EN： The Present Perfect Tense ('has drawn') is used to describe an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past and has a direct result or relevance to the present.
中文： 現在完成式（has drawn）用於描述過去某個未明確說明的時間點所發生的動作，且該動作與現在有直接的關係或影響。
The new space program has attracted many young scientists.
這項新的太空計劃已經吸引了許多年輕的科學家。
EN： The Relative Clause ('that are planned for the Moon') is introduced by the relative pronoun 'that' to modify the preceding noun phrase 'the growing number of missions'.
中文： 關係子句（that are planned for the Moon）由關係代名詞「that」引導，用來修飾前面的名詞片語「the growing number of missions」（日益增加的任務數量）。
These are the technologies that are needed for Mars exploration.
這些是探索火星所需要的技術。
EN： International Moon Day is celebrated on July 20th to commemorate the anniversary of the first human landing on the Moon by Apollo 11 in 1969. It was officially declared by the United Nations General Assembly to raise public awareness about sustainable lunar exploration.
中文： 國際月球日於每年的 7 月 20 日慶祝，以紀念 1969 年阿波羅 11 號實現人類首次登陸月球的歷史性時刻。此節日由聯合國大會正式宣布設立，旨在提高公眾對可持續性月球探測的認識。
EN： Present Perfect Continuous Tense (have/has been + V-ing): This tense is used to describe an action that started in the past and is still continuing in the present, emphasizing the ongoing nature of the activity.
中文： 現在完成進行式（have/has been + 現在分詞）：此時態用於描述一個從過去開始、至今仍在進行的動作，強調該活動的持續性與未完結性。
Scientists have been studying the effects of climate change for decades.
科學家們數十年來一直在研究氣候變遷的影響。
EN： Infinitive of Purpose (to + verb): The infinitive form 'to explore' is used here to express the purpose or reason why countries are developing new technologies.
中文： 不定詞表目的（to + 動詞原形）：此處的不定詞「to explore」用來表示各國開發新技術的目的或原因（為了探索）。
She saved money to buy a new computer.
她存錢是為了買一部新電腦。
EN： The structure 'One of the + superlative adjective + plural noun' is used to single out one member from a group that shares a common, extreme characteristic. It is important to remember that the noun following 'one of the' must be plural (e.g., 'missions'), but the verb that agrees with 'one' must be singular (e.g., 'is').
中文： 「One of the + 最高級形容詞 + 複數名詞」的結構用於從具有共同極端特徵的群體中挑選出其中一個。需要特別注意的是，緊跟在「one of the」後面的名詞必須是複數形式（例如「missions」），但與「one」一致的動詞必須是單數形式（例如「is」）。
One of the most popular tourist destinations in Asia is Japan.
亞洲最受歡迎的旅遊目的地之一是日本。
EN： A non-defining relative clause is introduced by 'which' (preceded by a comma) to provide extra, non-essential information about the noun before it ('China's Chang'e-7'). If you remove this clause, the main sentence still makes complete sense.
中文： 非限制性關係子句由「which」（前面有逗號）引導，用來對前面的名詞（「中國的嫦娥七號」）提供額外的、非必要的補充說明。如果將這個子句刪除，主句的意思依然完整。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle) is used here with the adverb 'already' to emphasize that an action has been completed prior to the present moment, and its result is relevant now.
中文： 現在完成式（have/has + 過去分詞）在此與副詞「already」（已經）連用，用以強調某個動作在現在之前的某個時間點已經完成，且其結果與現在相關。
The team has already completed the safety checks for the new satellite.
團隊已經完成了新衛星的安全檢查。
EN： Compound Nouns and Noun Adjuncts: In English, nouns can modify other nouns (e.g., 'carrier rocket', 'launch site'). The first noun acts like an adjective to describe the type or purpose of the second noun.
中文： 複合名詞與名詞修飾語：在英文中，名詞可以用來修飾另一個名詞（例如「carrier rocket」運載火箭、「launch site」發射場）。第一個名詞的作用類似形容詞，用來描述第二個名詞的類型或用途。
The space agency is building a new control center.
該太空機構正在建造一個新的控制中心。
EN： Wenchang Spacecraft Launch Site, located in Hainan Province, is China's southernmost spaceport. Unlike older inland launch sites, its coastal location allows for the transport of large rocket components (like the Long March-5) by sea, and launching over the ocean provides safety benefits.
中文： 位於海南省的文昌航天發射場是中國最南端的航天發射場。與較舊的內陸發射場不同，其沿海位置允許通過海運運輸大型火箭組件（如長征五號），且朝向海洋發射具有更高的安全優勢。
EN： Present Continuous Tense (be + V-ing) is used here to describe an action that is currently in progress at the moment of speaking. 'Are working' indicates that the engineering work is happening right now.
中文： 現在進行式（be 動詞 + 現在分詞）在此用於描述說話當下正在進行的動作。「are working」表示工程師們目前正在進行這項工作。
The scientists are conducting an experiment in the laboratory now.
科學家們現在正在實驗室裡進行一項實驗。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'work on' means to spend time and effort improving, building, or repairing something. It is commonly followed by a noun or a gerund.
中文： 介系詞片語「work on」意為「致力於、從事於」某事的改善、建造或修復。後面通常接名詞或動名詞。
She is working on a new book about space exploration.
她正在撰寫一本關於太空探索的新書。
EN： The comparative structure 'closer than ever to + gerund/noun' is used to show that the current state has reached a historical peak. Note that 'to' here is a preposition, so it must be followed by a gerund (verb-ing) like 'understanding' rather than an infinitive.
中文： 比較級結構「closer than ever to + 動名詞/名詞」用於表示目前的狀態達到了歷史之最。請注意，這裡的「to」是介係詞，因此後面必須接動名詞（動詞-ing，如 understanding），而非不定詞。
With the new technology, we are closer than ever to finding a cure.
有了這項新技術，我們比以往任何時候都更接近找到治療方法。
EN： Apposition (Noun Phrase in Apposition): 'a senior space scientist at the Chinese Academy of Sciences' is an appositive phrase that provides extra information about the noun phrase 'Doctor Li Wei'. It is separated by commas.
中文： 同位語（名詞片語同位語）：「a senior space scientist at the Chinese Academy of Sciences」是一個同位語片語，用來提供關於名詞片語「李偉博士」的額外資訊，前後用逗號隔開。
Mr. Green, a talented local artist, designed the new community park.
格林先生是一位才華橫溢的當地藝術家，他設計了新的社區公園。
EN： The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) is the world's largest research organization and plays a leading role in China's space exploration programs, including the Chang'e lunar missions. In scientific news reporting, it is common to introduce a scientist's full title and affiliation to establish authority and credibility.
中文： 中國科學院（CAS）是全球最大的研究機構，在中國的太空探索計畫（包括嫦娥月球探測任務）中扮演主導角色。在科學新聞報導中，通常會介紹科學家的完整職稱與所屬機構，以建立權威性與公信力。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses (using 'which') are used to add extra, non-essential information about a noun. They are separated from the main clause by a comma, and 'that' cannot be used as a replacement.
中文： 非限定關係子句（使用 'which'）用於對先行詞（名詞）進行補充說明，提供非必要的額外資訊。這類子句前通常會加上逗號，且不能用 'that' 來代替 'which'。
The new space telescope, which cost billions of dollars, has sent back its first images.
這台耗資數十億美元的新太空望遠鏡已經傳回了它的首批影像。
EN： The passive voice structure 'is considered' (be + past participle) is used when the focus is on the action or the receiver of the action, rather than who performs it. It is often followed by a noun phrase or adjective phrase.
中文： 被動語態結構「is considered」（be 動詞 + 過去分詞）用於將焦點放在動作本身或接受動作的對象，而非執行動作的人。其後常接名詞片語或形容詞片語作為補語。
The project is considered a major breakthrough in renewable energy.
該專案被認為是再生能源領域的一大突破。
EN： The Moon's south pole is a major focus of 21st-century space exploration. It is highly valued because scientists believe its permanently shadowed craters contain water ice, which could be vital for sustaining future human bases and producing rocket fuel.
中文： 月球南極是21世紀太空探索的重中之重。該區域極具價值，因為科學家相信其永久陰影區的隕石坑中存在水冰，這對於維持未來人類基地與製造火箭燃料至關重要。
EN： The simple future tense with 'will' is used to express future actions, decisions, or predictions. It is formed by 'will' followed by the base form of the verb (bare infinitive).
中文： 使用 'will' 的簡單未來式（Simple Future Tense）用於表達未來的行為、決定或預測。其結構為 'will' 後接動詞原形。
The scientists will analyze the lunar soil samples next week.
科學家們下週將分析月球土壤樣本。
EN： The verb 'conduct' is a formal transitive verb meaning to organize and perform a particular activity, such as a survey, experiment, or investigation.
中文： 動詞 'conduct'（進行/實施）是一個正式的及物動詞，意指組織並執行某項特定的活動，例如調查、實驗或研究。
The research team will conduct a series of tests on the new equipment.
研究團隊將對新設備進行一系列測試。
EN： The relative pronoun 'that' introduces a defining relative clause (also called an adjective clause) to modify the noun phrase 'water ice'. It acts as the subject of the relative clause, followed by the modal verb 'may' and the main verb 'exist'.
中文： 關係代名詞「that」引導一個限定修飾的關係子句（又稱形容詞子句），用來修飾名詞片語「water ice」（水冰）。在此子句中，「that」充當主詞，後面接情態助動詞「may」與主要動詞「exist」。
The telescope detected a planet that may support human life.
這架望遠鏡偵測到一顆可能維持人類生命的行星。
EN： The modal verb 'may' is used to express possibility or uncertainty about a present or future state. It is followed by the base form of the verb ('exist').
中文： 情態助動詞「may」用於表示對現在或未來狀態的可能性或不確定性。其後須接動詞原形（在此為「exist」）。
There are dark clouds in the sky, so it may rain later.
天空中有烏雲，所以待會兒可能會下雨。
EN： Gerund as Subject: A gerund (verb + -ing) can function as a noun and serve as the subject of a sentence. It is treated as a singular noun.
中文： 動名詞當主詞：動名詞（動詞 + -ing）可以當作名詞使用，並在句子中擔任主詞。在語法上被視為單數名詞。
Learning a new language opens up many career opportunities.
學習一門新語言會開啟許多職涯機會。
EN： Conditional 'Would' for Hypothetical Situations: 'Would' is used here to express a hypothetical or future possibility that depends on a condition (finding water).
中文： 表示假設情況的助動詞「Would」：此處使用「would」來表示一種假設或未來的可能性，該可能性取決於某個前提條件（即發現水）。
Living on Mars would be very challenging for humans.
居住在火星上對人類來說將會非常具有挑戰性。
EN： The term 'lunar surface' is preferred in scientific and formal contexts over 'the surface of the Moon' as 'lunar' (derived from the Latin word for moon, 'Luna') is the standard scientific adjective for things relating to the Moon.
中文： 在科學和正式語境中，人們更傾向於使用「lunar surface」而非「the surface of the Moon」。「lunar」（源自拉丁語中代表月亮的詞「Luna」）是與月球相關事物的標準科學形容詞。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'In addition to' is used to mean 'besides' or 'as well as'. It must be followed by a noun, pronoun, or a gerund (verb-ing). In this sentence, it is followed by the gerund 'searching'.
中文： 介係詞片語「In addition to」意為「除了……之外（還）」。後面必須接名詞、代名詞或動名詞（V-ing）。在本句中，它後面接的是動名詞「searching」。
In addition to learning English, she also studies Spanish.
除了學習英文之外，她也學習西班牙文。
EN： The phrase 'such as' is used to introduce specific examples that illustrate a category. It is followed by nouns or noun phrases (here, 'precision landing' and 'hopping exploration').
中文： 片語「such as」用於引入具體例子來解釋說明某個類別。後面接名詞或名詞片語（在此處為「precision landing」和「hopping exploration」）。
The museum has many historical artifacts, such as ancient coins and weapons.
這間博物館有許多歷史文物，例如古代錢幣和武器。
EN： Present Continuous Passive (am/is/are + being + past participle) is used to describe an action that is currently in progress, emphasizing the receiver of the action rather than the doer.
中文： 現在進行式的被動語態（am/is/are + being + 過去分詞）用於描述目前正在進行的動作，強調動作的承受者而非執行者。
New renewable energy systems are being developed to reduce carbon emissions.
新型再生能源系統正在被研發，以減少碳排放。
EN： The infinitive of purpose (to + verb) is used to express the reason or purpose for doing something. In this sentence, 'to help...' explains why the technologies are being developed.
中文： 不定詞表示目的（to + 動詞原形）用於表達做某事的原因或目的。在本句中，「to help...」解釋了研發這些技術的目的。
She saved money to buy a new laptop for college.
她存錢是為了買一台上大學用的新筆記型電腦。
EN： First Conditional (Conditional Type 1): Used to talk about things which might happen in the future. The structure is 'If + present simple, will + infinitive'. It expresses a real possibility.
中文： 第一類條件句（真實條件句）：用於描述未來可能發生的真實情況。結構為「If + 現在簡單式，will + 原形動詞」，表示極有可能實現的結果。
If we complete the project on time, we will receive the funding.
如果我們按時完成這個項目，我們將會獲得資金。
EN： Appositive (Noun Phrase in Apposition): A noun phrase placed next to another noun to identify or explain it. Here, 'a rocket engineer' explains the identity of 'Professor Zhang Ming'.
中文： 同位語（名詞片語同位語）：緊跟在另一個名詞後面，用以解釋或補充說明該名詞。在此處，「a rocket engineer（火箭工程師）」用來補充說明「Professor Zhang Ming（張明教授）」的身份。
EN： In English news reporting, it is common to place the reporting verb (e.g., 'explained', 'said') before the subject (e.g., 'Professor Zhang Ming') when it follows a direct quote. Additionally, professional titles and affiliations are often appended as appositives (e.g., ', a rocket engineer') to establish the speaker's authority and credibility immediately.
中文： 在英文新聞報導中，當直接引語放在句首時，後續的說話動詞（如 'explained'、'said'）常會倒裝至主詞（如 'Professor Zhang Ming'）之前。此外，報導中常會以同位語（如 ', a rocket engineer'）的形式緊跟在人名後，用以說明其專業頭銜，從而迅速建立說話者的權威性與可信度。
EN： Present Perfect Passive Voice ('has been' + past participle): This structure is used to describe an action that started in the past and has relevance to the present, focusing on the receiver of the action (the Chang'e-7 mission) rather than the doer.
中文： 現在完成式的被動語態（has been + 過去分詞）：此結構用於描述一個始於過去且與現在相關的動作，其焦點在於動作的承受者（嫦娥七號任務），而非動作的執行者。
The project has been described as a major breakthrough by scientists.
該項目已被科學家們描述為一項重大突破。
EN： Infinitive Phrase as an Adjective ('to build...'): The infinitive 'to build' acts as an adjective modifying the noun 'plan', explaining the purpose or content of the plan.
中文： 不定詞片語作形容詞修飾（to build...）：不定詞「to build」在此作為形容詞修飾名詞「plan」（計劃），用以說明該計劃的目的或具體內容。
She has a plan to study abroad next year.
她有一個明年出國留學的計劃。
EN： The 'Chang'e' missions are named after the Chinese goddess of the Moon, reflecting a cultural connection between traditional mythology and modern space exploration. The goal of building a joint International Lunar Research Station (ILRS) is a major focus of China's space program in collaboration with other nations.
中文： 「嫦娥」系列任務是以中國神話中的月亮女神命名的，體現了傳統神話與現代太空探索之間的文化連結。建造國際月球科研站（ILRS）是中國與其他國家合作的航天計劃之重點項目。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： （太空）任務，特定目標的行動
在本文中： 探索，探勘
在本文中： 組裝，裝配
在本文中： 進行，實施（調查、實驗等）
在本文中： 永久地，終年地
在本文中： 精準的，精確的
在本文中： 掌握，精通（技術或知識）
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
The outer ground or crust of the Moon.
月球表面
To make people notice or think about something.
引起對……的注意或關注
To make it possible for something to happen or exist; to create opportunities.
為……打開大門；為……創造機會
Water in its solid state, especially on other planets or moons, to distinguish it from other frozen gases.
水冰