EN： The conjunction 'As soon as' is used to show that one action happens immediately after another. It introduces a subordinate adverbial clause of time.
中文： 連接詞「As soon as」（一……就……）用於表示一個動作在另一個動作之後立即發生。它引導一個時間副詞子句。
As soon as the bell rang, the students left the classroom.
鐘聲一響，學生們就離開了教室。
EN： The Simple Past Tense ('ran', 'cheered') is used here because both actions were completed in the past.
中文： 這裡使用簡單過去式（「ran」、「cheered」），因為這兩個動作都是在過去完成的。
When the music stopped, everyone clapped.
當音樂停止時，每個人都鼓掌了。
EN： The subordinating conjunction 'although' is used to introduce a concession clause, showing contrast. In English, we do not use 'but' in the main clause when 'although' is used to start the sentence.
中文： 從屬連接詞「although」（雖然）用於引導讓步子句，表示對比。在英文中，當句首使用了「although」時，主要子句中不能再使用「but」（但是）。
Although it was raining, we went for a walk.
雖然正在下雨，我們還是去散步了。
EN： The phrasal verb 'keep doing something' (using the past tense 'kept' here) means to continue doing an action without stopping.
中文： 片語動詞「keep doing something」（此處使用過去式「kept」）意為持續進行某個動作而不停歇。
She kept studying despite being very tired.
儘管非常疲倦，她仍繼續讀書。
EN： In STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) education and maker culture, failure is viewed as a natural and essential part of the learning and development process, rather than a negative outcome.
中文： 在 STEM（科學、技術、工程和數學）教育與創客文化中，失敗被視為學習與開發過程中自然且不可或缺的一部分，而非負面的結果。
EN： The subordinating conjunction 'while' is used to connect two actions happening at the same time. It introduces an adverbial clause of time. In this sentence, 'while the machine works' describes when the main action ('I record the data') takes place.
中文： 從屬連接詞「while」（當……的時候）用於連接兩個同時發生的動作，引導時間副詞子句。在本句中，「while the machine works」描述了主要動作（「I record the data」）發生的時間點。
I listen to music while I study.
我讀書時聽音樂。
EN： The simple present tense is used here to describe a regular routine, habit, or general truth in a scientific or technical process. Both 'record' and 'works' are in the simple present tense to show a standard procedure.
中文： 此處使用現在簡單式來描述科學或技術流程中的常規、習慣或普遍事實。動詞「record」與「works」皆使用現在簡單式，以表示這是一個標準的操作步驟。
He checks the temperature while the liquid boils.
當液體沸騰時，他檢查溫度。
EN： The conjunction 'before' is used to introduce a subordinate adverbial clause of time, indicating that the action in the main clause happened prior to the action in the 'before' clause. When the 'before' clause comes first, it is separated from the main clause by a comma.
中文： 從屬連接詞「before」（在……之前）用來引導時間副詞子句，表示主句的動作發生在該子句動作之前。當「before」引導的子句放在句首時，與主句之間必須用逗號隔開。
Before we started the game, we read the rules.
在我們開始遊戲之前，我們閱讀了規則。
EN： The Simple Past Tense ('built', 'drew') is used to describe completed actions that occurred at a specific time in the past. 'Built' is the irregular past form of 'build', and 'drew' is the irregular past form of 'draw'.
中文： 簡單過去式（如「built」、「drew」）用於描述在過去特定時間已經完成的動作。其中「built」是「build」（建造）的不規則過去式，「drew」是「draw」（畫/繪製）的不規則過去式。
She drew a picture of her cat yesterday.
她昨天畫了一張她貓咪的畫像。
EN： The conjunction 'even though' is used to introduce a concession clause, expressing a fact that makes the main clause surprising or unexpected. Unlike Chinese, which often pairs 'although/even though' (雖然) with 'but' (但是), English grammar does not allow 'but' to be used in the main clause when 'even though' is present.
中文： 連接詞「even though」（雖然、儘管）用於引導讓步修飾子句，表示某個事實使得主要子句的結果顯得令人驚訝或出乎意料。中文常將「雖然」與「但是」連用，但在英文語法中，若從屬子句開頭使用了「even though」，主要子句絕對不能再使用「but」。
Even though it was raining, they played soccer.
雖然下著雨，他們還是踢了足球。
EN： The verb 'take' is used here to express the amount of time required to complete an activity. The dummy subject 'it' is used as a placeholder, followed by 'took' (past tense of take) and the duration ('weeks').
中文： 動詞「take」在此處用於表示完成某項活動所需的時間。虛主詞「it」作為代名詞佔位，後接「took」（take 的過去式）與時間長度（weeks，數週）。
It took hours to fix the computer.
修理這台電腦花了好幾個小時。
EN： The subordinating conjunction 'while' is used to introduce an adverbial clause of time, indicating that two actions are happening at the same time. In this sentence, 'while' introduces the background action ('the battery charges') that occurs simultaneously with the main action ('we clean the parts').
中文： 從屬連接詞「while」（當……的時候）用於引導時間副詞子句，表示兩個動作同時發生。在本句中，「while」引導背景動作（電池充電），該動作與主要動作（我們清理零件）同時進行。
While my sister cooks dinner, I set the table.
當我姐姐做晚飯時，我擺放餐具。
EN： The simple present tense is used here to describe a regular routine or a general procedure in a process. Both the action in the dependent clause ('charges') and the main clause ('clean') use the simple present to show this is a standard habit or sequence of events.
中文： 此處使用現在簡單式來描述一個常規的習慣或流程中的一般步驟。從屬子句中的動作（charges）與主要子句中的動作（clean）皆使用現在簡單式，以表示這是一個標準的習慣或事件順序。
While the water boils, we chop the vegetables.
當水在燒開時，我們切蔬菜。
EN： The subordinating conjunction 'after' is used to introduce an adverbial clause of time, indicating that the action in the dependent clause ('we fixed the code') happened before the action in the main clause ('the app ran smoothly'). When the 'after' clause comes first, it is separated from the main clause by a comma.
中文： 從屬連接詞「after」（在……之後）用於引導時間副詞子句，表示從屬子句中的動作（我們修改好程式碼）發生在主要子句的動作（應用程式運行順暢）之前。當「after」引導的子句放在句首時，與主要子句之間需用逗號隔開。
After we finished the meeting, we went to lunch.
在我們開完會之後，我們去吃午餐。
EN： Adverbs of manner, such as 'smoothly', are used to describe how an action is performed. Here, 'smoothly' modifies the past tense verb 'ran' to show that the application functioned without any problems or interruptions.
中文： 情狀副詞（如「smoothly」，意為順暢地）用於修飾動詞，說明動作進行的方式。在此處，「smoothly」修飾過去式動詞「ran」（運行），表示應用程式運作時沒有任何問題或中斷。
EN： In the tech and software development industry, 'fixing code' and resolving 'bugs' are daily routines. The word 'app' (short for application) is universally used in modern English to refer to software programs, especially on mobile devices or lightweight desktop applications.
中文： 在科技與軟體開發行業中，「修改程式碼」（fixing code）和解決「程式錯誤」（bugs）是日常工作的一部分。單字「app」（application 的簡稱）在現代英語中被廣泛使用，用來指代軟體程式，特別是行動裝置或輕量級的電腦應用程式。
EN： The conjunction 'until' is used to show that an action continues up to a specific point in time or until an event happens. In the subordinate clause introduced by 'until', we use the simple present tense (e.g., 'they make sense') to refer to future or general conditions.
中文： 連接詞「until」（直到……為止）用於表示某個動作一直持續到特定時間點或某事件發生為止。在由「until」引導的從屬子句中，我們使用現在簡單式（例如「they make sense」）來表示未來或一般性的狀況。
We will wait here until the rain stops.
我們會在這裡等，直到雨停為止。
EN： The idiom 'make sense' means to be intelligible, logical, or reasonable. It is commonly used in scientific and academic contexts to describe data, results, or explanations that are clear and correct.
中文： 片語「make sense」意思是「有道理、合乎邏輯、說得通」。在科學與學術情境中，常用來描述數據、結果或解釋顯得清晰且正確。
His explanation of the theory makes sense.
他對這個理論的解釋很合乎邏輯。
EN： The conjunction phrase 'as soon as' is used to show that one action happens immediately after another. It introduces an adverbial clause of time.
中文： 連接詞片語「as soon as」用於表示一個動作在另一個動作之後立即發生，引導時間副詞子句，中文常譯為「一……就……」。
As soon as the bell rang, the students left the classroom.
鐘聲一響，學生們就離開了教室。
EN： The past simple tense is used here for both actions ('found' and 'solved') because both events were completed in the past, with one following the other in quick succession.
中文： 此處兩個動作（「found」與「solved」）皆使用過去簡單式，因為這兩個事件都是在過去完成的，且一個緊接著另一個發生。
When we arrived at the station, the train departed.
當我們到達車站時，火車就出發了。
EN： "Even though" is a subordinating conjunction used to introduce a concession clause. It emphasizes a strong contrast between two facts, meaning 'despite the fact that'. Unlike in Chinese, we do not use 'but' (but) in the main clause when 'even though' is used.
中文： 「Even though」是引導讓步狀語從句的從屬連任詞，用來強調兩個事實之間的強烈對比，意為「雖然、儘管」。與中文語法不同的是，英文中既然使用了「even though」，主句就不能再使用「but」（但是）。
Even though it was raining, they played soccer.
雖然下著雨，他們還是踢了足球。
EN： The past simple tense is used here ("were", "did not stop") to describe completed actions or states in the past. The negative form in the past simple is constructed using "did not" (or "didn't") followed by the base form of the verb ("stop").
中文： 此處使用一般過去時（「were」、「did not stop」）來描述過去已完成的狀態或動作。一般過去時的否定句結構為「did not」（或縮寫 didn't）加上動詞原形（「stop」）。
She did not watch the movie yesterday.
她昨天沒有看那部電影。
EN： Adverbial clauses of time introduced by 'when'. In English, when referring to future or habitual actions in a time clause, we use the simple present tense ('ends'), while the main clause also uses the simple present tense ('write') to express a regular routine or general truth.
中文： 由「when」引導的時間副詞子句。在英文中，當時間子句表示未來或習慣性動作時，子句中使用現在簡單式（如「ends」），而主要子句也使用現在簡單式（如「write」）來表示常態性的習慣或真理。
When the bell rings, the students leave the classroom.
當鐘聲響起時，學生們會離開教室。
EN： The use of comma with introductory adverbial clauses. When an adverbial clause (like 'When the experiment ends') comes before the main clause, a comma is required to separate them. If the main clause comes first, no comma is needed.
中文： 前置副詞子句的逗號用法。當副詞子句（如「When the experiment ends」）放在主要子句之前時，必須使用逗號將兩者隔開。若主要子句在前，則不需要逗號。
We write a report when the experiment ends.
當實驗結束時我們會寫一份報告。（無逗號）
EN： In academic and scientific contexts, writing a report after an experiment is a standard professional practice. The use of the simple present tense ('ends', 'write') reflects a universal routine or standard operating procedure (SOP) in laboratory environments.
中文： 在學術與科學情境中，實驗結束後撰寫報告是標準的專業流程。此處使用現在簡單式（ends, write）反映了實驗室環境中一種普遍的常規或標準作業程序（SOP）。
EN： The subordinating conjunction 'though' is used to introduce a concession clause, meaning 'despite the fact that'. In English, we do not use 'but' in the main clause when 'though' or 'although' is used to start the sentence.
中文： 從屬連接詞「though」（雖然）用於引導讓步子句，表示「儘管事實是...」。在英文語法中，當句首使用了「though」或「although」時，後面的主句「不能」再使用「but」（但是）。
Though the road was steep, we reached the top.
雖然路很陡峭，我們還是到達了頂峰。
EN： The adverb 'truly' is used to emphasize the truth or sincerity of a statement, meaning 'really' or 'genuinely'. It is placed before the adjective it modifies.
中文： 副詞「truly」用於強調陳述的真實性或真誠度，意思是「確實地」或「真正地」。它通常置於所修飾的形容詞之前以達到強調效果。
The view from the mountain is truly beautiful.
從山上看到的景色確實非常美麗。
EN： Double Object Verbs (Dative Verbs): The verb 'teach' (past tense: 'taught') can take two objects: an indirect object (the person receiving the action, 'me') and a direct object (the thing being given or taught, 'the value of patience'). Structure: Subject + teach + Indirect Object + Direct Object.
中文： 雙賓語動詞（授與動詞）：動詞「teach」（過去式為「taught」）可以接兩個賓語：間接賓語（接受動作的人，即「me」）與直接賓語（被給予或教授的事物，即「the value of patience」）。結構為：主詞 + teach + 間接賓語 + 直接賓語。
My father taught me the basics of coding.
我父親教了我程式設計的基礎。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'of patience' acts as an adjective modifying the noun 'value'. It specifies what kind of value is being referred to.
中文： 介係詞片語「of patience」（耐心的）作為形容詞使用，修飾名詞「value」（價值），用來明確指出指的是哪一種價值。
He learned the importance of teamwork during the project.
他在專案過程中學到了團隊合作的重要性。
EN： The subordinating conjunction 'before' is used to introduce an adverbial clause of time, indicating that the action in the main clause happened prior to the action in the dependent clause. When the 'before' clause comes first, it is separated from the main clause by a comma.
中文： 從屬連接詞「before」（在……之前）用於引導時間副詞子句，表示主要子句的動作發生在該時間點之前。當「before」引導的子句放在句首時，與主要子句之間需用逗號隔開。
Before we submitted the project, we checked it for errors.
在我們提交專案之前，我們檢查了是否有錯誤。
EN： The verb 'spend' (past tense 'spent') is used to express using time or money on an activity. The pattern is 'spend + time/money + V-ing' (gerund), where the preposition 'in' or 'on' is omitted before the gerund.
中文： 動詞「spend」（過去式為 spent）用於表示花費時間或金錢在某項活動上。常用句型為「spend + 時間/金錢 + V-ing（動名詞）」，在動名詞前面省略了介係詞 in 或 on。
They spent hours designing the website.
他們花了幾個小時設計這個網站。
EN： "As soon as" is a subordinating conjunction used to show that one action happens immediately after another. It introduces an adverbial clause of time.
中文： 「As soon as」是一個從屬連接詞，用於表示一個動作在另一個動作之後立即發生。它引導一個時間副詞子句，中文常譯為「一……就……」。
As soon as the bell rang, the students left the classroom.
鐘聲一響，學生們就離開了教室。
EN： The verb "begin" can be followed by either a gerund (V-ing) or an infinitive (to V) with little to no change in meaning. In this sentence, "began to appear" uses the infinitive form.
中文： 動詞「begin」（開始）後面可以接動名詞（V-ing）或不定詞（to V），兩者意思幾乎沒有差別。在本句中，「began to appear」使用的是不定詞形式。
It began to rain just as we arrived.
我們剛到，天就開始下雨了。
EN： The subordinating conjunction 'although' is used to introduce a concession clause, showing a contrast between two ideas. In English, we do not use 'but' in the main clause when 'although' is used to start the sentence.
中文： 從屬連接詞「although」（雖然）用於引導讓步修飾子句，表示兩個想法之間的對比。在英文語法中，當句首使用了「although」時，主要子句中「不可」再使用「but」（但是）。
Although it was raining, we went for a walk.
雖然正在下雨，我們還是去散步了。
EN： The verb pattern 'keep + -ing' (present participle) is used to express that an action continues to happen or is repeated multiple times. In this sentence, 'kept' is the past tense of 'keep'.
中文： 動詞句型「keep + V-ing」（現在分詞）用來表示某個動作持續發生或重複進行。在本句中，「kept」是「keep」的過去式，表示過去持續發生的動作。
She kept working despite being tired.
儘管疲憊，她仍繼續工作。
EN： The conjunction 'while' is used to connect two actions happening at the same time in the past. It is often paired with the past simple tense (or past continuous) to describe parallel activities.
中文： 連接詞「while」（當……的時候）用於連接兩個在過去同時發生的動作。它通常與過去簡單式（或過去進行式）搭配，用來描述並行的活動。
I cooked dinner while my brother washed the dishes.
我煮晚餐時，我弟弟在洗碗。
EN： The pronoun 'another' is used here as a short form for 'another teammate' to avoid repetition, representing one more person from a group.
中文： 代名詞「another」（另一個）在此處用作「another teammate」（另一位隊友）的簡稱以避免重複，代表群體中的另外一個人。
One student asked a question, and another took notes.
一位學生提問，而另一位做筆記。
EN： Adverbial clauses of time introduced by 'after' are used to show that one action happened after another. When both actions occurred in the past, we typically use the simple past tense in both the dependent clause and the main clause to show a sequence of events.
中文： 由連接詞「after (在……之後)」引導的時間副詞子句，用來表示一個動作發生在另一個動作之後。當兩個動作都發生在過去時，從屬子句與主要子句通常都使用簡單過去式，以呈現事件的先後順序。
After we finished the meeting, we went to lunch.
在我們開完會之後，我們去吃了午餐。
EN： The determiner 'each' is used to refer to every individual member of a group of two or more, treated separately. It is always followed by a singular countable noun.
中文： 限定詞「each (每一個)」用來指代兩個或兩個以上群體中的每一個個體（強調個別性）。後面必須接單數可數名詞。
Each student received a new laptop.
每位學生都收到了一台新筆記型電腦。
EN： The concession conjunction 'even though' is used to introduce a clause containing a fact that makes the main clause surprising or unexpected. Unlike Chinese, which often pairs 'although/even though' with 'but', English does not use 'but' in the main clause when 'even though' is present.
中文： 讓步連接詞「even though」（雖然、儘管）用於引導一個表示既定事實的讓步從屬子句，使主要子句的結果顯得令人驚訝或出乎意料。請注意，英文中「even though」與「but」不能同時出現在同一個句子中，這與中文「雖然……但是……」的雙重搭配習慣不同。
Even though the weather was terrible, they completed the hike.
雖然天氣很糟糕，他們還是完成了這次徒步旅行。
EN： The verb 'learn' is often paired with the preposition 'from' to indicate the source of knowledge, experience, or wisdom, especially when referring to mistakes, errors, or past experiences.
中文： 動詞「learn」（學習、汲取教訓）經常與介係詞「from」搭配使用，用來表示知識、經驗或智慧的來源，特別是在指從錯誤、失敗或過去的經驗中學習時。
We can learn a lot from our failures.
我們可以從我們的失敗中學到很多。
EN： In Western educational and professional cultures, especially in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) fields, failure and errors are highly valued as essential learning opportunities. Phrases like 'learn from error' or 'fail fast, learn faster' reflect a growth mindset that values the iterative process over immediate perfection.
中文： 在西方教育與職場文化中（特別是 STEM 科技與工程領域），「失敗與錯誤」被視為學習過程中不可或缺的寶貴機會。諸如「從錯誤中學習」或「快速失敗，快速學習」等說法，皆反映了重視「漸進式成長」而非「一次到位」的成長型思維（Growth Mindset）。
EN： Adverbial clauses of time introduced by 'when' are used to show that one action happens at the same time as, or immediately after, another action. In this sentence, 'when the robot finally moved' is the dependent clause that sets the time for the main action 'we cheered'.
中文： 由「when」（當……時）引導的時間副詞子句，用於表示一個動作與另一個動作同時發生，或緊接在後發生。在本句中，「when the robot finally moved」是從屬子句，為主要動作「we cheered」設定了時間背景。
When the bell rang, the students left the classroom.
當鐘聲響起時，學生們離開了教室。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'with joy' functions as an adverbial modifier of manner, describing 'how' the action of cheering was performed. 'With + abstract noun' is a common pattern to express the manner of an action (e.g., with ease, with patience).
中文： 介係詞片語「with joy」（高興地）作為地方或方式副詞修飾語，描述歡呼（cheered）這個動作的「方式」。「With + 抽象名詞」是表達動作方式的常用結構（例如：with ease 輕鬆地、with patience 有耐心地下）。
She accepted the award with pride.
她帶著驕傲（自豪地）接受了這個獎項。
EN： The Past Perfect tense ('had' + past participle) is used to describe an action that happened before another action or a specific point in the past. In this sentence, 'had doubted' occurred before 'that moment' in the past.
中文： 過去完成式（had + 過去分詞）用於描述在過去某個時間點或另一個過去動作之前就已經發生並持續或完成的動作。在本句中，「懷疑（had doubted）」發生在過去的「那一刻（that moment）」之前。
By the time the teacher arrived, we had finished the exercise.
在老師到達之前，我們就已經完成了練習。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'Until that moment' acts as a time adverbial, placed at the beginning of the sentence for emphasis, indicating the limit of the duration of the state of doubting.
中文： 介係詞片語「Until that moment（直到那一刻）」作為時間副詞片語，置於句首以示強調，表示「懷疑」這一狀態持續的終點界限。
Until yesterday, I had never heard of this technology.
直到昨天以前，我從未聽說過這項技術。
EN： The subordinating conjunction 'Though' is used to introduce a concession clause (a contrast). In English, we do not use 'but' in the main clause when 'though' or 'although' is used to start the sentence.
中文： 從屬連接詞「Though」（雖然）用於引導讓步子句（表示對比）。在英文文法中，當句首使用了「though」或「although」時，主要子句中不能再重複使用「but」（但是）。
Though the weather was cold, we enjoyed our walk.
雖然天氣很冷，我們依然玩得很開心。
EN： The verb 'feel' is a linking verb (copular verb) that describes a state or sensation. It is followed by an adjective (like 'amazing') rather than an adverb to describe the subject.
中文： 動詞「feel」（感覺起來）是一個連繫動詞（感官動詞），用來描述狀態或感覺。其後接形容詞（如「amazing」）而非副詞，用來修飾主詞的狀態。
The soft blanket felt cozy.
這條柔軟的毯子摸起來很舒服。
EN： In English-speaking academic and professional cultures, acknowledging difficulties ('the work was hard') while emphasizing positive outcomes ('the result felt amazing') is a common and highly valued way to reflect on projects, showing resilience and growth mindset.
中文： 在英語系的學術與工作文化中，承認過程的艱辛（the work was hard）同時強調正向的成果（the result felt amazing）是一種非常常見且受推崇的專案反思方式，這展現了面對挫折的韌性與成長思維。
EN： The conjunction 'as soon as' is used to show that one action happens immediately after another. It introduces an adverbial clause of time.
中文： 從屬連接詞「as soon as」用於表示一個動作在另一個動作之後立即發生，引導時間副詞子句，中文常譯為「一……就……」。
As soon as the bell rang, the students left the classroom.
鐘聲一響，學生們就離開了教室。
EN： The verb 'want' is followed by an infinitive ('to' + base verb) when expressing a desire to do an action. In this sentence, 'wanted to try' is in the past tense.
中文： 動詞「want」（想要）後面接不定詞（to + 原形動詞）來表示想要進行的動作。在本句中，「wanted to try」使用的是過去式。
EN： The relative pronoun 'who' is used to introduce a relative clause (adjective clause) that describes the plural pronoun 'those' (meaning 'the people'). In this structure, 'who' acts as the subject of the relative clause.
中文： 關係代名詞「who」用於引導關係子句（形容詞子句），用來修飾先行詞「those」（意指「那些人」）。在此結構中，「who」在關係子句中擔任主詞的角色。
The school rewards those who work hard.
學校獎勵那些努力學習的人。
EN： The linking verb 'stay' is used here to mean 'remain in a particular state'. It is followed by adjectives (patient and curious) acting as subject complements, rather than adverbs.
中文： 連綴動詞「stay」在此處表示「保持某種狀態」。其後須接形容詞（patient 和 curious）作為主詞補語，而非副詞。
Please stay calm during the test.
考試期間請保持冷靜。
EN： The past simple question form with 'How'. We use 'How' + auxiliary verb 'did' + subject + base form of the main verb to ask about the method or manner in which an action was completed in the past.
中文： 使用「How」引導的過去簡單式問句。結構為「How」+ 助動詞「did」+ 主詞 + 主要動詞的原形，用來詢問過去完成某動作的方法或方式。
How did you solve the math problem?
你是怎麼解開那道數學題的？
EN： Direct address (vocative case). When addressing someone directly by their name (like 'Emma') at the end of a sentence, a comma is placed before the name to separate it from the main clause.
中文： 直接呼語。在句子末尾直接稱呼某人的名字（如「艾瑪」）時，名字前必須加上逗號，以將其與主要子句隔開。
Where are you going, Tom?
你要去哪裡，湯姆？
EN： In English-speaking collaborative environments, it is very common to address colleagues or classmates by their first names (like 'Emma') to build rapport and show friendliness, even when asking about work or project details.
中文： 在英語系國家的合作環境中，直接稱呼同事或同學的名字（如「艾瑪」）是非常普遍的現象，這能建立親近感並展現友善，即使在詢問工作或專案細節時也是如此。
EN： The conjunction 'as soon as' is used to show that one action happens immediately after another. It introduces an adverbial clause of time. In past tense contexts, both the time clause and the main clause typically use the simple past tense.
中文： 從屬連接詞「as soon as」（一……就……）用於表示一個動作在另一個動作之後立即發生，引導時間副詞子句。在過去時態的語境中，時間子句與主要子句通常都使用簡單過去式。
As soon as the bell rang, the students left the classroom.
鐘聲一響，學生們就離開了教室。
EN： The verb 'start' can be followed by a gerund (verb-ing) or an infinitive (to + verb) with little to no change in meaning. In this sentence, 'started building' uses the gerund form to describe the initiation of an activity.
中文： 動詞「start」（開始）後面可以接動名詞（V-ing）或不定詞（to + V），兩者意思幾乎相同。在本句中，「started building」使用動名詞形式來描述開始進行某項活動。
EN： In maker culture and engineering (like robotics), 'planning' and 'building' are two key phases. Emma's statement highlights a common agile approach: transitioning quickly from design to hands-on prototyping to test ideas in the real world.
中文： 在創客文化與工程領域（如機器人項目）中，「規劃」與「建造」是兩個關鍵階段。艾瑪的話展示了一種常見的敏捷開發思維：迅速從設計階段過渡到動手製作原型，以便在實際操作中測試想法。
EN： The conjunction 'although' is used to introduce a subordinate clause of concession, showing a contrast with the main clause. Note that in English, we do not use 'but' in the main clause when 'although' is used.
中文： 連接詞「although」（雖然）用於引導讓步從句，表示與主句的對比。請注意，在英文中，當使用了「although」時，主句中不能再使用「but」（但是）。
Although it was raining, we went for a walk.
雖然下著雨，我們還是去散步了。
EN： The simple past tense (e.g., 'failed', 'tried') is used to describe completed actions that occurred at a specific time in the past.
中文： 簡單過去式（例如「failed」和「tried」）用於描述在過去特定時間已經完成的動作。
She failed the exam last week, but she tried her best.
她上週考試沒及格，但她已經盡力了。
EN： The subordinating conjunction 'while' is used to connect two actions happening at the same time. It introduces an adverbial clause of time (while my partner records data) that modifies the main clause (I test the code).
中文： 從屬連接詞「while」（當……的時候）用於連接兩個同時發生的動作。它引導一個時間副詞子句（while my partner records data），用來修飾主要子句（I test the code）。
I listen to music while I study.
我讀書時聽音樂。
EN： Present Simple Tense for habitual actions. Both 'test' and 'records' are in the simple present tense because they describe a regular routine or a general truth in their workflow. Note that 'records' has an '-s' ending because 'my partner' is a third-person singular subject.
中文： 現在簡單式用於表示習慣性動作。在此句子中，「test」和「records」皆使用現在簡單式，因為它們描述了工作流程中的常規慣例或普遍事實。請注意，「records」字尾有「-s」，因為「my partner」（我的夥伴）是第三人稱單數主詞。
She writes the report while he analyzes the samples.
當他分析樣品時，她撰寫報告。
EN： In software development and STEM projects, pairing up to work where one person codes/tests and another manages data or reviews is a common collaborative practice known as 'pair programming' or teamwork. It emphasizes division of labor and mutual support.
中文： 在軟體開發和 STEM 專案中，一人編寫/測試代碼，另一人管理數據或進行審查，是一種常見的協作模式（類似「結對編程」或團隊合作）。這強調了分工合作與互相支持的團隊精神。
EN： The conjunction 'even though' is used to introduce a concession clause, meaning 'despite the fact that'. It is stronger than 'although' and emphasizes the contrast between the obstacle and the result. Note that in English, we do not use 'but' in the main clause when 'even though' is used.
中文： 連接詞「even though」用於引導讓步子句，表示「雖然、儘管」。它的語氣比「although」更強烈，強調障礙與結果之間的對比。請注意，英文中既然使用了「even though」，主要子句就不能再使用「but」（但是）。
Even though it was raining, they played soccer.
雖然下著雨，他們還是踢了足球。
EN： The adverb 'never' is used for strong negation, meaning 'not at any time'. In the past simple tense, it directly precedes the past tense verb (e.g., 'never quit') to emphasize that the action did not happen at all in the past.
中文： 副詞「never」用於表示強烈的否定，意思是「從未、絕不」。在過去簡單式中，它直接放在過去式動詞前面（例如「never quit」），以強調該動作在過去完全沒有發生過。
She never lost hope during the difficult times.
在艱難的時期，她從未失去希望。
EN： In English-speaking cultures, particularly in academic and professional settings like robotics or engineering, 'never quitting' and showing resilience (often referred to as 'grit') is highly valued. Sharing stories of overcoming failures is a common way to build rapport and inspire others.
中文： 在英語系國家的文化中，特別是在機器人或工程等學術與專業領域，「永不放棄」並展現韌性（通常被稱為 'grit'）是備受推崇的特質。分享克服失敗的故事是建立人際關係和激勵他人非常常見的方式。
EN： Adverbial clauses of time are introduced by conjunctions like 'before'. When the adverbial clause comes first, it is separated from the main clause by a comma. In these clauses, the simple present tense is used to refer to future time.
中文： 時間副詞子句由「before」（在……之前）等連接詞引導。當副詞子句放在句首時，須用逗號與主要子句隔開。在此類子句中，通常使用現在簡單式來表示未來發生的動作。
Before we leave, we lock the door.
在我們離開之前，我們會鎖門。
EN： The adverb 'twice' means 'two times'. It is an adverb of frequency/number that typically modifies the verb and is placed at the end of the clause.
中文： 副詞「twice」意思是「兩次」。它是一個表示頻率或次數的副詞，通常用來修飾動詞，並置於子句的末尾。
He checked the answers twice.
他把答案檢查了兩次。
EN： In academic and professional settings, double-checking work before a presentation or submission is a highly valued habit. The phrase 'check everything twice' reflects a meticulous work ethic and the common idiom 'measure twice, cut once'.
中文： 在學術與專業工作環境中，在簡報或提交成果前進行二次檢查（double-check）是被高度重視的習慣。這句話反映了嚴謹的工作態度，類似於中文裡「三思而後行」或英文成語「measure twice, cut once」（深思熟慮後再動手）的精神。
EN： Adverbial clauses of time are introduced by subordinating conjunctions like 'after'. When the action in the 'after' clause happened before the action in the main clause, we use the past perfect tense (had + past participle) or the simple past tense if the sequence of events is clear. Here, 'fixed' is in the simple past, showing a clear sequence before 'ran'.
中文： 時間副詞子句由從屬連接詞（如 'after'）引導。當 'after' 子句中的動作發生在主要子句之前，且事件順序很明確時，我們可以使用簡單過去式（如本句中的 'fixed'）來代替過去完成式，以表示動作的先後順序。
After she finished her homework, she went to bed.
在她寫完功課之後，她就去睡覺了。
EN： The adverb 'well' is used to modify the verb 'ran' (which means functioned or operated in this context). Unlike adjectives which modify nouns, adverbs describe how an action is performed.
中文： 副詞 'well' 用於修飾動詞 'ran'（在此情境中意指「運行」或「運作」）。與修飾名詞的形容詞不同，副詞用來描述動作進行的方式。
EN： In software development and technology fields, 'bug' is a common slang term for an error or flaw in a computer program. 'Fixing a bug' or 'debugging' is a core part of a programmer's daily routine. The word 'app' is a widely accepted abbreviation for 'application' in modern tech-savvy English.
中文： 在軟體開發和科技領域中，'bug'（原意為昆蟲）是電腦程式中錯誤或缺陷的常用俗稱。「修復錯誤」（fixing a bug）或「除錯」（debugging）是程式設計師日常工作的核心部分。而 'app' 則是現代英語中對「應用程式」（application）非常通用的簡稱。
EN： Adverbial clause of time introduced by 'when'. This subordinate clause indicates the time at which the action in the main clause takes place. In this zero conditional-like structure, both clauses use the simple present tense to express a general truth or a regular occurrence.
中文： 由 'when'（當……時）引導的時間副詞子句。此從屬子句用來指示主要子句動作發生的時間點。在這種一種類似零條件句的結構中，兩個子句皆使用現在簡單式，用以表達普遍真理或規律發生的情況。
When the bell rings, the students leave the classroom.
當鐘聲響起時，學生們便離開教室。
EN： Linking verb 'feel' followed by an adjective. 'Feel' is a copular (linking) verb used to describe the subject's state of mind or physical sensation, and it must be followed by an adjective (such as 'proud') acting as a subject complement, rather than an adverb.
中文： 連繫動詞 'feel'（感覺）後接形容詞。'Feel' 是一個連繫動詞，用於描述主詞的心境或身體感受，其後必須接形容詞（如 'proud'）作為主詞補語，而非副詞。
We feel happy when we work together.
當我們一起工作時，我們感到很快樂。
EN： The conjunction 'until' is used to describe an action or state that continues up to a specific point in time. In this sentence, 'until' introduces an adverbial clause of time. Note that even though the action refers to the future, we use the simple present tense ('understand') in the time clause.
中文： 連接詞「until」（直到……為止）用於描述某個動作或狀態一直持續到特定時間點。在本句中，「until」引導時間副詞子句。請注意，雖然該動作指向未來，但在時間副詞子句中需使用現在簡單式（understand）。
Until the rain stops, we will stay indoors.
在雨停之前，我們會一直待在室內。
EN： The verb 'keep' followed by a gerund (verb-ing) is a common structure meaning to continue doing something without stopping, or to do something repeatedly.
中文： 動詞「keep」後面接動名詞（V-ing）是一個常見的結構，表示持續、不間斷地做某事，或重複進行某個動作。
She kept working on the project all night.
她整晚都在持續進行那個專案。
EN： In scientific and engineering environments, asking 'why' repeatedly is highly valued. It reflects the 'First Principles' thinking and the scientific method, where curiosity and persistence are key to solving complex problems.
中文： 在科學與工程領域中，不斷追問「為什麼」是被高度推崇的精神。這反映了「第一性原理」思考與科學方法，其中好奇心與堅持是解決複雜問題的關鍵。
EN： The conjunction 'though' (or 'although') is used to introduce a subordinate clause of concession, showing a contrast. In English, we do not use 'but' in the main clause when 'though' is used in the subordinate clause.
中文： 連接詞「though」（或 although）用於引導表示讓步的從屬子句，用以展現對比。在英文中，當從屬子句使用了「though」，主要子句就不能再使用「but」（但是）。
Though the road was steep, we reached the top.
雖然路很陡峭，我們還是到達了山頂。
EN： The phrase 'be worth it' is a common idiom meaning to be useful, helpful, or rewarding despite the effort, time, or money spent. 'It' acts as a placeholder or refers back to the activity.
中文： 片語「be worth it」是一個常見的慣用語，意思是儘管花費了努力、時間或金錢，事情仍然是值得的、有回報的。其中的「it」可作為代名詞，指代前面所提到的活動或事物。
The training was hard, but it was worth it.
訓練很艱苦，但這是值得的。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 科學實驗，為檢驗某種科學理論或假設而進行的操作與觀察
在本文中： 值得的、有回報的，能給人帶來滿足感或價值的
在本文中： 機器人學，涉及機器人設計、製造與應用的技術科學
在本文中： 耐心、忍耐力，面對困難或延遲時保持冷靜的能力
在本文中： 感測器，偵測並響應物理輸入（如光、熱、運動）的裝置
在本文中： 進步、進展，朝向目標前進的過程
在本文中： 懷疑、對…感到不確定（此處為過去分詞作謂語）
在本文中： 好奇的，渴望學習或了解更多事物的
在本文中： 簡報、發表，向他人展示或報告成果
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
To stop trying to do something; to surrender or quit.
放棄、半途而廢
To operate or progress without any problems, difficulties, or interruptions.
運作順暢、進展順利
To be intelligible, logical, or reasonable.
有道理、說得通、合乎邏輯