EN： The phrasal verb 'stand to' is used to indicate that someone is in a position where they are likely to gain or lose something. It often precedes a verb like 'gain', 'lose', 'benefit', or 'save'.
中文： 動詞片語「stand to」用於表示某人處於很可能獲得或失去某物的處境。它通常接在「gain」（獲得）、「lose」（失去）、「benefit」（獲益）或「save」（節省）等動詞之前。
Investors stand to make a significant profit if the merger goes through.
如果合併成功，投資者有望獲得巨額利潤。
EN： The use of 'but' as a coordinating conjunction connects two independent clauses, creating a contrast between the potential benefit (saving money) and the current reality (landlord inaction).
中文： 使用「but」作為對等連接詞，連接兩個獨立子句，在潛在利益（省錢）與現狀（房東不作為）之間建立對比。
The technology is available, but the high cost prevents widespread adoption.
這項技術已經問世，但高昂的成本阻礙了廣泛應用。
EN： The noun 'inaction' uses the prefix 'in-' to denote the absence of action. In formal contexts, it often carries a negative connotation, implying a failure to act when action is necessary.
中文： 名詞「inaction」使用前綴「in-」來表示缺乏行動。在正式語境中，它通常帶有負面涵義，暗示在必要時未能採取行動。
The government was criticized for its inaction during the economic crisis.
政府因在經濟危機期間的不作為而受到批評。
EN： The 'split incentive' mentioned in the context is a common issue in Australian real estate. Since tenants pay electricity bills, landlords have little financial reason to invest in energy-efficient infrastructure, leading to a policy debate about mandatory standards for rental properties.
中文： 文中提到的「拆分激勵」(split incentive) 是澳洲房地產市場中的常見問題。由於電費由租客支付，房東缺乏投資節能設施的經濟動力，這引發了關於租賃物業強制性標準的政策辯論。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses (using 'who') provide additional information about a noun that is already clearly identified. They are separated by commas and cannot use 'that'.
中文： 非限定用法關係子句（使用 'who'）為已經明確識別的名詞提供額外資訊。這類子句前後須加上逗號，且不能使用 'that' 來替換。
The CEO, who joined the company last year, announced a new sustainability initiative.
去年加入公司的執行長宣布了一項新的永續發展倡議。
EN： The adverb 'collectively' is used to describe an action performed by a group as a whole, often used in financial or statistical contexts to show a combined total.
中文： 副詞 'collectively' 用於描述由一個群體共同執行的動作，常用於財務或統計背景中，以表示總計或共同的結果。
The employees collectively decided to donate their bonuses to charity.
員工們共同決定將他們的獎金捐給慈善機構。
EN： The modal verb 'could' followed by 'save' expresses a strong possibility or potential outcome based on specific conditions or projections.
中文： 助動詞 'could' 後接 'save' 表達了基於特定條件或預測下，極大可能的潛在結果或可能性。
With better insulation, the building could reduce its carbon footprint by 30%.
透過更好的絕緣措施，這棟建築可以減少 30% 的碳足跡。
EN： The sentence highlights a significant socio-economic issue in Australia: the high proportion of renters and the financial strain of energy costs. In Australian public discourse, the 'split incentive' problem is a major hurdle for climate policy, as landlords often lack the motivation to improve energy efficiency for properties they do not live in.
中文： 這句話凸顯了澳洲一個重要的社會經濟問題：租客比例高以及能源成本帶來的財務壓力。在澳洲的公共討論中，「誘因分裂」(split incentive) 問題是氣候政策的主要障礙，因為房東通常缺乏動力去改善他們並非自住物業的能源效率。
EN： The phrasal verb 'hinge on' is used to indicate that an outcome or situation is entirely dependent on a specific factor. It is more formal and emphatic than 'depend on'.
中文： 動詞片語「hinge on」用於表示某個結果或情況完全取決於某個特定因素。它比「depend on」更正式且更具強調意味，字面意思是「以...為鉸鏈（轉軸）」。
The success of the peace talks hinges on both parties' willingness to compromise.
和平談判的成功取決於雙方妥協的意願。
EN： The conjunction 'whether' introduces a noun clause acting as the object of the preposition 'on'. It presents two possibilities (willing or not willing), often used in formal contexts to discuss conditions or uncertainties.
中文： 連接詞「whether」引導一個名詞子句，作為介係詞「on」的受詞。它呈現了兩種可能性（願意或不願意），常用於正式語境中討論條件或不確定性。
We are still debating whether we should relocate the headquarters.
我們仍在爭論是否應該搬遷總部。
EN： The preposition 'across' is used here to mean 'throughout' or 'in every part of' a particular group or area, indicating that the action applies to the entire category of rental properties.
中文： 介係詞「across」在此處意指「遍及」或「在...各處」，表示該行動適用於所有類別的租賃物業。
The government is implementing new safety standards across all public schools.
政府正在所有公立學校推行新的安全標準。
EN： The sentence highlights a specific economic issue in Australia known as the 'split incentive.' In the Australian rental market, most energy bills are paid by tenants, giving landlords little financial reason to invest in energy-efficient infrastructure, even though Australia has one of the highest potentials for solar energy in the world.
中文： 這句話凸顯了澳洲一個特定的經濟問題，稱為「分配激勵不一致」（split incentive）。在澳洲租賃市場中，大多數能源帳單由租客支付，這使得房東缺乏財務動力去投資節能基礎設施，儘管澳洲擁有世界上最高的太陽能開發潛力之一。
EN： The present perfect tense ('has identified') is used here to describe a past action that has significant relevance or results in the present context, common in academic or news reporting to introduce findings.
中文： 現在完成式（has identified）在此用於描述過去發生的動作，且該動作在目前語境中具有重大關聯或結果。這在學術或新聞報導中常用於介紹研究發現。
Recent studies have identified a strong link between sleep and cognitive function.
最近的研究已確定睡眠與認知功能之間存在強大聯繫。
EN： The phrase 'identify A as B' is a standard structure used to categorize or define something. 'As' functions as a preposition introducing the role or status of the object.
中文： 短語「identify A as B」是用於分類或定義某事物的標準結構。「As」作為介係詞，引出受詞的角色或地位。
The committee identified the lack of funding as the project's biggest risk.
委員會將資金缺乏確定為該計畫最大的風險。
EN： The adjective 'so-called' is used to introduce a term that may be technical, jargon, or one that the writer wants to distance themselves from, often implying it is a named concept in a specific field.
中文： 形容詞「so-called」（所謂的）用於引入一個可能是技術性、術語或作者想要保持距離的詞彙，通常暗示這是特定領域中的一個既定概念。
The so-called 'glass ceiling' still prevents many women from reaching executive positions.
所謂的「玻璃天花板」仍然阻礙許多女性達到高階主管職位。
EN： The 'split incentive' is a classic problem in environmental economics and urban planning. It highlights a market failure where the interests of a landlord (who pays for upgrades) and a tenant (who pays for utilities) are not aligned, hindering energy efficiency progress globally.
中文： 「拆分激勵」（split incentive）是環境經濟學和城市規劃中的一個經典問題。它突顯了一種市場失靈現象：房東（支付升級費用）和租客（支付能源帳單）的利益不一致，這阻礙了全球能源效率的進步。
EN： Appositives are nouns or noun phrases that rename or provide additional information about another noun right next to it. In this sentence, 'a well-documented concept in behavioral economics' is an appositive phrase explaining 'The split incentive'.
中文： 同位語（Appositives）是指緊跟在另一個名詞之後，用來重新命名或提供額外資訊的名詞或名詞短語。在本句中，「a well-documented concept in behavioral economics」是一個同位語短語，用來解釋「The split incentive」（分配不均的誘因）。
Mr. Smith, a renowned expert in renewable energy, will give a speech tomorrow.
史密斯先生是一位著名的再生能源專家，他明天將發表演講。
EN： The relative pronoun 'one' is used as a substitute for a previously mentioned noun to avoid repetition. Here, 'the one' refers back to 'the party'.
中文： 代名詞「one」被用來替代前面提到過的名詞以避免重複。在此句中，「the one」指的是前面的「the party」（參與方/當事人）。
The blue car is faster than the red one.
這輛藍色的車比那輛紅色的快。
EN： The verb 'arises' is an intransitive verb meaning to happen or occur, often used with abstract nouns like 'problems', 'situations', or 'concepts'. It should not be confused with the transitive verb 'arouse'.
中文： 動詞「arises」是一個不及物動詞，意為「發生」或「出現」，通常與抽象名詞如「問題」、「情況」或「概念」連用。請注意不要將其與及物動詞「arouse」（引起/喚起）混淆。
A new difficulty has arisen in the negotiations.
談判中出現了一個新的困難。
EN： The 'split incentive' is a classic problem in environmental policy and real estate. It explains why energy efficiency often lags in rental markets: landlords pay for upgrades but don't save on bills, while tenants save on bills but don't own the property to make upgrades. This is a key focus for climate policy in countries with high rental populations like Australia.
中文： 「分配不均的誘因」（split incentive）是環境政策和房地產領域的一個經典問題。它解釋了為什麼租賃市場的能源效率往往滯後：房東支付升級費用卻無法節省電費，而租客雖然能節省電費卻沒有物業權來進行升級。對於像澳洲這樣租房人口比例較高的國家來說，這是氣候政策的一個核心焦點。
EN： The sentence uses the 'It is... who/that...' cleft sentence structure to emphasize the subject (tenants). This structure shifts focus to a specific part of the sentence to highlight a contrast or provide new information.
中文： 本句使用了「It is... who/that...」的分裂句結構來強調主體（租客）。這種結構將焦點轉移到句子的特定部分，用以強調對比或提供新資訊。
It is the government that must take responsibility for the housing crisis.
必須為住房危機承擔責任的是政府。
EN： The conjunction 'yet' is used here as a coordinating conjunction similar to 'but', but it carries a stronger sense of surprise or logical contrast, often used in formal writing to link two independent clauses.
中文： 連詞「yet」在此作為對等連詞使用，類似於「but」，但它帶有更強烈的驚訝感或邏輯對比，常用於正式寫作中連接兩個獨立子句。
The technology is expensive, yet it is essential for long-term sustainability.
這項技術很昂貴，然而對於長期永續發展來說卻是必不可少的。
EN： The present participle 'resulting' acts as an adjective modifying 'reduction'. It indicates that the reduction is a direct consequence of the previously mentioned 'upgrades'.
中文： 現在分詞「resulting」作為形容詞修飾「reduction」（減少）。它表示這種減少是前文提到的「升級」所產生的直接結果。
The heavy rain and the resulting floods caused widespread damage.
暴雨及其導致的洪水造成了廣泛的破壞。
EN： The sentence describes the 'split incentive' problem common in many Western rental markets, including Australia. It highlights a systemic barrier where economic benefits and costs are misaligned, a frequent topic in climate change and housing policy debates.
中文： 這句話描述了包括澳洲在內的許多西方租賃市場中常見的「分裂激勵」問題。它強調了一種經濟利益與成本不一致的系統性障礙，這是氣候變遷和住房政策辯論中的常見話題。
EN： The verb 'emphasize' is often followed by a 'that' clause to report a key point or finding. In formal reporting, this structure is used to introduce a complete thought or a factual assertion.
中文： 動詞「emphasize」後接「that」子句，用於報告關鍵觀點或發現。在正式報告中，此結構用於引入一個完整的想法或事實斷言。
The report emphasized that immediate action is required to mitigate climate change.
報告強調，需要立即採取行動以緩解氣候變遷。
EN： The use of 'effectively' as an adverb here means 'in effect' or 'for all practical purposes.' It suggests that while something might not be literally true in every sense, its result or impact is as described.
中文： 副詞「effectively」在此表示「實際上」或「在所有實際用途上」。它暗示雖然某事在字面上可能不完全如此，但其結果或影響正如所述一般。
The new law effectively bans smoking in all public parks.
新法律實際上禁止了在所有公共公園吸菸。
EN： The structure 'motivation for [someone] to [do something]' identifies the reason or incentive driving a specific actor toward a specific action.
中文： 結構「motivation for [某人] to [做某事]」指出了推動特定行為者採取特定行動的理由或動機。
There is little motivation for students to study if the exams are canceled.
如果考試取消，學生就幾乎沒有動力去學習了。
EN： The term 'split incentive' mentioned in the context is a classic problem in environmental policy. It highlights a market failure where the person who pays for a green upgrade (the landlord) doesn't benefit from the lower utility bills, which go to the tenant instead. This is a significant hurdle for climate goals in rental-heavy markets like Australia.
中文： 文中提到的「利益不一致」（split incentive）是環境政策中的一個經典問題。它凸顯了一種市場失靈：支付綠色升級費用的人（房東）無法從降低的電費中獲益，因為受益者是租客。這對於像澳洲這樣租賃市場龐大的國家實現氣候目標來說，是一個重大障礙。
EN： The use of the adverb 'starkly' to modify 'illustrates' adds a high-register, emphatic tone. In formal English, 'starkly' is often used to describe contrasts or evidence that is impossible to ignore.
中文： 副詞「starkly」用來修飾「illustrates」，增添了正式且強調的語氣。在正式英語中，「starkly」常用於描述無法忽視的對比或證據。
The recent data starkly contrasts with the previous findings.
最近的數據與之前的發現形成了鮮明的對比。
EN： The noun phrase 'solar adoption rates' follows the compound noun structure (Noun + Noun + Noun), where 'solar' and 'adoption' act as modifiers for the head noun 'rates'.
中文： 名詞短語「solar adoption rates」遵循複合名詞結構（名詞 + 名詞 + 名詞），其中「solar」和「adoption」作為中心名詞「rates」的修飾語。
The government is monitoring the technology adoption rates in rural areas.
政府正在監控農村地區的技術採用率。
EN： In the context of Australian housing, the 'solar adoption gap' is a significant socio-economic issue. It highlights the divide between homeowners who can reduce their costs through green investment and renters who are stuck with high bills due to the 'split incentive' problem mentioned in the text.
中文： 在澳洲住房背景下，「太陽能採用差距」是一個重要的社會經濟問題。它凸顯了可以透過綠色投資降低成本的屋主，與因文中提到的「分配激勵」問題而受困於高額帳單的租客之間的鴻溝。
EN： The use of 'compared with' is a common structure for contrasting two statistics or data points. It functions as a prepositional phrase to introduce a comparison, often highlighting a significant disparity.
中文： 「compared with」的用法是用於對比兩個統計數據或資料點的常見結構。它作為介系詞短語來引入比較，通常用來強調顯著的差異。
The company's revenue grew by 20 percent this year, compared with only 5 percent last year.
該公司今年的營收增長了 20%，而去年僅增長了 5%。
EN： The past perfect tense ('had installed') is used here because the action of installing the panels occurred before the 'revealing' of the research results, establishing a clear chronological sequence in past events.
中文： 此處使用過去完成式（had installed），是因為安裝太陽能板的動作發生在研究結果「顯示（revealed）」之前，藉此建立過去事件中清晰的時間先後順序。
By the time the inspectors arrived, the factory had already implemented the new safety protocols.
在檢查員到達之前，工廠已經執行了新的安全協議。
EN： The adjective 'mere' is used to emphasize how small or insignificant a quantity or amount is. It carries a subjective tone of surprise or criticism regarding the low figure.
中文： 形容詞「mere」用於強調數量或金額是多麼微小或微不足道。它帶有一種對於低數據感到驚訝或批評的主觀語氣。
He lost the election by a mere 50 votes.
他僅以 50 票之差輸掉了選舉。
EN： In Australia, the term 'owner-occupier' is a standard classification in the housing market, distinguishing those who live in the home they own from 'investors' or 'landlords' who rent properties out. This distinction is crucial in policy discussions regarding energy efficiency because the incentives for upgrades differ significantly between these groups.
中文： 在澳洲，「owner-occupier」（自住業主）是住房市場中的標準分類，用以區分居住在自己房產中的人與將房屋出租的「投資者」或「房東」。這種區分在有關能源效率的政策討論中至關重要，因為不同群體對於升級設備的動機有顯著差異。
EN： The sentence uses an inverted conditional structure ('Were landlords to...') instead of 'If landlords were to...'. This is a formal way to express a hypothetical or unlikely future situation (Second Conditional).
中文： 本句使用了倒裝條件句結構（Were landlords to...），取代了常見的「If landlords were to...」。這是一種正式用法，用來表達對未來情況的假設或可能性較低的推測（第二類型條件句）。
Were the government to increase taxes, public unrest would likely follow.
倘若政府提高稅收，很可能會引發公眾動盪。
EN： The phrase 'well beyond' is an intensifier used to indicate that something significantly exceeds a certain limit or expectation.
中文： 短語「well beyond」是一個加強語氣的用法，用來表示某事遠遠超過了特定的界限或預期。
The success of the project went well beyond our initial expectations.
該專案的成功遠遠超出了我們最初的預期。
EN： The verb 'undertake' is a formal synonym for 'do' or 'carry out', typically used with tasks, responsibilities, or projects.
中文： 動詞「undertake」是「執行」或「從事」的正式同義詞，通常用於任務、責任或大型計畫。
The university will undertake a major research project on climate change.
這所大學將著手進行一項關於氣候變遷的重大研究計畫。
EN： The sentence addresses the 'split incentive' problem common in many Western rental markets, including Australia. It highlights a policy challenge where the person paying for infrastructure (the landlord) doesn't benefit from the lower running costs, which go to the tenant.
中文： 這句話探討了包括澳洲在內許多西方租賃市場中常見的「拆分激勵」（split incentive）問題。它凸顯了一個政策挑戰：支付基礎設施費用的人（房東）無法從降低的營運成本中獲益，因為受益者是租客。
EN： The use of 'suggested that' in academic and formal reporting introduces a finding or conclusion with a degree of professional caution, rather than stating it as an absolute, undeniable fact.
中文： 在學術和正式報告中使用 'suggested that' 來引導研究結果或結論，這展現了一種專業上的謹慎態度，而非將其陳述為絕對、不可否認的事實。
Recent data suggested that the market would stabilize by the end of the quarter.
近期數據顯示，市場將在季度末趨於穩定。
EN： The modal verb 'could' is used here to express possibility or potential outcome based on specific conditions (the combination of upgrades), which is a hallmark of predictive modeling.
中文： 助動詞 'could' 在此處用於表達基於特定條件（升級設備的組合）可能產生的結果或潛力，這是預測模型分析的典型特徵。
Implementing these changes could improve overall productivity by twenty percent.
實施這些改變可能會提高百分之二十的整體生產力。
EN： The phrase 'a combination of A, B, and C' acts as a singular collective subject, emphasizing that the synergy of these elements is what leads to the result.
中文： 短語 'a combination of A, B, and C' 作為單數集合主詞，強調這些要素的協同作用才是導致結果的原因。
A combination of hard work and luck led to his success.
努力與運氣的結合促成了他的成功。
EN： The term 'rooftop solar' reflects Australia's high adoption rate of residential solar energy, driven by its sunny climate and government incentives, making it a common point of discussion in local energy policy.
中文： 「屋頂太陽能」(rooftop solar) 一詞反映了澳洲住宅太陽能的高普及率。由於陽光充足的氣候和政府的激勵措施，這已成為當地能源政策討論中的常見焦點。
EN： The present participle phrase 'Looking further ahead' acts as a sentence adverbial, providing a temporal or logical perspective for the main clause. It is often used in formal writing to transition to future implications.
中文： 現在分詞短語「Looking further ahead」作為句子狀語，為句子的主句提供時間或邏輯上的視角。這在正式寫作中常用於過渡到對未來的影響分析。
Looking further ahead, the company plans to expand into the European market.
展望未來，該公司計劃擴張至歐洲市場。
EN： The use of the present participle 'outweighing' creates a resultative or descriptive clause that modifies the preceding main clause. It indicates a consequence or a simultaneous state that provides more detail about the 'savings'.
中文： 使用現在分詞「outweighing」形成了一個結果性或描述性的子句，用以修飾前面的主句。它表示一種結果或同時發生的狀態，為「節省金額」提供更多細節。
The benefits of the new policy are significant, outweighing the potential risks.
新政策的益處非常顯著，超過了潛在的風險。
EN： The past participle 'required' is used as a reduced relative clause (which is required) to modify the noun phrase 'initial capital investment'.
中文： 過去分詞「required」被用作縮減形容詞子句（即 which is required），用來修飾名詞短語「initial capital investment」（最初的資本投資）。
The time required for the project was underestimated.
該項目所需的時間被低估了。
EN： The mention of 'Australian renters' and '$107 billion' reflects the significant economic scale of the housing and energy crisis in Australia. In Australian public discourse, the 'split incentive' problem is a major policy hurdle, as the country has one of the highest rates of solar uptake in the world for homeowners, but very low rates for the rental sector.
中文： 提到「澳洲租客」和「1070 億美元」反映了澳洲住房和能源危機的重大經濟規模。在澳洲的公共輿論中，「利益不一致」（split incentive）問題是一個主要的政策障礙，因為澳洲是世界上房主安裝太陽能比例最高的國家之一，但租賃市場的安裝率卻非常低。
EN： The phrase 'given that' is a subordinating conjunction used to introduce a fact or circumstance that should be considered when making a judgment or statement. It is synonymous with 'considering that' or 'in view of the fact that'.
中文： 短語「given that」是一個從屬連詞，用於引入在做出判斷或陳述時應考慮的事實或情況。它與「considering that」或「in view of the fact that」同義，中文常譯為「鑑於」或「考慮到」。
Given that the patient's condition is stable, we can proceed with the surgery.
鑑於病人的情況穩定，我們可以進行手術。
EN： The phrasal verb 'account for' means to form a particular amount or part of something. In formal contexts, it is frequently used to describe statistical proportions or components of a total.
中文： 片語動詞「account for」意為「佔（比例或部分）」。在正式語境中，它常用於描述統計比例或總體中的組成部分。
Electronic goods account for over 30% of our total exports.
電子產品佔我們總出口額的 30% 以上。
EN： The verb 'carry' is used here in a figurative sense meaning 'to involve as a consequence' or 'to have as an attribute'. When paired with 'implications', it suggests that the subject has far-reaching consequences or importance.
中文： 動詞「carry」在此處為比喻用法，意為「帶來（後果）」或「具有（屬性）」。當與「implications」連用時，表示主語具有深遠的影響或重要性。
The decision to raise interest rates carries significant risks for the housing market.
提高利率的決定對房地產市場具有重大風險。
EN： The sentence reflects a global shift in policy discussions where environmental impact is increasingly linked to economic data. Terms like 'carbon reduction targets' are standard in international climate agreements (like the Paris Agreement), emphasizing the pressure on governments to regulate private sectors, including the rental market.
中文： 這句話反映了全球政策討論中的一種轉變，即環境影響與經濟數據的聯繫日益緊密。「減碳目標」等術語是國際氣候協議（如《巴黎協定》）中的標準用語，強調了政府在監管包括租賃市場在內的私營部門方面所面臨的壓力。
EN： The present participle phrase 'leaving...' acts as a result clause, indicating a consequence of the main action ('the split incentive will persist').
中文： 現在分詞短語「leaving...」在此作為結果子句，用來表示主句動作（拆分激勵問題將持續存在）所導致的後果。
The storm damaged the power lines, leaving the city in total darkness.
暴風雨破壞了輸電線路，導致整個城市陷入一片漆黑。
EN： The verb 'compelling' is a present participle modifying 'regulation'. It functions as a reduced relative clause (regulation that compels).
中文： 動詞「compelling」是現在分詞，修飾前面的「regulation」。它的功能等同於縮減後的關係子句（即 regulation that compels）。
There is a new law compelling companies to reduce plastic waste.
有一項新法律強制要求公司減少塑料廢棄物。
EN： The use of 'shouldering' (to shoulder) is a metaphorical use of a body part as a verb, meaning to take on a heavy responsibility or cost.
中文： 「shouldering」（肩負）是將身體部位轉化為動詞的比喻用法，意指承擔沉重的責任或成本。
Small businesses are shouldering the burden of increased taxes.
小企業正肩負著稅收增加的負擔。
EN： The 'split incentive' is a common term in environmental policy and economics. It describes a market failure where the person who pays for an energy efficiency upgrade (the landlord) does not receive the financial benefit (lower utility bills), which instead goes to the tenant. This is a significant policy challenge in countries like Australia with high rental populations.
中文： 「拆分激勵」（split incentive）是環境政策和經濟學中的常見術語。它描述了一種市場失靈現象：支付能源效率升級費用的人（房東）無法獲得經濟利益（較低的電費），而利益卻由租客獲得。在像澳洲這樣租房人口比例較高的國家，這是一個重大的政策挑戰。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 構成，組成
在本文中： 取決於，視...而定
在本文中： 隔熱設備，絕緣材料
在本文中： 獲得（好處），收割（成果）
在本文中： 差異，不平等
在本文中： 明顯地，鮮明地
在本文中： 支出，花費
在本文中： 累積的，漸增的
在本文中： 比...更重要，大於
在本文中： 強迫，強制
在本文中： 持續存在，堅持
在本文中： 承擔（責任、費用或負擔）
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
A situation where the costs and benefits of a transaction are not shared equally between the parties involved.
分配激勵不一致（拆分激勵）
Fixed, one-time expenses incurred on the purchase of land, buildings, construction, and equipment.
資本支出 / 初始投資成本
People who own the home they live in.
自住業主
Costs for essential services like electricity, gas, water, and sewage.
公共事業費用（水電瓦斯費）
Specific goals set by governments or organizations to decrease the amount of greenhouse gases emitted.
減碳目標