EN： Noun clause as object: The conjunction 'that' introduces a noun clause ('that a community... is strong') which functions as the direct object of the main verb 'believe'. In informal English, 'that' is often omitted.
中文： 名詞子句作為受詞：連接詞「that」引導一個名詞子句（that a community... is strong），在句中擔任主要動詞「believe」的直接受詞。在非正式英語中，「that」常被省略。
I hope that you can join our team.
我希望你能加入我們的團隊。
EN： Relative clause (adjective clause): The relative pronoun 'where' introduces a relative clause ('where people care') that modifies the noun 'community'. 'Where' is used because it refers to a place, functioning as an adverb of place within the clause.
中文： 關係子句（形容詞子句）：關係副詞「where」引導一個關係子句（where people care），用來修飾先行詞名詞「community」（社區）。因為先行詞表示地點，且在子句中作地點狀語，故使用「where」。
This is the park where we first met.
這就是我們初次見面的公園。
EN： Subject Relative Clauses (Adjective Clauses): The relative pronoun 'who' introduces a clause ('who help others') that modifies the subject noun 'People'. In this clause, 'who' acts as the subject of the verb 'help'.
中文： 主格關係子句（形容詞子句）：關係代名詞「who」引導一個子句（who help others）來修飾主詞名詞「People」。在這個子句中，「who」擔任動詞「help」的主詞。
Students who study hard usually get good grades.
努力學習的學生通常會取得好成績。
EN： Object Relative Clauses with 'that': The relative pronoun 'that' introduces a clause ('that feels safe') modifying the object noun 'place'. In this clause, 'that' acts as the subject of the linking verb 'feels'.
中文： 使用「that」的關係子句：關係代名詞「that」引導一個子句（that feels safe）來修飾受格名詞「place」。在這個子句中，「that」擔任連繫動詞「feels」的主詞。
She bought a book that looks interesting.
她買了一本看起來很有趣的書。
EN： The 'When' clause is a temporal adverbial clause (time clause). In this sentence, it sets the condition or time under which the main action occurs. When referring to general truths or habitual actions, we use the present simple tense in both the time clause and the main clause.
中文： 「When」引導的時間副詞子句。在本句中，它設定了主要動作發生的條件或時間。當描述普遍真理或習慣性動作時，時間子句和主要子句皆使用現在簡單式。
When the sun sets, the temperature drops.
當太陽下山時，氣溫就會下降。
EN： The reciprocal pronoun 'each other' is used to show that two or more people carry out an action that mutually affects one another. 'Everyone' is an indefinite pronoun that is grammatically singular, so it takes a singular verb (benefits).
中文： 相互代名詞「each other」用於表示兩個或更多人之間互相影響的動作。而「everyone」是不定代名詞，在語法上視為單數，因此後方接單數動詞（benefits）。
EN： This sentence reflects a strong sense of community and civic responsibility, which is highly valued in many English-speaking cultures. The idea of mutual trust and collective benefit is a cornerstone of neighborhood associations and community-building efforts.
中文： 這句話反映了強烈的社區意識和公民責任感，這在許多英語系國家的文化中非常受到重視。彼此信任與集體互惠的想法是社區發展和鄰里關係的基石。
EN： A free relative clause (or nominal relative clause) introduced by 'What' acts as the subject of the sentence. It means 'the thing that' or 'the things which'.
中文： 由「What」引導的關係子句（又稱名詞性關係子句）在此擔任整句話的主詞，相當於「the thing that」（所發生的事/重要的一點）。
What matters most is your health.
最重要的事情是你的健康。
EN： The wh-adverb 'how' introduces a noun clause acting as the subject complement after the linking verb 'is'. It describes the manner or way in which something is done.
中文： 疑問副詞「how」引導名詞子句，在連繫動詞「is」後面作主詞補語，用來表示事情進行的方式或方法。
The question is how we can solve this problem.
問題在於我們該如何解決這個問題。
EN： This sentence reflects a strong community-oriented value in Western culture, emphasizing empathy, social responsibility, and the ethical treatment of vulnerable or marginalized groups ('those who need us').
中文： 這句話反映了西方文化中強烈的社區意識與人文關懷，強調同理心、社會責任，以及對弱勢群體（those who need us）的友善與尊重。
EN： The relative pronoun 'that' introduces an adjective clause (defining relative clause) modifying the noun 'town'. In this clause, 'that' acts as the subject of the verb 'values'.
中文： 關係代名詞「that」引導一個形容詞子句（限定關係子句），用來修飾名詞「town」（城鎮）。在此子句中，「that」充當動詞「values」的主詞。
A company that values creativity often succeeds.
一家重視創造力的公司通常會成功。
EN： The relative adverb 'where' introduces an adjective clause modifying the pronoun 'one' (which stands for 'a town'). 'Where' indicates a place in which the action of the clause ('I want to live') occurs.
中文： 關係副詞「where」引導一個形容詞子句，用來修飾代名詞「one」（在此代指「城鎮」）。「where」表示該子句動作（「我想要居住」）發生的地點。
This is the library where I study every weekend.
這是我每個週末讀書的圖書館。
EN： The subordinating conjunction 'although' is used to introduce a concession clause (expressing a contrast). In English, 'although' and 'but' cannot be used in the same sentence to connect two clauses, unlike in Chinese where '雖然' (although) and '但是' (but) often appear together.
中文： 從屬連接詞「although」（雖然）用於引導讓步子句（表示對比）。在英文中，「although」和「but」（但是）不能同時出現在同一個句子中來連接兩個子句，這與中文裡「雖然」和「但是」經常成對出現的習慣不同。
Although it was raining, we went for a walk.
雖然下著雨，我們還是去散步了。
EN： The word 'same' is an adjective used to describe identical things. It is almost always preceded by the definite article 'the' (the same) when referring to specific shared characteristics or identities.
中文： 單字「same」（相同的）是形容詞，用於描述完全相同的事物。當指代特定共享的特徵或身份時，它前面幾乎總是會加上定冠詞「the」（the same）。
We live in the same building.
我們住在同一棟大樓裡。
EN： The noun clause starting with 'that' acts as the direct object of the verb 'know'. In this sentence, 'that' introduces the entire statement 'small acts... add up' as the thing being known. The conjunction 'that' is often omitted in informal speech, but is kept here for clarity.
中文： 由 'that' 引導的名詞子句作為動詞 'know' 的直接受詞。在此句子中，'that' 引導了整個陳述「微小的善行累積起來也是很大的力量」作為被知道的事物。在口語中 'that' 經常被省略，但在此處保留以使結構更清晰。
I believe that honesty is the best policy.
我相信誠實是最好的策略。
EN： The non-defining relative clause ', which seem tiny,' is set off by commas and provides extra, non-essential information about the noun 'small acts'. The relative pronoun 'which' is used because 'acts' is a non-human noun. Unlike defining clauses, non-defining clauses cannot use 'that' and cannot be omitted without keeping the main sentence grammatically complete.
中文： 非限定關係子句「, which seem tiny,」由逗號隔開，針對名詞「small acts」（微小的善行）提供額外且非必要的補充說明。因為「acts」是非人物，所以使用關係代名詞「which」。與限定子句不同，非限定子句不能使用「that」替代「which」，且將其刪除後主句結構依然完整。
My new car, which cost a lot of money, is very reliable.
我的新車（花了我很多錢）非常可靠。
EN： The word 'Whoever' is an indefinite relative pronoun that means 'any person who' or 'no matter who'. In this sentence, 'Whoever joins our effort' acts as a noun clause serving as the subject of the main verb 'makes'.
中文： 「Whoever」是一個無定關係代名詞，意思是「任何…的人」或「無論是誰」。在本句中，「Whoever joins our effort」作為名詞子句，擔任主要動詞「makes」的主詞。
Whoever finishes the project first will win the prize.
無論誰先完成這個專案，都將獲得獎品。
EN： The verb 'make' is used here as a causative/factitive verb in the pattern 'make + object + object complement (adjective)'. The comparative adjective 'stronger' describes the state of the object 'it' resulting from the action.
中文： 動詞「make」在此處用作使役/不完全及物動詞，句型為「make + 受詞 + 受詞補語（形容詞）」。比較級形容詞「stronger」描述了受詞「it」因該動作而產生的狀態變化。
Regular exercise makes your body healthier.
規律的運動會讓你的身體更健康。
EN： This sentence reflects a strong community-oriented value prevalent in many English-speaking cultures, emphasizing that collective effort and inclusivity ('whoever') are key to social strength and resilience.
中文： 這句話反映了許多英語系國家中強烈的社區導向價值觀，強調集體努力與包容性（「whoever」，即不論是誰）是社會力量與韌性的關鍵。
EN： The First Conditional (If + present simple, will/can + base verb) is used to talk about possible future events and their realistic results. In this sentence, 'If we act together' is the condition, and 'we can fix...' is the likely outcome.
中文： 第一條件句（If + 現在簡單式，will/can + 原形動詞）用於討論未來可能發生的事件及其寫實的結果。在本句中，「If we act together」是條件，「we can fix...」是可能達成的結果。
If you study hard, you can pass the exam.
如果你努力學習，你就能通過考試。
EN： The nominal relative pronoun 'what' acts as 'the thing(s) that'. It introduces a noun clause ('what is broken') that functions as the direct object of the verb 'fix'.
中文： 關係代名詞「what」相當於「the thing(s) that」（所……的事物）。它引導一個名詞子句（what is broken），在句中作為動詞「fix」的直接受詞。
She always says what is on her mind.
她總是心直口快（說出她心裡所想的事）。
EN： Defining Relative Clauses (Adjective Clauses): The relative pronoun 'who' is used to introduce a clause that describes and defines the subject 'The people'. It tells us exactly which people we are talking about.
中文： 限定關係子句（形容詞子句）：關係代名詞「who」用於引導一個修飾並限定主詞「The people」（人們）的子句，明確指出我們所指的是「哪一種」人。
The students who study hard usually pass the exam.
努力學習的學生通常會通過考試。
EN： Adverbial Clauses of Time: The conjunction 'before' introduces a time clause ('before they speak') that indicates when the main action ('listen') takes place.
中文： 時間副詞子句：連接詞「before」（在...之前）引導一個時間子句（before they speak），用來表示主要動作（listen）發生的時間點。
Think carefully before you make a decision.
在做決定之前要仔細思考。
EN： This sentence reflects a widely valued leadership philosophy in modern professional and community environments, emphasizing active listening and empathy over authoritative speaking. It aligns with the concept of 'servant leadership' popular in Western organizational psychology.
中文： 這句話反映了現代職場與社群環境中備受推崇的領導哲學，強調「主動傾聽」與「同理心」的重要性，而非一味地發號施令。這與西方組織心理學中流行的「僕人式領導」概念相契合。
EN： A noun clause introduced by 'That' can function as the subject of a sentence. This structure is used to state a fact or an idea as a complete proposition. It is often considered formal and can also be rephrased using an introductory 'It' (e.g., 'It is simply a fact that we depend on each other').
中文： 由「That」引導的名詞子句可以作為整個句子的主詞。這種結構用於將一個完整的主張或事實當作一個整體來陳述。這屬於較為正式的用法，通常也可以用虛主詞「It」來改寫（例如：「It is simply a fact that we depend on each other」）。
That she passed the exam surprised everyone.
她通過了考試這件事讓每個人都很驚訝。
EN： The phrasal verb 'depend on' means to rely on or trust someone or something. It is followed by a noun or pronoun object.
中文： 片語動詞「depend on」表示信賴、依靠或取決於某人或某事。後面接名詞或代名詞作為受詞。
Children depend on their parents for food and shelter.
孩子們依靠父母提供食物和住所。
EN： The adverbial clause of time introduced by 'when' is used to indicate the condition or time under which the main action occurs. In this sentence, 'when no one is left behind' specifies the condition for the society to work best.
中文： 由連接詞「when」引導的時間副詞子句，用於表示主句動作發生的時間或條件。在本句中，「when no one is left behind」指定了社會運作得最好的前提條件。
A team performs best when everyone communicates openly.
當每個人都公開交流時，團隊表現得最好。
EN： The passive voice 'is left behind' (be + past participle) is used here with the negative pronoun 'no one' to express that no individual is abandoned or excluded. 'Leave behind' is a phrasal verb meaning to abandon or fail to include.
中文： 此處使用被動語態「is left behind」（be 動詞 + 過去分詞），並結合否定代名詞「no one」，表示沒有任何人被遺棄或排除在外。「leave behind」是一個片語動詞，意思是遺留、拋下或未能納入。
No student should be left behind in the learning process.
在學習過程中，不應該有任何學生被落下。
EN： The phrase 'leave no one behind' has strong cultural and political resonance in English-speaking societies. Originally associated with military solidarity (not leaving wounded soldiers on the battlefield), it has evolved into a cornerstone concept for social justice, inclusive growth, and public policy (such as the UN Sustainable Development Goals).
中文： 「leave no one behind」（不遺下任何人）在英語系國家的文化和政治語境中具有強烈的共鳴。該詞最初與軍事團結有關（不將受傷的士兵留在戰場上），後來演變成社會正義、包容性增長和公共政策（如聯合國可持續發展目標）的核心概念。
EN： The phrase 'come to + verb' (e.g., 'come to believe', 'come to realize') is used to describe a gradual change in attitude, belief, or understanding over a period of time.
中文： 「come to + 動詞」（例如「come to believe」漸漸相信、「come to realize」漸漸明白）用於描述態度、信念或理解在一段時間內逐漸發生的轉變。
After living abroad, I have come to appreciate my own culture more.
出國生活後，我漸漸更加欣賞自己的文化。
EN： The passive voice 'is built by' is used here to shift the focus of the sentence to the receiver of the action ('a good community') rather than the doers ('everyone'), emphasizing the result of collective effort.
中文： 此處使用被動語態「is built by」（由……所建立），將句子的焦點轉移到動作的承受者（「一個好的社區」）而非執行者（「每個人」），藉此強調集體努力的成果。
This beautiful garden is maintained by local volunteers.
這座美麗的花園是由當地的志工維護的。
EN： The sentence uses a defining relative clause (adjective clause) introduced by the relative pronoun 'who' to modify the subject 'People'. 'Who' acts as the subject of the relative clause 'who care about their neighbors'.
中文： 本句使用關係代名詞「who」引導的限定關係子句（形容詞子句）來修飾主詞「People」（人們）。「who」在關係子句「who care about their neighbors」中擔任主詞角色。
Students who study hard usually get good grades.
努力學習的學生通常會取得好成績。
EN： The relative adverb 'where' is used to introduce an adjective clause modifying the noun of place 'a place'. Within this clause, 'where' functions as an adverbial of place, meaning 'in which'.
中文： 關係副詞「where」用於引導形容詞子句，修飾表示地點的名詞「a place」（地方）。在此子句中，「where」相當於「in which」，作地點副詞使用。
This is the park where we first met.
這就是我們初次相遇的公園。
EN： The use of 'those who' is a common relative clause structure used to refer to people in general who meet a certain condition. 'Those' acts as a demonstrative pronoun (meaning 'the people'), and 'who' introduces the defining relative clause.
中文： 「those who」是一個常見的關係子句結構，用來泛指符合某種特定條件的人。「those」在此作為指示代名詞（意為「那些人」），而「who」則引導後面的限定性關係子句。
We should support those who strive to make a difference.
我們應該支持那些努力做出改變的人。
EN： Adverbial clauses of time introduced by 'when' are used to indicate that the action in the main clause happens at the same time as or immediately after the action in the dependent clause.
中文： 由「when」引導的時間副詞子句，用於表示主要子句的動作與從屬子句的動作同時發生，或在該動作之後立即發生。
When we share our resources, we build a stronger community.
當我們分享資源時，我們就建立了一個更強大的社群。
EN： This sentence reflects a strong sense of collectivism and community support, which is a core value in many cultures emphasizing social responsibility and mutual aid over individual isolation.
中文： 這句話反映了強烈的集體主義與社區互助精神。在許多強調社會責任與互助的文化中，這是一個核心價值，強調群體的力量大於個人的孤立奮鬥。
EN： A nominal relative clause (or free relative clause) starting with 'What' acts as the subject of the sentence. It means 'the thing that' or 'that which' and is used to emphasize a specific point.
中文： 由「What」引導的名詞關係子句（或稱自由關係子句）在句中擔任主詞。其意思是「那件…的事」，常用於強調特定的觀點或事物。
What worries me is the lack of preparation.
讓我擔心的是準備不足。
EN： An embedded question (or noun clause) introduced by 'how much' functions as the subject complement after the linking verb 'is'. It follows statement word order (subject + verb) rather than question word order.
中文： 由「how much」引導的間接問句（名詞子句）在連繫動詞「is」後面作主詞補語。此子句須使用陳述句語序（主詞 + 動詞），而非疑問句語序。
I realized how much she cared about the project.
我意識到她有多麼在乎這個專案。
EN： The subordinating conjunction 'although' is used to introduce a concession clause, showing a contrast between two ideas. In English, 'although' and 'but' cannot be used in the same sentence to connect the clauses.
中文： 從屬連接詞「although」（雖然）用於引導讓步子句，表示兩個想法之間的對比。在英文中，「although」和「but」（但是）不能同時出現在同一個句子中來連接兩個子句。
Although it was raining, we went for a walk.
雖然下著雨，我們還是去散步了。
EN： The verb 'choose' is followed by an infinitive (to + verb) to express a decision or preference to perform an action.
中文： 動詞「choose」（選擇）後面接不定詞（to + 動詞原型），用來表示決定或偏好去做某個動作。
She chose to study abroad instead of finding a job.
她選擇去國外留學，而不是找工作。
EN： Noun Clause with 'that': The word 'that' introduces a noun clause ('that the choices we make shape the world we share') acting as the direct object of the main verb 'know'. In informal English, 'that' is often omitted, but it is kept here for clarity.
中文： 由 'that' 引導的名詞子句：單字 'that' 在此引導一個名詞子句（'that the choices we make shape the world we share'），作為主要動詞 'know' 的直接受詞。在非正式英語中，'that' 經常會被省略，但在此處保留以使結構更清晰。
I believe that we can make a difference.
我相信我們能有所作為。
EN： Relative Clauses with Omitted Relative Pronouns: The phrases 'we make' and 'we share' are defining relative clauses modifying 'the choices' and 'the world' respectively. Because the relative pronouns ('which' or 'that') function as the objects of the verbs 'make' and 'share', they are commonly omitted.
中文： 省略關係代名詞的關係子句：片語 'we make' 和 'we share' 分別是限定修飾 'the choices' 和 'the world' 的關係子句。因為關係代名詞（'which' 或 'that'）在子句中擔任動詞 'make' 和 'share' 的受詞，所以通常會被省略。
The book you lent me was fascinating.
你借給我的那本書非常引人入勝。
EN： Relative Clauses (Adjective Clauses): The sentence uses two relative clauses to modify nouns. 'that protects its weakest members' is a defining relative clause modifying 'A society', where 'that' acts as the subject. 'we can be proud of' (with the relative pronoun 'which' or 'that' omitted) is a relative clause modifying 'one' (pronoun for society), where the relative pronoun acts as the object of the preposition 'of'.
中文： 關係子句（形容詞子句）：本句使用了兩個關係子句來修飾名詞。「that protects its weakest members」是一個限定性關係子句，修飾主詞「A society」，其中「that」充當關係代名詞作主詞。而「we can be proud of」（省略了關係代名詞 which 或 that）則是修飾代名詞「one」的關係子句，關係代名詞在子句中作介係詞「of」的受格。
The project that we are working on is something we can be proud of.
我們正在進行的這個專案是一件我們可以為之自豪的事情。
EN： Preposition at the End of a Relative Clause: In informal and standard spoken English, prepositions (like 'of' in 'proud of') are commonly left at the end of the relative clause rather than being placed before the relative pronoun (e.g., 'of which we can be proud').
中文： 介係詞置於關係子句末尾：在日常口語和標準英語中，介係詞（如 'proud of' 中的 'of'）通常會留在關係子句的末尾，而不是放在關係代名詞之前（例如較正式的 'of which we can be proud'）。
This is the house that I told you about.
這就是我之前跟你提過的那間房子。
EN： This sentence reflects a widely held social value in democratic and humanitarian cultures, often associated with quotes from figures like Hubert Humphrey or Mahatma Gandhi, suggesting that the moral test of a society is how it treats its most vulnerable citizens.
中文： 這句話反映了民主與人道主義文化中廣泛認同的社會價值觀。這類觀點常與休伯特·漢弗萊（Hubert Humphrey）或甘地（Mahatma Gandhi）等名人的名言相呼應，即一個社會的道德水準取決於它如何對待最弱勢的群體。
EN： The word 'whoever' is an indefinite relative pronoun that means 'any person who' or 'no matter who'. In this sentence, it introduces a noun clause ('Whoever gives time or care') that functions as the subject of the main verb 'makes'.
中文： 單字「whoever」是一個無定關係代名詞，意思是「任何…的人」或「無論是誰」。在本句中，它引導一個名詞子句（Whoever gives time or care）作為主要動詞「makes」的主詞。
Whoever finishes the project first will receive a prize.
無論是誰先完成這個專案，都將獲得獎品。
EN： A defining relative clause (or restrictive relative clause) starting with 'that' is used to identify or define the noun preceding it. Here, 'that lasts' modifies the noun 'difference', specifying that the difference is one of a permanent or long-enduring nature.
中文： 以「that」引導的限定關係子句（或限制性關係子句）用於修飾或定義其前面的名詞。在這裡，「that lasts」修飾名詞「difference」，說明這種影響是持久且深遠的。
She wants to find a job that challenges her.
她想找一份能給她帶來挑戰的工作。
EN： The phrase 'make a difference' is a deeply ingrained cultural concept in English-speaking societies, emphasizing individual agency and the value of contributing to the community, no matter how small the act.
中文： 「make a difference」（帶來改變/產生影響）在英語系國家是一個根深蒂固的文化概念，強調個人能動性以及為社區做出貢獻的價值，無論行動多麼微小。
EN： The relative pronoun 'whose' is used to show possession. It replaces a possessive adjective (like 'their') and connects a relative clause to a noun (in this case, 'people').
中文： 關係代名詞「whose」用於表示所有格關係。它取代了所有格形容詞（如「their」），並將關係子句連接到先行詞（在此句中為「people」）。
I met a writer whose books are very popular.
我認識了一位書很暢銷的作家。
EN： This sentence uses a First Conditional structure ('If' + present simple, + present simple/modal) to describe a general truth or a highly possible future outcome based on a specific condition.
中文： 本句使用了第一類條件句結構（「If」+ 現在簡單式，+ 現在簡單式/助動詞），用來描述基於特定條件下的一般真理或極有可能發生的未來結果。
If we practice every day, we improve quickly.
如果我們每天練習，我們就會進步得很快。
EN： This sentence reflects a strong modern social value in English-speaking democratic societies: inclusivity and active listening. It emphasizes the importance of giving a platform to marginalized groups (those 'whose voices are often ignored') to foster collective growth and empathy.
中文： 這句話反映了英語系民主社會中強烈的現代社會價值觀：包容性與積極傾聽。它強調了給予邊緣群體（那些「聲音經常被忽視的人」）發言平台的重要性，以促進集體的成長與共情。
EN： The noun clause 'that we are connected' acts as an appositive to the noun 'The fact'. An appositive clause (同位語子句) is introduced by the conjunction 'that' and serves to explain or define the content of the preceding abstract noun.
中文： 名詞子句「that we are connected」作為名詞「The fact」的同位語。同位語子句由連接詞「that」引導，用來解釋或定義前面抽象名詞的具體內容。
The news that he won the race surprised everyone.
他贏得比賽的這個消息讓每個人都很驚訝。
EN： The verb 'matter' is an intransitive verb meaning 'to be important' or 'to have significance'. It does not require a direct object.
中文： 動詞「matter」是不及物動詞，意思是「重要」或「有重大關係」，其後不需要接直接受詞。
Your opinion matters to us.
你的意見對我們來說很重要。
EN： This sentence reflects a strong sense of civic responsibility and community interdependence, which is a common theme in modern social discourse emphasizing collective impact over individual isolation.
中文： 這句話反映了強烈的公民責任感與社區相互依存的觀念，這是現代社會論述中常見的主題，強調集體影響力而非個人的孤立存在。
EN： Adverbial Clause of Time with 'When': The word 'when' introduces an adverbial clause of time, which sets the condition or time frame for the main clause. In zero conditional sentences (expressing general truths), both the time clause and the main clause use the simple present tense.
中文： 由 'when' 引導的時間副詞子句：單字 'when' 用於引導時間副詞子句，為主要子句設定條件或時間背景。在表達普遍真理的「零類條件句」中，時間子句與主要子句皆使用現在簡單式。
When water reaches 100 degrees Celsius, it boils.
當水達到攝氏 100 度時，它就會沸騰。
EN： The Phrasal Verb 'spread to': This verb phrase means to reach or affect a larger area or more people. 'Spread' is an intransitive verb here, and 'to' is a preposition indicating the direction or recipient of the spreading action.
中文： 片語動詞 'spread to'：此動詞片語意為「傳播到」或「波及」更大的範圍或更多的人。這裡的 'spread' 是不及物動詞，而 'to' 是介係詞，用以指出傳播動作的方向或接受者。
The flu can easily spread to other family members.
流感很容易傳播給其他家庭成員。
EN： The use of defining relative clauses (adjective clauses) without a relative pronoun. When the relative pronoun (such as 'which' or 'that') acts as the object of the relative clause, it can be omitted. In 'the community [that] we want' and 'the one [that] we choose to build', 'that' is omitted because 'we' is the subject of the relative clauses.
中文： 限定修飾關係子句（形容詞子句）中關係代名詞的省略。當關係代名詞（如 that 或 which）在子句中擔任受格時，通常可以省略。在「the community [that] we want」與「the one [that] we choose to build」中，關係代名詞皆因在子句中作受格而省略。
The book we read yesterday was very inspiring.
我們昨天讀的那本書非常具有啟發性。
EN： The pronoun 'one' is used as a substitute word to avoid repeating a previously mentioned singular countable noun (in this case, 'the community').
中文： 代名詞「one」的替代用法。用來代替前面已經出現過的單數可數名詞（在此句中指「the community」），以避免文字重複。
If you don't have a pen, I can lend you one.
如果你沒有原子筆，我可以借你一枝。
EN： The pronoun 'What' is used as a subject question word. When 'what' acts as the subject of a sentence, the verb following it is conjugated in the third person singular (e.g., 'makes'). Unlike object questions, subject questions do not require auxiliary verbs like 'do' or 'does'.
中文： 代名詞「What」（什麼）在此用作主詞疑問詞。當「what」作為句子的主詞時，其後的動詞需使用單數第三人稱變化（例如「makes」）。與受詞疑問句不同，主詞疑問句不需要助動詞（如 do 或 does）。
What brings you to this beautiful city?
是什麼風把你吹到這座美麗的城市的？
EN： The verb 'make' is a causative verb used in the pattern 'make + object + object complement (adjective)'. It means to cause the object to be in a certain state or possess a certain quality.
中文： 動詞「make」在此作為使役動詞，使用「make + 受詞 + 受詞補語（形容詞）」的句型。意思是使受詞處於某種狀態或具備某種特質。
Music makes me happy.
音樂讓我感到快樂。
EN： In English-speaking cultures, starting a question with a direct address (or ending with it, like 'Emma') is a common way to show warmth, establish personal connection, and invite the other person into a meaningful conversation.
中文： 在英語系國家中，在問句的開頭或結尾直接加上對方的名字（如本句尾的「艾瑪」），是一種非常常見的社交方式。這能展現親切感、建立個人連結，並誠摯地邀請對方參與有意義的對話。
EN： The relative adverb 'where' is used to introduce a relative clause (adjective clause) that modifies a noun of place (in this case, 'A place'). The relative clause 'where people help each other' describes what kind of place it is.
中文： 關係副詞「where」用於引導關係子句（形容詞子句），修飾表示地點的名詞（在此句中為「A place」）。關係子句「where people help each other」用來描述那是一個怎樣的地方。
This is the library where we study together.
這就是我們一起學習的圖書館。
EN： The reciprocal pronoun 'each other' is used to show that two or more people do the same thing to one another. It acts as the object of the verb 'help'.
中文： 相互代名詞「each other」用於表示兩個或更多的人對彼此做相同的事情。在此句中，它作為動詞「help」的受詞，表示「互相」。
They always support each other during difficult times.
他們在困難時期總是互相支持。
EN： The noun clause introduced by 'that' acts as the direct object of the verb 'think'. In informal English, 'that' is often omitted, but including it makes the structure clearer.
中文： 由 'that' 引導的名詞子句作為動詞 'think' 的直接受詞。在非正式英語中，'that' 經常被省略，但保留它可以使句子結構更清晰。
I believe that honesty is the best policy.
我相信誠實是最好的策略。
EN： A free relative clause (or nominal relative clause) introduced by 'what' functions as a noun phrase. Here, 'what holds us together' acts as the subject complement after the linking verb 'is'.
中文： 由 'what' 引導的關係子句（名詞性關係子句）在句中相當於一個名詞片語。在此處，'what holds us together' 作為連繫動詞 'is' 後面的主詞補語。
This is what I wanted to tell you.
這就是我想告訴你的事。
EN： Adverbial clauses of time are introduced by subordinating conjunctions like 'when'. They indicate the time at which the action in the main clause takes place. In this sentence, 'When we respect those who differ' sets the condition or time for the main action 'we grow'.
中文： 時間副詞子句由從屬連接詞（如 'when'）引導，用來表示主要子句動作發生的時間。在本句中，「When we respect those who differ」為主要動作「we grow」設定了時間或前提條件。
When the rain stops, we will go for a walk.
當雨停時，我們就去散步。
EN： The pronoun 'those' can be used as a demonstrative pronoun meaning 'the people'. It is frequently followed by a relative clause (starting with 'who', 'whom', or 'whose') to define or describe the specific group of people being referred to.
中文： 代名詞「those」可用作指示代名詞，意思是「那些人」。它經常後面接關係子句（由 'who'、'whom' 或 'whose' 引導），用來限定或描述所指的特定人群。
We should help those who are in need.
我們應該幫助那些有需要的人。
EN： The word 'whoever' acts as a compound relative pronoun meaning 'any person who' or 'no matter who'. It introduces a nominal clause that functions as the subject of the main verb 'matters'.
中文： 「whoever」是複合關係代名詞，意為「任何…的人」或「無論是誰」。在此處它引導一個名詞子句，作為主要動詞「matters」的主詞。
Whoever wins the race will receive a trophy.
無論誰贏得比賽，都會獲得獎盃。
EN： The phrase 'however small' is an elliptical concessive clause (short for 'however small it may be'). 'However' here is an adverb meaning 'no matter how', used to modify the adjective 'small'.
中文： 「however small」是一個省略的讓步子句（完整為「however small it may be」）。這裡的「however」是副詞，表示「無論多麼」，用來修飾形容詞「small」。
However difficult the task is, we must finish it.
無論這項任務多麼困難，我們都必須完成它。
EN： This sentence reflects a strong democratic and community-oriented value in English-speaking cultures, emphasizing that every individual's effort, no matter how minor, is valuable and recognized in collective achievements.
中文： 這句話反映了英語系國家中強烈的民主與社區意識價值觀，強調每個人的努力——不論多麼微不足道——在集體成就中都是寶貴且值得被認可的。
EN： A nominal relative clause (or free relative clause) introduced by 'What' functions as a noun phrase. In this sentence, 'What I value' acts as the subject of the main verb 'is'. This structure is often used for emphasis, highlighting the specific thing that is valued.
中文： 由「What」引導的名詞關係子句（或稱自由關係子句）在句中相當於名詞片語。在本句中，「What I value」（我所珍惜的）作為主要動詞「is」的主詞。這種結構常用於表示強調，突顯所珍惜的具體事物。
What she needs is a good rest.
她所需要的是好好休息。
EN： An adjective clause (or relative clause) introduced by the relative pronoun 'that' modifies the noun 'town'. Since 'that' functions as the subject of the relative clause, it is followed immediately by the verb 'welcomes' and cannot be omitted.
中文： 由關係代名詞「that」引導的形容詞子句（關係子句）用來修飾名詞「town」（城鎮）。由於「that」在關係子句中擔任主詞，其後緊接動詞「welcomes」，因此在此處不能省略。
He bought a car that runs on electricity.
他買了一輛以電力運行的汽車。
EN： The subordinating conjunction 'although' is used to introduce a concession clause (expressing a contrast). In English, 'although' and 'but' cannot be used together in the same sentence to connect clauses, unlike in Chinese where '雖然' and '但是' often pair up.
中文： 從屬連接詞「although」（雖然）用於引導讓步子句（表示對比）。在英文中，「although」和「but」（但是）不能同時出現在同一個句子中來連接子句，這與中文裡「雖然」和「但是」經常成對出現的習慣不同。
Although it was raining, we went for a walk.
雖然下著雨，我們還是去散步了。
EN： The modal verb 'can' is used here to express ability or possibility in the present. It is followed by the base form of the verb ('solve').
中文： 情態助動詞「can」在此處用於表示現在的能力或可能性。其後必須接動詞原形（「solve」）。
We can achieve our goals if we work hard.
如果我們努力，我們就能實現目標。
EN： Subject Relative Clause: The relative pronoun 'who' introduces an adjective clause ('who listen') that modifies the plural noun 'People'. In this clause, 'who' acts as the subject of the verb 'listen'.
中文： 主格關係子句：關係代名詞「who」引導一個形容詞子句（who listen）來修飾複數名詞「People」。在此子句中，「who」擔任動詞「listen」的主詞。
Students who study hard usually get good grades.
努力學習的學生通常會取得好成績。
EN： Ellipsis and Parallelism: The phrase ', not walls' is a shortened form of ', they do not build walls'. It uses ellipsis to omit repeated words ('build') for emphasis and contrast.
中文： 省略與平行結構：短語「, not walls」是「, they do not build walls」的簡化形式。它利用省略法省去了重複的動詞（build），以達到強調與對比的效果。
We need actions, not words.
我們需要的是行動，而不是言語。
EN： This sentence uses a famous metaphorical contrast in English: 'bridges' represent connection, communication, and understanding between different people or groups, while 'walls' represent division, isolation, and barriers. It is a common philosophical saying in modern leadership and community-building contexts.
中文： 這句話使用了英文中非常著名的隱喻對比：「橋樑（bridges）」代表不同人群或團體之間的連結、溝通與理解；而「高牆（walls）」則代表分裂、孤立與阻礙。這是在現代領導力與社區建設中非常常見的哲理名言。
EN： The first conditional structure (If + present simple, present simple) is used here as a zero conditional to express a general truth or automatic result. When the condition in the 'if' clause is met, the result in the main clause naturally follows.
中文： 此處使用條件句結構（If + 現在簡單式，現在簡單式）作為「零條件句」，用來表達普遍真理或必然的結果。當「if」從句中的條件達成時，主句的結果自然會隨之發生。
If you heat ice, it melts.
如果你加熱冰，它就會融化。
EN： The relative adverbs 'where' introduces a relative clause ('where we live') that modifies the noun 'place'. It functions as an adverbial of place within the relative clause, meaning 'in which'.
中文： 關係副詞「where」引導關係從句（形容詞從句）「where we live」，用來修飾先行詞名詞「place」。它在關係從句中充當地方副詞，相當於「in which」。
This is the library where I study.
這就是我學習的圖書館。
EN： The pronoun 'one' is used as a substitute to avoid repeating the noun 'society'. It functions as the subject complement in this sentence.
中文： 代名詞「one」在此處用作替代詞，以避免重複前面出現過的名詞「society」（社會）。它在句中擔任主詞補語的角色。
This book is the one that I told you about.
這本書就是我之前跟你提過的那一本。
EN： The relative clause 'that we all create' is an adjective clause modifying the pronoun 'one'. 'That' acts as the relative pronoun representing the object of the verb 'create'.
中文： 關係子句「that we all create」是一個形容詞子句，用來修飾代名詞「one」。關係代名詞「that」在子句中擔任動詞「create」的受格。
The goals that we all share will guide our future.
我們共同擁有的目標將指引我們的未來。
EN： This sentence reflects a democratic and community-oriented value system common in many English-speaking cultures, emphasizing individual responsibility and collective effort in shaping society, rather than relying solely on leaders or government.
中文： 這句話反映了許多英語系國家常見的民主與社群導向價值觀，強調個人在塑造社會中的責任與集體努力，而非單純依賴領導者或政府。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 獲益、得益
在本文中： 奮鬥的、處於困境的
在本文中： 加強、鞏固
在本文中： 保護、防護
在本文中： 有聯繫的、相連的
在本文中： 貢獻、出力
在本文中： 歡迎、接納
在本文中： 不同、有分歧
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
To increase gradually until there is a large amount or total.
積少成多、產生顯著效果
To be abandoned or not included in progress or development.
被遺忘、被拋在後面
To improve relationships between people who are very different or do not like each other.
搭起溝通的橋樑、建立聯繫