EN： Gerund as Subject: A gerund (verb + -ing) can function as a noun and serve as the subject of a sentence. It is treated as a singular noun.
中文： 動名詞當主詞：動名詞（動詞 + -ing）可以作為名詞使用並擔任句子的主詞。在語法上被視為單數名詞。
Traveling to different countries broadens your perspective.
到不同國家旅遊能開闊你的視野。
EN： Present Perfect Tense: Formed with 'has/have + past participle', it describes an action or state that began in the past and continues to the present.
中文： 現在完成式：由「has/have + 過去分詞」構成，描述從過去開始並持續到現在的動作或狀態。
She has been a teacher for over ten years.
她擔任老師已經超過十年了。
EN： The phrase 'career opportunities and cultural experiences' reflects the common Western perception of urban centers as hubs for professional growth and diverse social activities, often contrasted with the perceived quietness of rural life.
中文： 「職業機會與文化體驗」這組詞反映了西方普遍對城市中心的看法，即將其視為職業成長與多元社交活動的樞紐，這通常與鄉村生活的寧靜形成對比。
EN： The phrase 'comes with' is a phrasal verb meaning to be accompanied by or to include something as a natural consequence.
中文： 短語 'comes with' 是一個片語動詞，意思是「伴隨」或「附帶」，指某事物作為自然結果而包含在內。
This luxury apartment comes with a private parking space.
這間豪華公寓附帶一個私人停車位。
EN： The word 'that' introduces a relative clause (adjective clause) to provide more information about the noun 'challenges'.
中文： 單字 'that' 引導一個關係子句（形容詞子句），用來提供關於名詞 'challenges'（挑戰）的更多資訊。
He solved the problems that were bothering the team.
他解決了那些一直困擾團隊的問題。
EN： The phrase 'on a daily basis' is a common, slightly more formal way to say 'every day' in English, often used in professional or analytical contexts to describe routines or recurring issues.
中文： 短語 'on a daily basis' 是英文中 'every day'（每天）的一種常見且略微正式的表達方式，常用於專業或分析背景下，用來描述例行公事或反覆發生的問題。
EN： The structure 'From A to B' is used to provide a range of examples or to show the scope of a situation. In this sentence, it introduces the specific challenges faced by city dwellers.
中文： 「From A to B」結構用於提供一系列範例或展示情況的範圍。在本句中，它介紹了城市居民所面臨的具體挑戰。
From local boutiques to international chains, the mall offers a variety of shopping options.
從當地精品店到國際連鎖店，這間購物中心提供了多樣化的購物選擇。
EN： The reflexive structure 'find oneself + V-ing' is used to describe a situation where someone realizes they are in a particular state or doing something, often unexpectedly or as a result of circumstances.
中文： 反身結構「find oneself + V-ing」用於描述某人意識到自己處於某種狀態或正在做某事，通常是出於意外或環境使然。
After the long meeting, he found himself walking toward the park to clear his head.
長會結束後，他發現自己正走向公園以清醒頭腦。
EN： The term 'city dwellers' is a common way to refer to urban residents in sociological and journalistic contexts. The challenges mentioned—rent and transit—are universal issues in major global hubs like New York, London, or Taipei.
中文： 「city dwellers」是社會學和新聞脈絡中稱呼城市居民的常用詞。文中提到的挑戰——租金和交通——是紐約、倫敦或台北等全球主要大都市普遍面臨的問題。
EN： Gerunds as Subjects: The word 'Understanding' is a gerund (a verb ending in -ing that functions as a noun). It acts as the subject of the sentence, representing an action or concept.
中文： 動名詞當主詞：單字 'Understanding' 是一個動名詞（以 -ing 結尾且具有名詞功能的動詞）。它作為句子的主詞，代表一個動作或概念。
Learning a new language requires patience and practice.
學習一門新語言需要耐心和練習。
EN： Relative Clauses with 'Who': The phrase 'who is considering...' is a relative clause that provides more information about the pronoun 'anyone'. It functions like an adjective.
中文： 使用 'Who' 的關係子句：短語 'who is considering...' 是一個關係子句，用來提供關於代名詞 'anyone' 的更多資訊。它的功能類似於形容詞。
The teacher praised the student who finished the project early.
老師稱讚了那位提早完成專案的學生。
EN： The term 'metropolitan area' is often used in urban planning and sociology to describe a densely populated urban core and its less-populated surrounding territories. In many Western countries, moving to a 'metro area' implies seeking better jobs but also accepting higher costs of living.
中文： 「Metropolitan area」（大都會地區）一詞常用於都市規劃和社會學，用來描述人口稠密的城市核心及其周邊人口較少的地區。在許多西方國家，搬到「大都會區」意味著尋求更好的工作，但也意味著接受更高的生活成本。
EN： The structure 'One of the + superlative adjective + plural noun' is used to identify a single item from a group of items that share a specific quality. Note that the verb must be singular because the subject is 'One'.
中文： 「One of the + 最高級形容詞 + 複數名詞」的結構用於從一群具有特定特質的事物中挑選出一個。請注意，動詞必須使用單數，因為主詞是 'One'（其中之一）。
One of the most popular tourist attractions is the Eiffel Tower.
最受歡迎的旅遊景點之一是艾菲爾鐵塔。
EN： The preposition 'for' is used here to indicate the person or group affected by something or to whom something is relevant.
中文： 介係詞 'for' 在此處用於表示受某事影響的人或群體，或對誰而言某事是相關的（對於...來說）。
Regular exercise is beneficial for elderly people.
規律運動對於老年人是有益的。
EN： In many Western countries, the 'cost of housing' is a central political and social issue, often referred to as a 'housing crisis' in major cities like London, New York, or Vancouver. This reflects the struggle of the middle class and young professionals to afford living where they work.
中文： 在許多西方國家，「住房成本」是一個核心的政治與社會議題，在倫敦、紐約或溫哥華等大城市，這通常被稱為「住房危機」。這反映了中產階級和年輕專業人士在工作地負擔不起生活費用的困境。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (has increased) is used to describe an action that started in the past and continues to have relevance or an effect in the present, often used with time expressions like 'over the past decade'.
中文： 現在完成式 (has increased) 用於描述從過去開始並持續影響到現在的動作，通常與「over the past decade」（在過去十年中）這類時間表達語連用。
The cost of living has risen significantly since last year.
自去年以來，生活成本已顯著上升。
EN： The Present Participle Phrase (making...) acts as a resultative clause, indicating the consequence of the preceding main clause. It functions similarly to 'and this has made...'.
中文： 現在分詞短語 (making...) 作為結果子句，表示前述主句所產生的後果。其功能類似於「and this has made...」（這使得...）。
The storm destroyed the bridge, making it impossible to cross the river.
暴風雨摧毀了橋樑，使得橫跨河流變得不可能。
EN： The term 'affordable accommodation' is a common topic in major Western cities like London, New York, and Sydney, where 'gentrification' (the process of changing the character of a neighborhood through the influx of more affluent residents) has led to significant social debate.
中文： 「負擔得起的住所」(affordable accommodation) 是倫敦、紐約和雪梨等西方大城市的常見話題。在這些地方，「士紳化」(gentrification，即透過較富裕居民的遷入來改變社區性質的過程) 引發了重大的社會討論。
EN： Passive Voice (be + past participle): The structure 'are forced to' indicates that the subjects are not performing the action of forcing, but are being subjected to external pressure (in this case, economic factors).
中文： 被動語態 (be + 過去分詞)：結構 'are forced to' 表示主詞並非主動施加壓力，而是受到外部因素（在此指經濟因素）的強迫。
The flight was canceled due to the heavy storm.
航班因為暴風雨而被取消了。
EN： Past Perfect Tense (had + past participle): Used to describe an action ('had originally planned') that occurred before another point in the past or before the current situation being discussed.
中文： 過去完成式 (had + 過去分詞)：用於描述在過去某個時間點或當前討論的情況之前，就已經發生的動作（'原先計劃'）。
She realized she had left her keys at home.
她意識到她把鑰匙忘在家裡了。
EN： In many major Western cities like New York, London, or San Francisco, 'flat-sharing' or 'roommating' is a standard phase of life for young professionals due to extremely high real estate prices, often lasting well into their 30s.
中文： 在紐約、倫敦或舊金山等西方大城市，「合租公寓」是年輕專業人士生活的常態。由於房價極高，這種生活方式往往會持續到他們 30 多歲。
EN： The use of 'spend [amount] on [something]' is a common phrasal pattern where 'on' indicates the category of expenditure. Here, 'nearly half of their monthly income' is the amount, and 'rent' is the object of spending.
中文： 使用「spend [金額] on [某物]」是一個常見的片語模式，其中「on」表示支出的類別。在這裡，「nearly half of their monthly income」（近一半的月收入）是金額，而「rent」（房租）是花費的對象。
She spends a lot of money on organic groceries.
她在有機食品上花了很多錢。
EN： The adverb 'alone' is used after a noun to emphasize that only that specific thing is being considered, excluding all others. It highlights the severity or significance of that single factor.
中文： 副詞「alone」放在名詞之後，用來強調僅考慮該特定事物，排除其他所有因素。它突顯了該單一因素的嚴重性或重要性。
The flight tickets alone cost over a thousand dollars.
單單機票就花了一千多美元。
EN： In many major global cities like New York, London, or Hong Kong, the '30% rule' (spending no more than 30% of income on housing) is increasingly difficult to maintain, leading to the social issue of being 'rent burdened.'
中文： 在紐約、倫敦或香港等許多全球大城市，所謂的「30%原則」（即住房支出不超過收入的30%）已變得越來越難以維持，這導致了「房租負擔過重」的社會問題。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (has pushed) is used to describe an action that started in the past and has a direct impact or result in the present.
中文： 現在完成式 (has pushed) 用於描述過去開始並對現在產生直接影響或結果的動作。
The recent storm has caused several power outages in the neighborhood.
最近的風暴已導致該社區幾處停電。
EN： Non-restrictive Relative Clauses (where...) provide extra information about a noun (suburban areas) and are separated by a comma.
中文： 非限定用法關係子句 (where...) 對名詞（郊區）提供額外補充資訊，並用逗號隔開。
I visited my hometown, where I spent most of my childhood.
我拜訪了我的家鄉，在那裡我度過了大部分的童年。
EN： In many Western countries, 'suburban areas' are often associated with a higher quality of life for families, offering more space and lower costs compared to the 'urban core.' This trend of moving out of the city is sometimes referred to as 'urban sprawl.'
中文： 在許多西方國家，「郊區」(suburban areas) 通常與較高的家庭生活品質相關聯，與「市中心」相比，郊區提供更大的空間和較低的成本。這種從城市遷出的趨勢有時被稱為「城市擴張」。
EN： Relative Clause with 'that': A relative clause provides more information about a noun (the antecedent). Here, 'that affects...' describes the 'major challenge'.
中文： 關係子句（that 引導）：關係子句用來提供關於名詞（先行詞）的更多資訊。在此句中，「that affects...」描述了「major challenge」（主要挑戰）。
She has a job that requires a lot of travel.
她有一份需要經常出差的工作。
EN： Subject-Verb Agreement: In the relative clause, the verb 'affects' is singular because it refers back to 'another major challenge', which is a singular noun phrase.
中文： 主詞與動詞一致性：在關係子句中，動詞「affects」使用單數形式，因為它指代的是單數名詞短語「another major challenge」。
The noise that comes from the street is very loud.
從街道傳來的噪音非常大。
EN： The phrase 'quality of life' is a standard sociological and economic term used in English-speaking countries to discuss the general well-being of individuals and societies, often in the context of urban planning.
中文： 「quality of life」（生活品質）是英語國家常用的社會學和經濟學術語，用於討論個人和社會的總體福祉，通常出現在城市規劃的背景中。
EN： The sentence uses a Relative Clause (Adjective Clause) starting with 'that' to provide more information about the noun 'public transit systems'. The clause 'that are often delayed or overcrowded' functions as an adjective to describe the systems.
中文： 本句使用了由 'that' 引導的關係子句（形容詞子句），用來補充說明名詞 'public transit systems'（大眾運輸系統）。該子句 'that are often delayed or overcrowded' 的功能如同形容詞，描述這些系統的狀態。
I prefer restaurants that offer vegetarian options.
我偏好提供素食選項的餐廳。
EN： The phrase 'those who' is a common structure used to refer to people in general who belong to a specific group or share a certain characteristic.
中文： 短語 'those who' 是一個常見的結構，用來泛指屬於某個特定群體或具有某種特徵的人們，意為「那些……的人」。
The course is designed for those who want to improve their coding skills.
這門課程是為那些想要提升程式碼編寫技能的人設計的。
EN： In many major Western cities like New York, London, or Paris, the 'daily commute' is a significant part of urban culture. Relying on aging subway systems is a common shared experience that often leads to public frustration and is a frequent topic of small talk.
中文： 在紐約、倫敦或巴黎等西方大城市，「每日通勤」是城市文化的重要組成部分。依賴老舊的地鐵系統是居民共同的經歷，這經常導致大眾的挫折感，也是社交閒聊（small talk）中常見的話題。
EN： Present Perfect Tense (has led to): Used to describe an action that started in the past and has a direct result or relevance to the present moment.
中文： 現在完成式 (has led to)：用來描述一個從過去開始，並對現在產生直接結果或關聯的動作。
The heavy rain has led to several floods in the valley.
這場大雨已導致山谷中發生了幾次洪水。
EN： Participle Phrase (leaving...): The present participle (-ing) is used here to express a result or consequence of the main clause.
中文： 分詞短語 (leaving...)：這裡使用現在分詞 (-ing) 來表示主句所產生的結果或後果。
The storm hit the city, causing widespread power outages.
暴風雨襲擊了城市，造成了大規模的停電。
EN： In many Western metropolitan areas like New York or London, 'aging infrastructure' is a common political and social topic, referring to subway systems and bridges built over a century ago that struggle to meet modern demands.
中文： 在紐約或倫敦等許多西方大都市，「基礎設施老化」(aging infrastructure) 是一個常見的政治和社會議題，指的是一個多世紀前建造的地鐵系統和橋樑，現在難以滿足現代需求。
EN： The use of 'instead' as an adverb: It is often placed at the end of a clause to indicate that one action is chosen as a substitute for another mentioned previously.
中文： 副詞 'instead' 的用法：通常放在子句末尾，用來表示選擇某個動作來替代前文提到的另一個動作（在此指替代搭乘大眾運輸）。
The bus was too crowded, so I decided to walk instead.
公車太擠了，所以我決定改用走路的。
EN： Noun Clause as Object: The word 'that' introduces a noun clause ('that traffic congestion... stressful situations') which functions as the direct object of the verb 'discover'.
中文： 名詞子句作為受詞：單字 'that' 引導一個名詞子句（從 traffic 到 situations），在句中擔任動詞 'discover' 的直接受詞。
Scientists discover that climate change affects bird migration.
科學家發現氣候變遷會影響鳥類的遷徙。
EN： In many large North American and European cities, the debate between using public transit versus driving is a common social issue. While driving offers personal space, the high cost of parking and 'congestion pricing' (fees for driving in busy areas) are deliberate urban planning strategies to encourage public transport use.
中文： 在許多北美和歐洲的大城市中，選擇大眾運輸還是開車是一個常見的社會議題。雖然開車能提供私人空間，但昂貴的停車費和「擁堵費」（在繁忙地區開車需繳納的費用）是都市規劃中刻意採取的策略，旨在鼓勵市民使用大眾運輸。
EN： The 'Present Perfect Continuous' tense (has been + -ing) is used to describe an action that started in the past and is still continuing in the present, emphasizing the duration or ongoing nature of the process.
中文： 「現在完成進行式」(has been + -ing) 用於描述從過去開始並持續到現在的動作，強調過程的持續性或時間長度。
She has been working on this project since early morning.
她從清晨就一直在忙這個專案。
EN： The phrase 'As a result' is a conjunctive adverb used to introduce a logical consequence or effect of a previously mentioned situation.
中文： 短語「As a result」是一個連接副詞，用於引出前文所述情況的邏輯結果或影響。
The flight was cancelled; as a result, we stayed at a hotel.
航班被取消了；因此，我們住在一家旅館裡。
EN： In many Western metropolitan areas, 'commute time' is a major factor in quality of life discussions. The shift toward remote work in recent years has started to challenge the trend mentioned in this sentence, though urban congestion remains a significant issue.
中文： 在許多西方大都市中，「通勤時間」是生活品質討論中的主要因素。雖然近年來遠距工作的轉向開始挑戰句中所提到的趨勢，但城市擁堵仍然是一個重大問題。
EN： The preposition 'Despite' is used to introduce a contrast. It must be followed by a noun, noun phrase, or gerund (-ing form), never a full clause with a subject and verb.
中文： 介係詞 'Despite'（儘管）用於引導對比。其後必須接名詞、名詞短語或動名詞，不可直接接含有主詞和動詞的完整子句。
Despite the heavy rain, the football match continued.
儘管下著大雨，足球賽仍然繼續進行。
EN： The verb 'continue' can be followed by either a to-infinitive (to choose) or a gerund (choosing) with very little difference in meaning, indicating an ongoing action.
中文： 動詞 'continue'（繼續）後面可以接不定詞 (to choose) 或動名詞 (choosing)，兩者意義差別不大，皆表示動作的持續。
She continued to work even after everyone had left.
即使在所有人離開後，她仍繼續工作。
EN： Parallel Structure: When listing multiple items (A, B, and C), they should follow the same grammatical form. Here, three noun phrases are used: 'diverse cultural experiences', 'better access to healthcare', and 'a wider range of employment opportunities'.
中文： 平行結構：當列舉多個項目（A、B 和 C）時，它們應遵循相同的語法形式。在此句中，使用了三個名詞短語：'diverse cultural experiences'、'better access to healthcare' 以及 'a wider range of employment opportunities'。
The hotel provides free breakfast, high-speed internet, and a fitness center.
這間飯店提供免費早餐、高速網路和健身中心。
EN： Comparative Adjectives: Words like 'better' and 'wider' are comparative forms of 'good' and 'wide', used to imply an improvement or increase compared to other environments (like rural areas).
中文： 比較級形容詞：'better' 和 'wider' 分別是 'good' 和 'wide' 的比較級形式，用來暗示與其他環境（如鄉村地區）相比之下有所改善或增加。
This new model offers a faster processor and a larger screen.
這款新機型提供更快的處理器和更大的螢幕。
EN： In many Western countries, the concentration of specialized medical facilities and diverse job markets in urban centers is a primary driver for internal migration, despite the higher cost of living.
中文： 在許多西方國家，城市中心集中的專業醫療設施和多樣化的就業市場是人口遷移的主要驅動力，儘管城市的生活成本較高。
EN： Present Perfect Continuous Tense (have/has been + V-ing): This tense is used to describe an action that started in the past and has continued up to the present moment, often emphasizing the ongoing nature of the activity.
中文： 現在完成進行式 (have/has been + V-ing)：此時態用於描述從過去開始並持續到現在的動作，通常強調該活動的持續性或不間斷性。
The company has been developing new software for several months.
這間公司幾個月來一直在開發新軟體。
EN： Participles as Adjectives: Past participles like 'expanded' and 'modernized' are used here as adjectives to describe the state of the nouns 'lanes' and 'systems'.
中文： 分詞作為形容詞：過去分詞如 'expanded' (擴大的) 和 'modernized' (現代化的) 在此處被用作形容詞，用來描述名詞 'lanes' (車道) 和 'systems' (系統) 的狀態。
The renovated building now houses a modern art gallery.
這棟翻新過的建築現在設有一個現代藝術館。
EN： The sentence reflects a global trend in urban planning where major cities are shifting focus from car-centric designs to sustainable transportation like cycling and efficient public transit to combat congestion and pollution.
中文： 這句話反映了全球城市規劃的趨勢：各大城市正將重心從以汽車為中心的設計轉向自行車和高效大眾運輸等永續交通方式，以應對交通擁堵和污染問題。
EN： Relative Clauses (Adjective Clauses): The phrase 'that were once considered undesirable' is a relative clause starting with 'that'. It functions as an adjective to modify the noun 'neighborhoods'.
中文： 關係子句（形容詞子句）：'that were once considered undesirable' 是一個以 'that' 開頭的關係子句，其功能如同形容詞，用來修飾名詞 'neighborhoods'（社區）。
The books that were left on the table belong to the library.
那些留在桌上的書是屬於圖書館的。
EN： Present Perfect Passive Voice: 'Have been transformed' uses the present perfect tense (have + been + past participle) in the passive voice to show that an action started in the past and has been completed, focusing on the result of the change.
中文： 現在完成式的被動語態：'Have been transformed' 使用了現在完成式（have + been + 過去分詞）的被動語態，用來表示一個動作從過去開始並已完成，重點在於改變後的結果。
The old factory has been transformed into a modern art gallery.
這座舊工廠已經被改造成一座現代美術館。
EN： The term 'urban planning' refers to the technical and political process concerned with the development and design of land use in an urban environment. In many Western cities, this often involves 'gentrification,' where older, lower-income neighborhoods are revitalized, sometimes leading to the displacement of original residents.
中文： 「都市規劃」(urban planning) 指的是涉及城市環境中土地利用開發與設計的技術和政治過程。在許多西方城市中，這通常涉及「士紳化」(gentrification)，即老舊、低收入的社區被重新活化，但有時也會導致原住民被迫搬遷。
EN： Future Perfect Tense (will have + past participle): This tense is used to describe an action that will be completed by a specific point in the future. In this sentence, 'will have improved' indicates the improvement happens before 'the end of this decade'.
中文： 未來完成式 (will have + 過去分詞)：此時態用於描述在未來某個特定時間點之前將會完成的動作。在本句中，「will have improved」表示改善會在「這十年結束」之前發生。
By the time you arrive, I will have finished the report.
當你到達時，我將已經完成報告了。
EN： Concessive Inserted Clause (although + adjective): The phrase 'although challenging' is a reduced clause acting as a concession. It provides contrasting information about 'city life' without needing a full subject-verb structure (it's short for 'although it is challenging').
中文： 讓步插入句 (although + 形容詞)：短語「although challenging」是一個簡化的子句，作為讓步用法。它提供了關於「城市生活」的對比資訊，而不需要完整的主詞動詞結構（它是 although it is challenging 的縮寫）。
The task, although difficult, was eventually completed.
這項任務雖然困難，但最終還是完成了。
EN： The correlative conjunction 'both A and B' is used to emphasize that two features or qualities are present at the same time. It connects two grammatically parallel elements (in this case, two noun phrases).
中文： 相關連接詞「both A and B」用於強調兩個特徵或性質同時存在。它連接兩個語法結構平行的元素（在此句中為兩個名詞短語）。
The project was both time-consuming and expensive.
這個專案既耗時又昂貴。
EN： The present simple tense is used here to state a general truth or a permanent situation regarding urban living.
中文： 此處使用現在簡單式（presents）來陳述關於都市生活的普遍事實或持久狀態。
The sun rises in the east.
太陽從東邊升起。
EN： The phrase 'In conclusion' is a standard formal transition used in academic and professional writing to signal the final summary of an argument. It is less common in casual conversation, where people might say 'So' or 'Basically'.
中文： 「In conclusion」是學術和專業寫作中標準的正式轉折詞，用於示意論點的最終總結。在日常口語中較少見，人們通常會說「So」或「Basically」。
EN： Compound Subject: When multiple noun phrases (the high cost of rent, long commute times, and strained infrastructure) are joined by 'and', they form a plural compound subject, requiring a plural verb ('are').
中文： 複合主詞：當多個名詞短語（高昂租金、長通勤時間、緊張的基礎設施）由 'and' 連接時，它們構成複數複合主詞，因此動詞需使用複數形式（are）。
Exercise and a balanced diet are essential for health.
運動和均衡飲食對健康至關重要。
EN： Relative Clause (Adjective Clause): The word 'that' introduces a relative clause 'that require ongoing attention...' which modifies the noun 'issues', providing more specific information about what kind of issues they are.
中文： 關係子句（形容詞子句）：單字 'that' 引導關係子句 'that require ongoing attention...'，用來修飾名詞 'issues'（問題），提供關於這些問題性質的具體資訊。
The project needs a leader that understands the local market.
這個專案需要一位了解當地市場的領導者。
EN： In many Western metropolitan areas, 'strained infrastructure' often refers to aging subway systems or roads that cannot keep up with rapid population growth, a common political and social debate topic.
中文： 在許多西方大城市中，「緊張的基礎設施」(strained infrastructure) 通常指老舊的地鐵系統或無法跟上人口快速增長的道路，這是常見的政治和社會辯論話題。
EN： The preposition 'with' is used here to indicate the means or instrument by which something is achieved. It introduces the conditions (investment and engagement) that enable the change.
中文： 介系詞「with」在此處用於表示達成某事的方式或手段。它引出了使改變成為可能的條件（投資與參與）。
With hard work and dedication, you can achieve your goals.
透過努力與奉獻，你可以達成你的目標。
EN： The modal verb 'can' expresses possibility or potential. In this context, it suggests that the transformation of cities into livable places is a realistic outcome of the mentioned actions.
中文： 助動詞「can」表示可能性或潛力。在此語境中，它暗示城市轉變為宜居場所是上述行動後可能產生的現實結果。
Technology can improve our daily lives in many ways.
科技可以在許多方面改善我們的日常生活。
EN： The term 'community engagement' is a key concept in modern Western urban planning and democratic governance. It emphasizes that city improvements should not just come from the top down (government), but should involve active participation and feedback from the people who live there.
中文： 「社區參與」(community engagement) 是現代西方都市規劃與民主治理中的核心概念。它強調城市的改善不應僅僅是自上而下（政府）的決策，還應包含當地居民的積極參與和回饋。
EN： Relative Clauses with 'Those who': This structure is used to define or identify a specific group of people. 'Those' acts as the plural pronoun, and 'who' introduces the relative clause that describes them.
中文： 使用 'Those who' 的關係子句：此結構用於定義或識別特定的一群人。'Those' 作為複數代名詞，而 'who' 引導描述這群人的關係子句。
Those who work hard will eventually succeed.
那些努力工作的人最終會成功。
EN： The verb 'outweigh': This is a transitive verb used to indicate that one thing is greater in importance, weight, or value than another. It is commonly used when comparing pros and cons.
中文： 動詞 'outweigh' (超過/重於)：這是一個及物動詞，用於表示一件事物在重要性、重量或價值上超過另一件事物。常用於比較優缺點。
The benefits of regular exercise outweigh the time investment.
規律運動的好處超過了時間的投入。
EN： The phrase 'outweigh the drawbacks' is a common idiomatic expression in English used in formal discussions, debates, and academic writing to present a balanced view while leaning towards a positive conclusion.
中文： 'outweigh the drawbacks' (利大於弊) 是英文中常見的慣用語，常用於正式討論、辯論和學術寫作中，用來在呈現平衡觀點的同時，傾向於得出積極的結論。
EN： The phrase 'depends on' is a phrasal verb used to indicate that something is determined or influenced by something else. It is followed by a noun or a noun clause.
中文： 短語 'depends on' 是一個片語動詞，用於表示某事是由另一件事決定或受其影響的。其後接名詞或名詞子句。
Success depends on how much effort you put into your work.
成功取決於你在工作中投入了多少努力。
EN： Noun Clauses with 'how': The structure 'how willing one is' acts as a noun clause serving as the object of the preposition 'on'. It follows the word order: how + adjective + subject + verb.
中文： 由 'how' 引導的名詞子句：結構 'how willing one is' 作為介系詞 'on' 的受詞。它遵循的語序為：how + 形容詞 + 主詞 + 動詞。
I am surprised by how expensive the tickets are.
我對票價如此昂貴感到驚訝。
EN： The use of 'one' as a pronoun is formal and common in academic or professional writing to refer to people in general, rather than using the more informal 'you'.
中文： 代名詞 'one' 的用法較為正式，常見於學術或專業寫作中，用來泛指「一個人」或「大眾」，而非使用較口語的 'you'。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 大都市的，包含城市及其周邊郊區的區域
在本文中： 妥協、讓步；在難以兼得的情況下做出的折衷選擇
在本文中： 住處、住所
在本文中： 基礎建設（如交通、水電、通訊等系統）
在本文中： （交通）堵塞、擠塞
在本文中： 不可否認的、確鑿無疑的
在本文中： 充滿活力的、生機勃勃的
在本文中： 不堪負荷的、緊張的
在本文中： （在重量、價值或重要性上）超過、大於
在本文中： 居民、居住者
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
To be more important or significant than the negative aspects.
利大於弊
The technical and political process concerned with the development and design of land use and the built environment.
都市規劃
The general well-being of individuals and societies, outlining negative and positive features of life.
生活品質
The regular journey of some distance to and from one's place of work or study.
每日通勤
To force or strongly encourage someone to do something.
迫使某人去做...
To manage, deal with, or find one's way through a complex or difficult situation.
應對、處理（複雜情況）
Basic physical and organizational structures (like transport or water) that are under too much pressure and cannot function properly.
負荷過重的基礎設施
The process of working collaboratively with groups of people to address issues affecting their well-being.
社區參與