, and the adverb 'severely' emphasizes the intensity of the damage.
中文： 帶有副詞修飾的情態助動詞被動語態（could be severely undermined）。情態助動詞「could」表示理論上的可能性，「be undermined」構成被動語態，而副詞「severely」則強調損害的嚴重程度。
The company's market position could be heavily compromised by new regulatory laws.
新法規可能會使該公司的市場地位遭到嚴重削弱。
EN： This sentence addresses the potential impacts on the United Kingdom's long-standing status as a global scientific powerhouse (often referred to as part of the 'golden triangle' of research). Historically, British science funding relies heavily on publicly funded councils such as UK Research and Innovation (UKRI). Cuts to flagship astronomy and physics infrastructure, like the Jodrell Bank Observatory, often trigger intense debates in the UK media and Parliament regarding the nation's international competitiveness and 'soft power' in science.
中文： 這句話反映了政策對英國作為全球科學強國傳統地位（常被稱為研究「黃金三角」的一部分）的潛在衝擊。歷史上，英國的科學資助高度依賴如「英國研究與創新署」（UKRI）等公費補助機構。對旗艦級天文與物理基礎設施（如喬德雷爾班克天文台）的預算削減，經常在英國媒體與議會引發關於國家國際競爭力及科學「軟實力」的激烈辯論。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses (using 'which') provide extra, non-essential information about a noun. They are set off by commas and cannot use 'that'.
中文： 非限定關係子句（使用 which）用於提供關於名詞的額外補充資訊，若省略不影響句子主要意思。子句前後須以逗號隔開，且在此類子句中不可使用 that 代替 which。
The research team, which consists of five leading experts, published its findings yesterday.
由五位頂尖專家組成的研究團隊於昨天發表了其研究成果。
EN： The verb 'indicate' is often followed by a 'that' noun clause serving as its direct object, commonly used in formal, academic, or news contexts to report statements or findings.
中文： 動詞 indicate（表示、指出）常接由 that 引導的名詞子句作為受詞，常用於正式、學術或新聞語境中，以報導某種聲明、態度或研究發現。
Preliminary reports indicate that the new policy will take effect next month.
初步報告顯示新政策將於下個月生效。
EN： The infinitive of purpose ('to safeguard...') explains the reason or goal behind an action. It functions as an adverbial modifier answering 'why?'.
中文： 不定詞表目的（如 to safeguard...）用來說明某個動作的原因或目標，在句中充當副詞修飾語，用以回答「為了什麼？」。
The city implemented new regulations to protect historical monuments.
該城市實施了新法規以保護歷史紀念物。
EN： The e-Merlin array and Jodrell Bank Observatory are crucial parts of the UK's scientific heritage, with the Lovell Telescope being a famous engineering landmark since the Cold War era. University-operated scientific infrastructure in the UK heavily relies on state research councils like UKRI, so funding cuts often force universities to seek private donations, international grants, or commercial partnerships.
中文： e-Merlin 望遠鏡陣列與喬德雷爾班克天文台是英國科學遺產的關鍵部分，其中的洛威爾望遠鏡自冷戰時期以來即為著名的工程地標。英國由大學運營的大型科學基礎設施極度依賴像「英國研究與創新署」（UKRI）這樣的國家資助機構，因此面臨撥款削減時，大學通常必須積極尋求私人捐款、國際合作基金或商業合作夥伴。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 終止、停止（資金提供）
在本文中： 譴責、嚴厲指責
在本文中： 不可逆轉的、無法挽回的
在本文中： 按優先順序處理、優先次序的評估
在本文中： 努力、事業、嘗試
在本文中： 基本原理、理念、合理性說明
在本文中： 強調、凸顯
在本文中： 施加（傷害、打擊或痛苦）
在本文中： 可信度、聲譽、公信力
在本文中： 保護、捍衛
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
To consider, explain, or take into sentence when making a judgment or calculation.
考慮到；解釋；佔……比例
Deep, extensive, and long-lasting effects.
深遠的影響／後果
A specialized antenna and radio receiver used to detect radio waves from astronomical radio sources.
射電望遠鏡／無線電望遠鏡
The diverse ways in which scientists study the natural world and propose explanations based on the evidence derived from their work.
科學探索／科學研究探討
A sudden, severe shock or disappointment.
沉重打擊