EN： The conjunction 'that' is used to introduce a noun clause (or object clause) functioning as the direct object of the verb 'think'. In informal English, 'that' is often omitted, but including it makes the sentence structure clearer.
中文： 連接詞「that」用於引導名詞子句（或賓語子句），在句中作為動詞「think」的直接受詞。在非正式英語中，「that」常被省略，但保留它可以使句子結構更加清晰。
I believe that honesty is the best policy.
我相信誠實是最好的策略。
EN： The determiner 'every' is used with a singular countable noun ('culture') to refer to all members of a group. It is followed by a singular verb ('has').
中文： 限定詞「every」與單數可數名詞（如「culture」）連用，用以指代群體中的所有成員。其後須接單數動詞（如「has」）。
Every student has a unique talent.
每個學生都有獨特的才能。
EN： This sentence reflects a multicultural perspective, emphasizing cultural relativism and respect. In English-speaking societies, acknowledging that 'every culture has its own wisdom' is a common way to promote inclusivity and open-mindedness in discussions about global traditions.
中文： 這句話反映了多元文化的視角，強調文化相對主義與尊重。在英語系國家中，承認「每個文化都有其自身的智慧」是探討全球傳統時，用來促進包容性與開放思維的常見表達方式。
EN： A pseudo-cleft sentence (or 'wh-cleft') uses a 'what' clause as the subject to place special emphasis on a specific part of the sentence (here, what the speaker admires).
中文： 偽分裂句（或稱 wh-分裂句）使用由「what」引導的子句作為主詞，用以特別強調句子中的特定部分（在此指說話者所欣賞的事物）。
What I need is a cup of hot coffee.
我所需要的是一杯熱咖啡。
EN： Noun clauses starting with 'how' function as nouns. In this sentence, 'how people share their joy' acts as the subject complement after the linking verb 'is'.
中文： 由「how」引導的名詞子句在句中扮演名詞的角色。在本句中，「how people share their joy」作為連繫動詞「is」後面的主詞補語。
How she solved the puzzle surprised everyone.
她如何解開這個謎題讓每個人都感到驚訝。
EN： In English-speaking cultures, expressing admiration for how other cultures celebrate and find joy is a common way to show openness, cultural empathy, and respect, focusing on shared human emotions rather than differences.
中文： 在英語系國家中，表達對其他文化如何慶祝與尋找快樂的欣賞，是一種展現開放態度、文化同理心與尊重的常見方式，這能將焦點放在人類共通的情感而非彼此的差異上。
EN： Indirect questions are used to ask for information politely or express uncertainty. They are embedded within a main clause (here, 'I wonder') and use statement word order (subject + verb) instead of question word order (verb + subject). No auxiliary verb 'do/does/did' is used.
中文： 間接問句用於禮貌地詢問訊息或表達不確定性。它們被嵌入在主句（此處為 'I wonder'）中，並使用陳述句語序（主詞 + 動詞），而非疑問句語序（動詞 + 主詞），且不使用助動詞 do/does/did。
I wonder where they live.
我想知道他們住在哪裡。
EN： The verb 'last' is used as an intransitive verb meaning to continue in time, remain, or endure. It is often followed by a duration modifier such as 'so long'.
中文： 動詞 'last' 在此作為不及物動詞，意思是「持續、延續」或「維持」。它後面經常接時間長度的修飾語，例如 'so long'（這麼久）。
The meeting lasted for two hours.
會議持續了兩個小時。
EN： The conjunction 'whether... or not' is used to introduce an adverbial clause of condition, meaning 'regardless of whether' or 'no matter if'. It indicates that the main clause remains true regardless of which of the two alternatives is the case.
中文： 連接詞「whether... or not」用於引導條件副詞子句，表示「無論是否...」或「不管是不是...」。它指出無論兩種情況中的哪一種成立，主要子句的內容都依然成立。
Whether it rains or not, the game will begin on time.
無論下雨與否，比賽都會準時開始。
EN： The modal verb 'should' is used to express duty, obligation, or a strong recommendation, suggesting that doing something is the right or best course of action.
中文： 情態助動詞「should」用於表達義務、責任或強烈建議，暗示做某事是正確或最好的做法（意為「應該」）。
We should respect other people's opinions.
我們應該尊重他人的意見。
EN： In multicultural communication, active listening is highly valued. This sentence reflects the cultural emphasis on empathy and open-mindedness, suggesting that understanding others is important even when there is a disagreement.
中文： 在跨文化交流中，積極傾聽是被高度重視的價值。這句話反映了西方文化中對於同理心和開放心態的強調，表明即使存在分歧，理解他人依然至關重要。
EN： The noun clause (or content clause) introduced by the conjunction 'that' functions as the direct object of the verb 'believe'. In informal English, 'that' is often omitted, but keeping it adds clarity and formality.
中文： 由連接詞「that」引導的名詞子句（或稱為內容子句），在此句中作為動詞「believe」（相信）的直接受詞。在非正式英語中，「that」常被省略，但保留它可以增加句子的清晰度與正式感。
I hope that we can meet again soon.
我希望我們很快能再見面。
EN： The simple present tense is used here to express a general truth, belief, or permanent state. The verb 'crosses' agrees with the singular third-person subject 'kindness'.
中文： 此處使用現在簡單式來表達普遍的真理、信念或永久的狀態。動詞「crosses」與第三人稱單數主詞「kindness」（善良）達成主動詞一致性。
Love overcomes all difficulties.
愛能克服所有困難。
EN： This sentence reflects a universal humanitarian value often emphasized in intercultural communication: that basic human virtues like empathy and kindness are universal and transcend political, geographical, or cultural boundaries.
中文： 這句話反映了跨文化交流中經常強調的普世人道價值：人類的基本美德（如同理心與善良）是通用的，能夠超越政治、地理或文化界線。
EN： A noun clause starting with 'how' (wh- adverb) can function as the subject of a sentence. It describes the manner or way in which something is done. Since a noun clause is treated as a single unit, it takes a singular verb (in this case, 'shows').
中文： 由疑問副詞「how」引導的名詞子句可以作為整個句子的主詞，用來描述某事進行的方式。名詞子句在文法上視為單數，因此後方須接單數動詞（如此處的「shows」）。
How she solves problems inspires everyone.
她解決問題的方式啟發了每個人。
EN： The verb 'show' is a transitive verb that takes a direct object ('great respect'). It means to make a feeling, quality, or attitude apparent through actions or behavior.
中文： 動詞「show」在此作為及物動詞，後接直接受詞（「great respect」），表示透過行為或舉止來展現、流露某種情感、特質或態度。
His actions show true courage.
他的行為展現了真正的勇氣。
EN： Hospitality and the way guests are welcomed vary significantly across cultures, but showing respect to visitors is a universal value. In many English-speaking cultures, greeting guests warmly with a smile, eye contact, and offering a drink are standard signs of respect.
中文： 款待與迎接客人的方式在不同文化中大不相同，但對來客展現尊重是普世的價值觀。在許多英語系國家中，帶著微笑、眼神接觸並親切地問候客人，以及主動提供飲料，都是展現尊重的標準禮儀。
EN： The use of 'if' as a conjunction meaning 'whether' to introduce a noun clause. This clause functions as the complement of the adjective 'sure', expressing uncertainty.
中文： 使用「if」作為連詞（意為「是否」）來引導名詞子句。此子句作為形容詞「sure」的補語，用以表達不確定性。
I am not sure if he will come to the party.
我不確定他是否會來參加派對。
EN： The adverb 'really' is used to modify the adjective 'true' to add emphasis, meaning 'actually' or 'genuinely'.
中文： 副詞「really」用來修飾形容詞「true」以加強語氣，意思是「實際上」或「真正地」。
Is this diamond really real?
這顆鑽石真的是真的嗎？
EN： A nominal relative clause (or free relative clause) starting with 'What' acts as the subject of the sentence. It means 'the thing that' or 'that which' and is used to emphasize a specific point.
中文： 由「What」引導的名詞關係子句（或稱自由關係子句）在此擔任句子的主詞。其意思是「……的事情」或「那件……的事」，常用於強調某個特定的重點。
What I need is a cup of hot coffee.
我需要的是一杯熱咖啡。
EN： A noun clause introduced by the conjunction 'that' is used here as a subject complement following the linking verb 'is'. It explains or defines what the subject ('What matters') is.
中文： 由連接詞「that」引導的名詞子句在此擔任連繫動詞「is」後面的主詞補語，用來解釋或說明主詞（What matters）的具體內容。
The truth is that we lost the game.
事實是我們輸掉了比賽。
EN： This sentence reflects a core value in multicultural communication: prioritizing empathy and active listening over immediate agreement or judgment. In English-speaking cultures, emphasizing the effort to understand ('try to understand') is seen as a sign of respect and open-mindedness.
中文： 這句話反映了跨文化交流中的核心價值：將同理心與傾聽置於立即的認同或評判之上。在英語系國家中，強調「努力去理解」的態度被視為尊重與開放心胸的表現。
EN： The conjunction 'that' is used to introduce a noun clause (or object clause) that functions as the direct object of the verb 'know'. In informal English, 'that' is often omitted, but including it makes the sentence structure clearer.
中文： 連接詞「that」用於引導名詞子句（或稱賓語子句），在句中作為動詞「know」的直接受詞。在非正式英語中，「that」常被省略，但保留它可以使句子結構更加清晰。
I believe that honesty is the best policy.
我相信誠實是最好的策略。
EN： The verb 'give' is a ditransitive verb, which means it can take two objects: an indirect object (the person receiving, 'people') and a direct object (the thing being given, 'comfort'). The pattern is: give + indirect object + direct object.
中文： 動詞「give」（給予）是雙賓語動詞，意即其後可接兩個受詞：間接受詞（接受者，此處為「people」）與直接受詞（給予的事物，此處為「comfort」）。句型結構為：give + 間接受詞 + 直接受詞。
She gave her brother a beautiful book.
她給了她弟弟一本精美的書。
EN： Noun clauses (also known as nominal clauses) can function as the subject of a sentence. In this sentence, the noun clause 'Why we celebrate' acts as the singular subject. It uses statement word order (subject + verb) rather than question word order.
中文： 名詞子句（也稱為名詞性從句）可以在句子中擔任主詞。在本句中，名詞子句「Why we celebrate」（我們為什麼慶祝）作為單數主詞。請注意，此子句須使用陳述句語序（主詞 + 動詞），而非疑問句語序。
How we live defines who we are.
我們如何生活定義了我們是誰。
EN： The adverb 'often' is an adverb of frequency. It is typically placed before the main verb (in this case, 'tells') to indicate how frequently an action occurs.
中文： 副詞「often」（常常、往往）是一個頻率副詞。它通常放在一般動詞（在此為「tells」）之前，用來表示動作發生的頻率。
She often visits the local museum.
她經常參觀當地的博物館。
EN： This sentence reflects a universal cultural truth: traditions, holidays, and festivals are not just for entertainment; they are living archives of a community's historical struggles, triumphs, and values. Understanding 'why' people celebrate helps build cross-cultural empathy.
中文： 這句話反映了一個普世的文化真理：傳統、節日和慶典不僅僅是為了娛樂，它們更是一個社群歷史掙扎、勝利與價值觀的活檔案。理解人們「為什麼」慶祝，有助於建立跨文化的同理心。
EN： The verb 'hope' can be followed by a noun clause starting with 'that' to express a desire for a possible future event. The word 'that' is often omitted in casual conversation.
中文： 動詞「hope」（希望）後面可以接由「that」引導的名詞子句，用來表示對未來可能發生之事的期望。在日常口語中，「that」經常會被省略。
I hope that you can come to my party tomorrow.
我希望你明天能來參加我的派對。
EN： 'One another' is a reciprocal pronoun used when referring to more than two people doing the same thing to each other. It is similar to 'each other', which is traditionally used for two people, though they are often used interchangeably in modern English.
中文： 「One another」是相互代名詞，用於指涉兩個以上的人彼此進行相同的動作。它與「each other」相似（傳統上「each other」用於兩者之間），但在現代英語中兩者經常可以互換使用。
The students helped one another with the homework.
學生們在功課上互相幫助。
EN： A noun clause introduced by 'that' can function as the subject of a sentence. This is called a subject clause. It represents a fact or idea and is treated as a singular noun phrase.
中文： 由連接詞「that」引導的名詞子句可以作為整個句子的主詞，稱為「主詞子句」。它代表一個事實或概念，在語法上視為單數。
That she passed the exam made her parents very proud.
她通過了考試這件事讓她的父母感到非常自豪。
EN： The verb 'make' can be used as a causative/factitive verb in the pattern 'make + object + object complement (adjective)'. It means to cause the object to be in a certain state.
中文： 動詞「make」可用作不完全及物動詞，其句型為「make + 受詞 + 受詞補語（形容詞）」，表示使受詞處於某種狀態。
The warm weather makes me sleepy.
溫暖的天氣讓我昏昏欲睡。
EN： This sentence reflects a core modern multicultural value: that diversity is not a source of conflict, but rather a source of beauty and strength that enriches human society.
中文： 這句話反映了現代多元文化的核心價值：差異並非衝突的根源，而是豐富人類社會、帶來美好與力量的泉源。
EN： Gerund as Subject: A gerund (verb + -ing) can function as a noun and serve as the subject of a sentence. It is treated as a singular noun, so it takes a singular verb.
中文： 動名詞當主詞：動名詞（動詞 + -ing）可以當作名詞使用，並在句子中擔任主詞。動名詞主詞視為單數，因此後方須接單數動詞。
Learning a new language opens up many opportunities.
學習一門新語言會開啟許多機會。
EN： Subject-Verb Agreement with Singular Verbs: When the subject is a singular concept (like a gerund phrase), the verb in the simple present tense must end with -s or -es (e.g., 'begins').
中文： 主詞與單數動詞的一致性：當主詞是一個單數概念（例如動名詞片語）時，現在簡單式的動詞必須加上 -s 或 -es（例如 'begins'）。
Reading books keeps the mind active.
閱讀書籍能保持大腦活躍。
EN： The phrase 'an open mind' is a common English idiom meaning a willingness to consider new ideas or opinions without prejudice. In multicultural communication, this concept is highly valued as a prerequisite for empathy and mutual respect.
中文： 片語 'an open mind'（開放的心胸）是一個常見的英文成語，意思是願意毫無偏見地考慮新的想法或意見。在跨文化交流中，這個概念被高度重視，被視為同理心與相互尊重的先決條件。
EN： The noun clause starting with 'that' acts as the direct object of the verb 'believe'. In this structure, 'that' is a conjunction that introduces a complete sentence (subject + verb + object) and can often be omitted in casual speech.
中文： 由「that」引導的名詞子句作為動詞「believe」的直接受詞。在此結構中，「that」是一個連接詞，用來引導一個完整的句子（主詞 + 動詞 + 受詞），在口語中常可省略。
I believe that we can find a solution.
我相信我們能找到解決方法。
EN： The determiner 'every' is used with a singular countable noun ('belief') to refer to all members of a group. Consequently, the verb that follows ('holds') must be in the singular form.
中文： 限定詞「every」（每個）與單數可數名詞（如本句中的「belief」）連用，用以指代群體中的所有成員。因此，其後接的動詞（如「holds」）必須使用單數動詞形式。
Every child deserves a good education.
每個孩子都值得擁有良好的教育。
EN： This sentence reflects a pluralistic and inclusive worldview, which is highly valued in modern multicultural societies. It suggests that no single culture or belief system has a monopoly on wisdom, encouraging mutual respect and open-minded dialogue.
中文： 這句話反映了多元與包容的世界觀，這在現代多元文化社會中受到高度重視。它表明沒有任何單一文化或信仰體系能壟斷智慧，進而鼓勵彼此尊重與開放的對話。
EN： A nominal relative clause (or free relative clause) introduced by 'what' functions as a noun phrase. In this sentence, 'What surprises me' acts as the subject of the main verb 'is'.
中文： 由關係代名詞「what」引導的名詞子句（又稱自由關係子句），其功能相當於一個名詞片語。在本句中，「What surprises me」（令我驚訝的事）作為主要動詞「is」的主詞。
What I need is a cup of hot coffee.
我所需要的是一杯熱咖啡。
EN： The phrase 'from place to place' is an adverbial idiom meaning 'from one location to another' or 'varying by location'. It is used to show diversity or change across different geographical areas.
中文： 片語「from place to place」是一個副詞片語，意思是「從一個地方到另一個地方」或「因地而異」。它用來表示不同地理區域之間的差異或變化。
The local dialects change from place to place.
當地的方言因地而異。
EN： Indirect questions (noun clauses) are used when a question is embedded within a larger sentence. Unlike direct questions, indirect questions follow statement word order (Subject + Verb) instead of question word order (Verb + Subject). In this sentence, 'why some traditions stay...' is an indirect question acting as the object of the verb 'wonder'.
中文： 間接問句（名詞子句）用於將一個問句嵌入到更大的句子中。與直接問句不同，間接問句必須使用陳述句語序（主詞 + 動詞），而非疑問句語序（動詞 + 主詞）。在本句中，「why some traditions stay...」是一個間接問句，作為動詞「wonder」的受詞。
I don't know where she lives.
我不知道她住在哪裡。
EN： The linking verb 'stay' can be followed by an adjective (like 'same') to describe the state or condition of the subject continuing without change.
中文： 連繫動詞「stay」後面可以接形容詞（如「same」），用來描述主詞持續保持某種狀態或情況而不改變。
Please stay calm during the meeting.
會議期間請保持冷靜。
EN： The phrase 'for ages' is a common English idiom meaning 'for a very long time'. It is widely used in both spoken and informal written English to add emphasis to the duration of an event or state.
中文： 片語「for ages」是英文中非常常見的慣用語，意思是「很長一段時間」或「長年」。它被廣泛應用於口語和非正式書面語中，用來強調某個事件或狀態持續了極為久遠的時間。
EN： The conjunction 'whether... or not' is used to introduce an adverbial clause of concession, meaning 'no matter if' or 'regardless of whether' one condition or another is true. It indicates that the main clause remains true in either case.
中文： 引導詞「whether... or not」用於引導讓步狀語從句，表示「無論是否...」或「不管是不是...」。它指出無論哪種情況成立，主句的結果或事實都不會改變。
Whether it rains or not, the game will begin on time.
無論下雨與否，比賽都會準時開始。
EN： The linking verb 'seem' is followed by an adjective (in this case, 'strange') to describe the appearance or impression of the subject. It means to give the impression of being something.
中文： 連繫動詞「seem」（看起來、似乎）後面接形容詞（在此處為「strange」），用來描述主詞給人的印象或外觀特徵。
The plan seems perfect to everyone.
這個計劃在每個人看來似乎都很完美。
EN： This sentence reflects a multicultural perspective, emphasizing cultural relativism—the idea that a person's beliefs and practices should be understood based on that person's own culture, rather than be judged against the criteria of another.
中文： 這句話反映了多元文化的視角，強調「文化相對論」的概念——即一個人的信仰與習俗應該基於其自身的文化背景來理解，而不是用另一個文化的標準去評判其好壞或奇特與否。
EN： Noun Clause as Subject: A noun clause (here starting with the question word 'How') can act as the subject of a sentence. It is treated as a singular noun phrase, so the main verb ('reveals') takes a singular 's'. Note that 'a people' here refers to a singular nation or ethnic group, not the plural 'people'.
中文： 名詞子句作主詞：以疑問詞（此處為 'How'）引導的名詞子句可以作為整個句子的主詞。名詞子句在文法上視為單數，因此主要動詞（'reveals'）必須使用單數動詞。另外，此處的 'a people' 指的是單數的「民族」或「群體」，而非複數的「人們」。
How we handle our mistakes defines our character.
我們如何處理自己的錯誤決定了我們的性格。
EN： Superlative Adjectives: The superlative form of 'deep' is 'deepest'. It is used to describe something that has the quality to the greatest degree. In this sentence, it is preceded by the possessive determiner 'their' instead of the article 'the'.
中文： 最高級形容詞：'deep'（深層的）的最高級形式為 'deepest'（最深層的）。用來描述某事物具有該特質的最大程度。在本句中，最高級形容詞前面使用的是所有格限定詞 'their'（他們的），而非定冠詞 'the'。
This book shares their deepest secrets.
這本書分享了他們最深層的秘密。
EN： In many traditional cultures, the treatment and respect shown to elderly family and community members is considered the ultimate measure of a society's moral integrity and cultural depth. This sentence reflects that universal value.
中文： 在許多傳統文化中，對待與尊重家族及社區長輩的方式，被視為衡量一個社會道德完整性與文化深度的終極標準。這句話反映了這一普世價值觀。
EN： A nominal relative clause (or free relative clause) introduced by 'What' acts as the subject of the sentence. 'What I have learned' means 'The thing(s) that I have learned'.
中文： 由「What」引導的名詞關係子句（或稱自由關係子句）在句中擔任主詞。「What I have learned」意為「我所學到的事情」。
What you need is a good rest.
你所需要的是好好休息。
EN： A noun clause introduced by the conjunction 'that' acts as the subject complement after the linking verb 'is'. 'That' has no semantic meaning here but functions as a subordinator.
中文： 由連接詞「that」引導的名詞子句在連繫動詞「is」後面擔任主詞補語。這裡的「that」沒有實際字面意義，僅起連接作用。
My belief is that honesty is the best policy.
我的信念是誠實為上策。
EN： In English-speaking cultures, discussing abstract values like 'respect' and 'friendship' is common in reflective conversations. Using structures like 'What I have learned is...' shows self-awareness and humility, making it a polite and thoughtful way to share personal insights.
中文： 在英語系國家中，在反思性的對話中討論「尊重」與「友誼」等抽象價值是很常見的。使用「What I have learned is...（我所學到的是...）」這樣的句型展現了自我覺察與謙遜，是一種禮貌且具深度的分享個人見解的方式。
EN： The conjunction 'if' is used here to introduce a noun clause (also called an indirect question) acting as the complement of the adjective 'sure'. In this context, 'if' means 'whether' and expresses uncertainty.
中文： 連接詞「if」在此處用於引導名詞子句（也稱為間接問句），作為形容詞「sure」的補語。在這種語境下，「if」表示「是否」，用來表達不確定性。
I don't know if he will come to the party.
我不知道他是否會來參加派對。
EN： The determiner 'every' is followed by a singular countable noun ('custom') to refer to all members of a group individually. The adverb 'fully' modifies the verb 'understand', meaning completely or entirely.
中文： 限定詞「every」後面接單數可數名詞（「custom」），用來個別指涉群體中的所有成員。副詞「fully」修飾動詞「understand」，表示完全地或徹底地。
She read every book fully to prepare for the exam.
她完整地讀完了每一本書以準備考試。
EN： In cross-cultural communication, expressing humility and a willingness to learn (such as admitting you might not understand everything) is highly valued. It shows respect for the complexity of other cultures rather than making assumptions.
中文： 在跨文化交流中，表達謙遜和學習的意願（例如承認自己可能無法完全理解所有事情）是非常受到重視的。這展現了對其他文化複雜性的尊重，而不是主觀臆斷。
EN： A noun clause introduced by 'that' can act as the subject of a sentence. It represents a fact or idea and takes a singular verb (here, 'shows').
中文： 由連接詞「that」引導的名詞子句可以作為整個句子的主詞。它代表一個事實或概念，後面必須搭配單數動詞（在此句中為「shows」）。
That she passed the exam made her parents very proud.
她通過了考試這件事讓她的父母感到非常自豪。
EN： The verb 'keep' followed by a gerund (verb-ing) means to continue doing something without stopping or to do it repeatedly.
中文： 動詞「keep」後面接動名詞（V-ing）表示持續、不間斷地做某事，或重複進行某個動作。
We should keep practicing if we want to improve.
如果我們想要進步，我們應該要持續練習。
EN： The noun clause introduced by 'that' functions as the direct object of the verb 'know'. 'That' is a conjunction here and can be omitted in informal contexts.
中文： 由「that」引導的名詞子句在此作為動詞「know」的直接受詞。這裡的「that」是連接詞，在非正式語境中可以省略。
I believe that kindness crosses all borders.
我相信善良能跨越所有國界。
EN： Gerunds (verbs ending in -ing) function as nouns. In this sentence, 'listening' and 'judging' are gerunds used to compare two actions.
中文： 動名詞（以 -ing 結尾的動詞）具有名詞的功能。在本句中，「listening」與「judging」是動名詞，用於比較兩種行為。
Learning a new language requires patience.
學習一門新語言需要耐心。
EN： This sentence reflects a common value in active listening and communication, emphasizing empathy and understanding over quick assumptions, which is highly valued in cross-cultural communication.
中文： 這句話反映了積極傾聽與溝通中的共同價值觀，強調同理心與理解重於快速下定論，這在跨文化交流中被高度重視。
EN： A noun clause (or nominal clause) can function as the subject of a sentence. In this sentence, the entire clause 'Why people believe what they do' acts as the singular subject, followed by the singular verb 'is'. Noun clauses starting with question words (like 'why') use statement word order (subject + verb), not question word order.
中文： 名詞子句（或稱名詞性從句）可以在句子中擔任主詞。在本句中，整個子句「Why people believe what they do」（人們為什麼相信他們所相信的事物）作為單數主詞，後面接單數動詞「is」。以疑問詞（如 why）引導的名詞子句須使用陳述句語序（主詞 + 動詞），而非疑問句語序。
Why she left the meeting early is still a mystery.
她為什麼提早離開會議仍然是一個謎。
EN： The structure 'be worth + noun/noun phrase' is used to indicate that something is deserving of or justifies a particular action or attention. 'Study' here functions as a noun meaning the act of investigating or learning about a subject.
中文： 結構「be worth + 名詞/名詞片語」用於表示某事值得特定行動或關注。這裡的「study」作為名詞，意為對某一主題的研究或探討。
This ancient temple is always worth a visit.
這座古老的神廟總是值得一訪。
EN： This sentence reflects a deeply pluralistic and empathetic worldview, which is highly valued in modern multicultural societies. Rather than judging unfamiliar customs or beliefs as 'wrong' or 'weird', it suggests that there is always a historical, psychological, or cultural reason behind them that is worthy of academic and respectful investigation.
中文： 這句話反映了一種深具多元與同理心的世界觀，這在現代多元文化社會中備受推崇。它表明我們不應直接將不熟悉的習俗或信仰判定為「錯誤」或「奇怪」，而是認為其背後總有值得學術與尊重探討的歷史、心理或文化原因。
EN： Nominal relative clauses (also called free relative clauses) are introduced by 'what' and function as nouns. In this sentence, 'what unites us' and 'what divides us' act as the subject and the object of the comparison respectively, meaning 'the thing(s) that'.
中文： 關係子句（又稱自由關係子句）由「what」引導，其功能相當於名詞。在本句中，「what unites us」（將我們聯繫在一起的事物）和「what divides us」（將我們分裂的事物）分別擔任主詞和比較對象，相當於「the thing(s) that」。
What you need is a good rest.
你所需要的是好好休息。
EN： The comparative structure 'greater than' is used to compare two things. Here, it compares the strength or importance of the two nominal clauses.
中文： 比較級結構「greater than」（大於／強於）用於比較兩件事物。在這裡，它用來比較兩個名詞子句所代表力量的強度或重要性。
The love of family is greater than any challenge.
家人的愛大於任何挑戰。
EN： This sentence expresses a universal, humanistic value often cited in speeches promoting peace, multiculturalism, and unity. It emphasizes focusing on shared humanity rather than cultural or political differences.
中文： 這句話表達了一種普世的人文價值觀，常用於倡導和平、多元文化與團結的演講中。它強調我們應該關注人類共同的本質，而非文化或政治上的分歧。
EN： Wh-questions with 'what' are used to ask for specific information. In this sentence, 'what' acts as the direct object of the verb 'admire'. In English, when forming a question with a wh-word as the object, we use the auxiliary verb 'do' (or 'does'/'did') before the subject.
中文： 以「what」開頭的特殊疑問句用於詢問特定的資訊。在本句中，「what」作為動詞「admire」（欣賞）的直接受詞。在英文中，當疑問詞作為受詞來提問時，我們必須在主詞前面加上助動詞「do」（或 does/did）。
What do you want to eat for dinner?
你晚餐想吃什麼？
EN： Direct address is when you speak directly to someone and call them by their name. In writing, the name of the person being addressed (here, 'Emma') is separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma.
中文： 直接稱呼是指在說話時直接叫出對方的名字。在書寫時，被稱呼者的名字（此處為「艾瑪」）與句子的其他部分必須用逗號隔開。
How are you feeling today, John?
約翰，你今天感覺怎麼樣？
EN： In English-speaking cultures, using someone's first name (like 'Emma') in conversation is very common and helps to build a friendly, personal connection. It shows that the speaker is actively engaging with the listener.
中文： 在英語系國家中，在對話中直接稱呼對方的名字（如「艾瑪」）是非常普遍的現象，這有助於建立友善且親近的個人連結，顯示說話者正專注地與聽者互動。
EN： A nominal relative clause (or fused relative clause) introduced by 'what' acts as a noun phrase. Here, 'What I admire' functions as the subject of the main verb 'is'. It means 'the thing that I admire'.
中文： 由「what」引導的名詞關係子句（又稱融合關係子句）在此處作為名詞片語使用。「What I admire」在句中擔任主要動詞「is」的主詞，意思是「我所欣賞的事情」。
What she said made me happy.
她所說的話讓我很快樂。
EN： An indirect question introduced by 'how' functions as a noun clause. In this sentence, 'how people share their joy' acts as the subject complement following the linking verb 'is'. Unlike direct questions, indirect questions use statement word order (subject + verb).
中文： 由「how」引導的間接問句在此作為名詞子句。在本句中，「how people share their joy」在連繫動詞「is」後面擔任主詞補語。與直接問句不同，間接問句必須使用陳述句語序（主詞 + 動詞）。
This is how we solve the problem.
這就是我們解決這個問題的方法。
EN： This sentence reflects a universal humanistic value: focusing on shared positive emotions (joy) as a bridge between different cultures. In intercultural communication, focusing on shared celebrations and happiness is often seen as a powerful way to build empathy and mutual respect.
中文： 這句話反映了一種普世的人文價值：將共同的正面情感（喜悅）視為連接不同文化間的橋樑。在跨文化交流中，關注共同的慶典與快樂，通常被視為建立同理心與相互尊重的強大方式。
EN： The noun clause (or object clause) introduced by 'that'. In this sentence, 'that kindness crosses all borders' acts as the direct object of the verb 'believe'. The conjunction 'that' is often omitted in informal speech, but kept here for clarity.
中文： 由「that」引導的名詞子句（或稱賓語子句）。在本句中，「that kindness crosses all borders」作為動詞「believe」的直接受詞。在口語中，「that」經常會被省略，但在此處保留以使結構更清晰。
I believe that honesty is the best policy.
我相信誠實是最好的策略。
EN： Subject-Verb Agreement with uncountable nouns. 'Kindness' is an uncountable abstract noun, so it takes the singular verb form 'crosses'.
中文： 不可數名詞的主詞與動詞一致性。「Kindness」（善良）是一個不可數的抽象名詞，因此搭配單數動詞形式「crosses」。
Love conquers all difficulties.
愛能克服所有困難。
EN： This sentence reflects a universalist worldview, emphasizing shared human values over national or cultural divisions. It is a common sentiment in international relations, humanitarian work, and multicultural education.
中文： 這句話反映了一種普世價值觀，強調人類共享的價值超越了國家或文化的界限。這在國際關係、人道主義工作和多元文化教育中是非常常見的觀點。
EN： Indirect questions are used to ask for information in a more polite or reflective way. Unlike direct questions ('Why do some customs last so long?'), indirect questions embedded within a statement use statement word order (Subject + Verb) instead of question word order (Auxiliary Verb + Subject).
中文： 間接問句用於以更禮貌或深思的方式詢問訊息。與直接問句（如「Why do some customs last so long?」）不同，嵌入在陳述句中的間接問句需要使用陳述句語序（主詞 + 動詞），而不是疑問句語序（助動詞 + 主詞）。
I wonder where they bought that beautiful painting.
我想知道他們是在哪裡買到那幅美麗的畫作的。
EN： The verb 'last' is used here as an intransitive verb meaning to continue in time, endure, or remain in existence. It is often accompanied by duration adverbs or phrases like 'so long'.
中文： 動詞「last」在此處用作不及物動詞，意思是「持續」、「延續」或「維持存在」。它通常與表示時間長短的副詞或片語（如「so long」）連用。
The meeting lasted for three hours.
會議持續了三個小時。
EN： The conjunction 'whether... or not' is used to introduce an adverbial clause of concession, meaning 'regardless of whether' or 'no matter if'. It indicates that the main clause remains true under any of the conditions mentioned.
中文： 連接詞「whether... or not」用於引導讓步狀語子句，表示「無論是否...」或「不管是不是...」。它指出無論上述條件如何，主句的內容都依然成立。
Whether it rains or not, the game will begin at ten.
無論下雨與否，比賽都會在十點開始。
EN： The modal verb 'should' is used to express duty, obligation, or a strong recommendation. It is followed by the base form of the verb (in this case, 'listen').
中文： 情態助動詞「should」用於表達義務、責任或強烈的建議，意為「應該」。其後接動詞原形（在此句中為「listen」）。
We should respect other people's opinions.
我們應該尊重他人的意見。
EN： In multicultural communication, active listening is highly valued. This sentence reflects a cultural emphasis on mutual respect and open-mindedness, suggesting that understanding others is important even when there is a disagreement.
中文： 在多元文化交流中，「積極傾聽」被高度重視。這句話反映了西方文化中對相互尊重與開放態度的強調，表明即使存在分歧，理解他人依然至關重要。
EN： A noun clause introduced by 'how' can function as the subject of a sentence. This clause represents the manner or way in which something is done. Since a noun clause is treated as a single unit, it takes a singular verb (in this case, 'shows').
中文： 由疑問詞「how」引導的名詞子句可以作為整個句子的主詞，表示某事進行的方式。因為名詞子句在文法上被視為單一整體，所以後續的動詞必須使用單數動詞（在此句中為「shows」）。
How she solves problems inspires everyone.
她解決問題的方式啟發了每個人。
EN： The verb 'show' is a transitive verb that means to display, manifest, or make a quality apparent. In this context, 'shows great respect' means to express or demonstrate a high level of esteem or consideration towards others.
中文： 動詞「show」在此處為及物動詞，意為「展現、流露或顯現」某種特質。在本句中，「shows great respect」表示對他人表達或展現出高度的敬意與尊重。
His polite behavior shows good manners.
他禮貌的行為展現了良好的教養。
EN： Hospitality and the way guests are welcomed are central to many cultures worldwide. In many traditional societies, greeting guests with warmth, food, or specific rituals is considered a fundamental duty and a reflection of the family's or community's honor and values.
中文： 熱情款待與迎接客人的方式是全球許多文化的核心。在許多傳統社會中，以溫暖、食物或特定的儀式來迎接客人被視為一種基本義務，也反映了家庭或社群的榮譽與價值觀。
EN： A nominal relative clause (or free relative clause) starting with 'What' acts as the subject of the sentence. It means 'the thing that' or 'that which' and is used to emphasize a specific point.
中文： 由「What」引導的名詞關係子句（或稱自由關係子句）在此擔任句子的主詞。其意思是「……的事情」，常用於強調某個特定的重點。
What I need is a cup of hot coffee.
我需要的是一杯熱咖啡。
EN： A noun clause introduced by the conjunction 'that' is used here as a subject complement after the linking verb 'is'. It completes the meaning of the subject by explaining what 'what matters' actually is.
中文： 由連接詞「that」引導的名詞子句在此用作連繫動詞「is」後面的主詞補語。它藉由解釋「重要的是什麼」來完整主詞的意思。
The truth is that we lost the game.
事實是我們輸掉了比賽。
EN： The conjunction 'if' is used here to introduce a noun clause (also called an indirect question) acting as the complement of the adjective 'sure'. In this context, 'if' means 'whether' and expresses uncertainty.
中文： 連接詞「if」在此處用於引導名詞子句（也稱為間接問句），作為形容詞「sure」的補語。在這種語境下，「if」表示「是否」，用來表達不確定性。
I do not know if he will come to the party.
我不知道他是否會來參加派對。
EN： The phrase 'be not sure' is followed by a noun clause to express a lack of certainty about a fact, decision, or future event.
中文： 片語「be not sure」（不確定）後面常接名詞子句，用來表示對某個事實、決定或未來事件缺乏把握。
She is not sure what she wants to eat.
她不確定自己想吃什麼。
EN： The verb 'hope' can be followed by a noun clause starting with 'that' (which is often omitted in casual speech) to express a desire for a possible future event. Unlike 'wish', 'hope' is used for things that are realistic and highly possible.
中文： 動詞「hope」（希望）後面可以接由引導詞「that」引導的名詞子句（在口語中「that」常被省略），用來表示對未來可能發生之事的期望。與「wish」不同，「hope」用於描述切合實際且極有可能發生的事情。
I hope that you enjoy the party tonight.
我希望你喜歡今晚的派對。
EN： The reciprocal pronoun 'one another' is used to show that two or more people carry out an action that affects each other. It is often used interchangeably with 'each other', though 'one another' is sometimes preferred for groups of more than two people.
中文： 相互代名詞「one another」（彼此、互相）用於表示兩個或兩個以上的人進行互相影響的動作。它通常可以與「each other」互換使用，不過在指代三個或以上的人組成的群體時，有時更傾向於使用「one another」。
The team members always support one another.
團隊成員總是互相支持。
EN： A noun clause starting with 'that' can function as the subject of a sentence. This is called a 'that-clause as subject'. Because the clause represents a single fact or idea, it takes a singular verb (in this case, 'makes').
中文： 由「that」引導的名詞子句可以作為整個句子的主詞，這被稱為「that 子句當主詞」。因為該子句代表一個單一的事實或概念，所以後方要接單數動詞（在此句中為「makes」）。
That she passed the exam made her parents very happy.
她通過了考試這件事讓她的父母非常高興。
EN： The verb 'make' can be used as a causative or linking-like verb in the pattern 'make + object + object complement (adjective)'. It means to cause the object to be in a certain state.
中文： 動詞「make」可用於「make + 受詞 + 受詞補語（形容詞）」的句型中，表示「使某物/某人處於某種狀態」。
The warm weather makes the flowers bloom.
溫暖的天氣使花朵盛開。
EN： This sentence reflects a core modern multicultural value: embracing diversity. In English-speaking cultures, diversity is often celebrated as a source of strength and beauty rather than a cause for division.
中文： 這句話反映了現代多元文化的核心價值：擁抱多樣性。在英語系國家的文化中，人們經常將「多樣性」視為力量與美麗的泉源，而非分裂的導火線。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 欽佩、欣賞，對人或事物表示讚賞
在本文中： 風俗、習俗，某個社會或地方的傳統習慣
在本文中： 國界、邊界
在本文中： 安慰、慰藉，帶來心靈平靜的事物
在本文中： 不同、相異
在本文中： 長者、長輩
在本文中： 展現、顯露，揭示出內在的價值
在本文中： 使團結、使聯合
在本文中： 使分裂、產生分歧
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
A willingness to listen to, consider, and accept different ideas and opinions.
開放的心胸、無成見的態度
Varying from one location to another; differently in different areas.
因地而異、各地不同
For a very long time.
很久、長年以來