EN： Negative inversion with 'Not only... but also...': When 'not only' begins a clause for rhetorical emphasis, subject-auxiliary inversion is mandatory (auxiliary verb + subject + main verb). The second clause with 'but (also)' follows standard canonical word order.
中文： 否定倒裝句型「Not only... but also...」：當「Not only」置於句首以加強語氣時，該子句必須倒裝（助動詞／be 動詞 ＋ 主詞 ＋ 主要動詞）。而由「but (also)」引導的後半句則維持正常的語序。
Not only did the policy fail to reduce emissions, but it also exacerbated economic disparity.
這項政策不僅未能減少碳排放，反而加劇了經濟差距。
EN： Reduced relative clause using a present participle: 'driving the climate crisis' is a reduced non-finite clause functioning as a post-modifier of 'polluting industries', equivalent to 'which/that are driving the climate crisis'.
中文： 現在分詞引導的簡化關係子句：「driving the climate crisis」為現在分詞片語，作為後位修飾語修飾先行詞「polluting industries」，等同於完整關係子句「which/that are driving the climate crisis」。
Tech firms producing AI hardware are attracting substantial investments.
生產人工智慧硬體的科技公司正吸引著大量投資。
EN： The idiomatic phrasal verb 'cash in on something': Meaning to exploit a situation, crisis, or opportunity specifically for financial gain or unfair advantage, frequently carrying a critical or pejorative tone.
中文： 片語動詞「cash in on sth」的用法：意為「靠……發財」、「利用……撈取油水」，常帶有批判或貶損意味，指趁著某種情勢、危機或契機牟取暴利。
Speculators were accused of cashing in on the medicine shortage during the outbreak.
投機客被指控在疫情爆發期間藉由藥品短缺大發橫財。
EN： Oxfam is a globally recognized confederation of charitable organisations focusing on the alleviation of global poverty. In recent years, Oxfam has prominently linked economic inequality to climate justice, coining concepts like 'climate inequality' to expose how the carbon emissions of billionaires far exceed those of the average global citizen while vulnerable communities bear the costs.
中文： 樂施會（Oxfam）是全球知名的倡議型非政府組織，近年特別聚焦於「氣候正義」（climate justice）與財富不平等的交集。其研究報告經常揭露極少數頂層富豪如何透過高碳排投資獲益，同時又藉由災後重建商機牟取第二重紅利，而承擔氣候衝擊與代價的往往是最貧困的弱勢族群。
EN： The noun phrase 'a market projected to expand...' acts as an appositive to 'disaster recovery', renaming and expanding on the concept. 'Projected' is a past participle used as a post-positive modifier (reduced relative clause equivalent to 'which is projected to expand').
中文： 名詞片語「a market projected to expand...」作為「disaster recovery」（災後復原）的同位語，用來進一步定義與說明該概念。其中「projected」為過去分詞作後置修飾語，相當於省略了關聯詞與 be 動詞的子句（which is projected to expand）。
The firm invested in renewable energy, an industry expected to double its capacity within a decade.
這家公司投資了可再生能源，這是一個預計在十年內產能翻倍的產業。
EN： When a fraction or percentage phrase like 'the richest 0.1 percent' refers to a plural concept (the people/individuals making up that group), it takes a plural verb ('are heavily invested') rather than a singular verb.
中文： 當百分比或分數結構（如「the richest 0.1 percent」）指代的是複數集合體（即構成該比例的人群）時，動詞須配合使用複數形（are heavily invested），而非單數形。
Approximately twenty percent of the students are participating in the exchange program.
大約有百分之二十的學生正在參加這項交換計畫。
EN： The phrase 'from X to Y [timeframe/rate]' combined with 'by [year]' indicates a numerical progression bounded by a specific deadline or future reference point. 'By' signifies 'no later than' or 'at the point of'.
中文： 「expand from X to Y annually by [year]」結構結合了數值區間（從 X 到 Y）、發生頻率（annually 每年）以及明確的截止期限（by + 年份，意指「到……為止」或「在……之前」）。
Global sales are forecasted to rise from 5 million to 12 million units annually by 2030.
預計全球銷量到 2030 年將從每年 500 萬台增長至 1200 萬台。
EN： The term 'disaster recovery' traditionally referred to engineering, reconstruction, and logistics following extreme events. In modern socioeconomic discourse, however, it is increasingly discussed in the context of 'disaster capitalism'—a phenomenon where private investors profit from environmental and humanitarian crises, often raising ethical questions about incentives to slow down genuine climate solutions.
中文： 「災後復原」（disaster recovery）傳統上指極端氣候或天災後的重建、工程與後勤支援。但在當前社會經濟與氣候政策討論中，此概念常與「災難資本主義」（disaster capitalism）相提並論，指私人資本從氣候災難中牟取暴利，這引發了道德爭議——若災後復原利潤過於豐厚，富豪階層可能缺乏推動減碳行動的誘因。
EN： The phrase 'the charity cautioned' is a parenthetical reporting clause inserted medially between the subject ('Such a double dividend') and the modal auxiliary verb ('could give'). In formal journalistic writing, this structure attributes statements to their source smoothly without interrupting the main narrative flow with heavy introductory phrasing.
中文： 「the charity cautioned」（該慈善機構警告）是一個插入式的引述子句（parenthetical reporting clause），夾在主詞「Such a double dividend」與助動詞「could give」之間。在新聞英語中，將引述語句中置可以維持主旨的連貫性與動態感，同時明確標注資訊來源。
The proposed reforms, economists argue, would significantly reduce long-term unemployment.
經濟學家認為，這些擬議的改革措施將顯著降低長期失業率。
EN： The pattern 'give + indirect object (the wealthiest) + direct object (an incentive) + to-infinitive (to delay or disrupt...)' demonstrates the ditransitive use of 'give' combined with an infinitive phrase functioning as an adjective complement modifying 'incentive'. 'The wealthiest' uses 'the + adjective' to function as a plural collective noun denoting a class of people.
中文： 「give + 間接受詞 (the wealthiest) + 直接受詞 (an incentive) + 不定詞片語 (to delay or disrupt...)」展示了雙賓動詞結構，且「incentive」後方接不定詞作為後位修飾語，表示誘因的具體內容。此外，「the wealthiest」為「the + 形容詞」用法，指稱「最富有的一群人（集體名詞）」。
Tax breaks give corporations a strong incentive to invest in renewable energy.
稅收減免給予企業強大的誘因去投資再生能源。
EN： In economics and environmental policy, 'double dividend' traditionally refers to the dual benefit of a green tax (reducing pollution while raising fiscal revenue). Here, Oxfam subverts the term ironically: the ultra-wealthy profit first by causing pollution, and second by investing in lucrative disaster-relief industries necessitated by that very damage.
中文： 在環境經濟學中，「雙重紅利（double dividend）」原指綠色稅收帶來的兩大好處（減少環境污染同時充實國庫）。然而在此語境中，樂施會反諷地借用此詞，指巨富階級先從高污染產業獲利，再從氣候災難重建產業二度獲利，形成扭曲的利益結構。
EN： The conjunction/relative adverb 'whereby' means 'by which' or 'according to which'. It is commonly used in formal, academic, or legal English to introduce a clause describing a process, system, or mechanism established by the preceding noun (here, 'a systemic inequality').
中文： 連接詞／關係副詞「whereby」意為「藉此」、「依據該方式」（相當於 by which 或 according to which）。常見於正式、學術或法律文體中，用來引導子句以詳細說明前述名詞（此處為 a systemic inequality）所建構的機制或運作方式。
The government introduced a scheme whereby young entrepreneurs can access low-interest loans.
政府推出了一項方案，青年創業者可藉此獲得低利率貸款。
EN： The phrase 'those least responsible' utilizes the demonstrative pronoun 'those' acting as the head noun meaning 'the people', modified by the reduced post-positive adjective phrase 'least responsible'. This is a concise, formal structure equivalent to 'those who are least responsible'.
中文： 「those least responsible」結構中，指示代名詞「those」作為核心詞，代指「那些人」，後接省略了「who are」的後置形容詞短語「least responsible」。這是一種正式且簡潔的書面修飾結構。
Resources should be allocated to those most vulnerable to extreme weather events.
資源應分配給那些面對極端氣候事件最脆弱的人群。
EN： The transitive verb 'entrench' literally means to place in a trench, but figuratively denotes establishing an attitude, habit, or inequality so firmly that change is difficult. It frequently collocates with words like 'inequality', 'privilege', or 'power'.
中文： 及物動詞「entrench」字面意義為「掘壕防守」，引申為「牢固確立；使（權力、習俗、不平等）根深蒂固而難以動搖」。常與 inequality、privilege、power 等字詞搭配。
Tax loopholes risk entrenching wealth disparities across generations.
稅收漏洞有可能使跨世代的貧富差距更加根深蒂固。
EN： Organizations like Oxfam and climate justice advocates often prefer the term 'global heating' over 'global warming', and 'climate crisis' over 'climate change'. The shift in vocabulary is intended to convey greater urgency and more accurately reflect the severe human and environmental toll. Additionally, 'climate injustice'—the reality that the poor suffer most while contributing least to carbon emissions—is a central theme in progressive NGO reporting.
中文： 像樂施會（Oxfam）這類國際非政府組織及氣候正義倡議者，常傾向使用「global heating（全球暖化／加熱）」而非傳統的「global warming」，並以「氣候危機」取代「氣候變遷」。這種詞彙轉向旨在傳達更強的急迫性，並直指嚴重的人道災難。「氣候不公義」（即排碳最少、最弱勢的群體往往承受最嚴重的氣候衝擊）是現代進步組織政策報告中的核心議題。
EN： The reporting verb 'accuse' follows the transitive pattern 'accuse somebody of doing something', where the preposition 'of' governs a gerund clause denoting the alleged misdeed.
中文： 動詞「accuse」遵循及物動詞結構「accuse sb of doing sth」（指控／指責某人做了某事），介系詞「of」後接動名詞子句，表示指責的事由。
Regulators accused the pharmaceutical giant of inflating drug prices during the public health crisis.
監管機構指控這家製藥巨頭在公共衛生危機期間抬高藥品價格。
EN： The present participle clause 'insisting that...' acts as an adverbial participle of manner or accompaniment, expressing an action performed simultaneously with the main verb ('accused') by the same subject ('Jean McLean').
中文： 現在分詞子句「insisting that...」作為伴隨狀語（adverbial participle），表示與主要動詞「accused」由同一個主詞「Jean McLean」同時進行的動作。
The executive stepped down immediately, denying all allegations of financial impropriety.
該高層隨即辭職，同時否認了所有關於財務不當行為的指控。
EN： The idiom 'at both ends of...' paired with 'benefit from' describes extracting advantages from opposing or mutually exclusive stages of a situation—here, causing/profiting from emissions and later profiting from disaster recovery.
中文： 片語「at both ends of...」與「benefit from」搭配，描繪從單一事件的兩個極端或對立階段中同時獲取好處（在此指一方面從引發排放的重污染產業獲利，另一方面又從災後重建中大發災難財）。
Defense contractors often profit at both ends of international conflicts by supplying weapons and later rebuilding infrastructure.
國防承包商往往透過供應武器以及隨後重建基礎設施，在國際衝突的兩頭獲利。
EN： 'Chief influencing officer' is an increasingly common C-suite or senior director title in non-governmental organizations (NGOs) like Oxfam. Unlike a commercial marketing director, this role focuses on policy advocacy, lobbying governments, and shaping public discourse on social and climate justice. Furthermore, 'turning chaos into profit' invokes the concept of disaster capitalism (popularized by Naomi Klein), where private interests exploit systemic breakdowns for financial gain.
中文： 「Chief influencing officer」（首席倡導總監）是當代非政府組織（NGO如樂施會）中常見的高階主管職稱。與商業機構中的行銷長不同，該職位聚焦於政策倡導、對政府進行遊說以及引導公眾關注社會與氣候正義。此外，「turning chaos into profit」（將混亂轉化為利潤）呼應了學者娜歐蜜·克萊恩（Naomi Klein）提出的「災難資本主義」（disaster capitalism）概念，批判私人資本趁危機與災難時大發橫財的現象。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 回報、紅利；此處指雙重利益
在本文中： 誘因、動機
在本文中： 擾亂、阻礙
在本文中： 使根深蒂固、牢固確立
在本文中： 體制性的、全體系統的
在本文中： 憑藉、藉以（連接詞/副詞）
在本文中： 搬遷、重新安置
在本文中： 混亂、失序
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
To take advantage of an opportunity or situation, especially in order to make a profit.
從…中獲利；利用…牟利
The process, policies, and procedures related to preparing for and recovering from natural or human-induced disasters.
災後重建／災難復原
Two benefits or advantages gained from a single source or action.
雙重紅利；雙重好處
From two opposite positions, stages, or aspects of a situation.
從兩頭／正反兩端（皆獲利）