EN： The participle clause ', committing...' functions as a non-finite supplementary adjunct modifying the main clause. It indicates an accompanying action or immediate consequence of the primary action (launching the programme), providing elaboration without needing a coordinating conjunction like 'and'.
中文： 分詞子句「, committing...」作為非限定補充修飾語，修飾主要子句。它表示伴隨狀況或主行動（啟動該計畫）所帶來的直接行動與結果，使行文更為緊湊精煉，無需使用連接詞「and」。
The government introduced a comprehensive reform package, allocating billions of dollars to primary healthcare.
政府推出了一套全面的改革方案，撥款數十億美元用於基層醫療衛生。
EN： The past participial phrase 'widely regarded as outdated' acts as a postpositive adjective modifier qualifying the noun phrase 'an electricity grid'. It is an elliptical form of a relative clause ('which is widely regarded as outdated'), commonly used in formal journalism for conciseness.
中文： 過去分詞片語「widely regarded as outdated」作為後位修飾語，修飾先行詞名詞短語「an electricity grid」。它是關係子句「which is widely regarded as outdated」的省略結構，廣泛運用於正式新聞報導以達到精簡與客觀的效果。
The committee reviewed an energy policy widely regarded as ineffective by environmentalists.
委員會審查了一項被環保人士廣泛認為無效的能源政策。
EN： The superlative construction 'one of + superlative adjective + plural countable noun' (one of its most ambitious infrastructure programmes) denotes membership in a select high-ranking group. Note that while the noun following 'of' is plural ('programmes'), the grammatical head remains the singular pronoun 'one'.
中文： 最高級結構「one of + 最高級形容詞 + 複數可數名詞」（one of its most ambitious infrastructure programmes）用以表示屬於特定頂尖範疇中的一員。需注意「of」後面的名詞必須使用複數（programmes），但整體名詞片語的核心詞依然是單數代名詞「one」。
This is one of the most significant diplomatic breakthroughs achieved this century.
這是本世紀取得的最重大的外交突破之一。
EN： In British English, 'programme' is the standard spelling for a planned series of events or projects (in contrast to American 'program', which British English reserves almost exclusively for computer software). Additionally, Britain's electricity grid (the National Grid) was largely laid out in the mid-20th century; modernising it to accommodate decentralised renewables like offshore wind is currently one of the UK's most heated public policy debates.
中文： 在英式英語中，「programme」是用於各類規劃案、活動或政府計畫的標準拼法（美式英語通常一律作「program」，英式則僅在電腦軟體程式時使用 program）。此外，英國的國家電網（National Grid）大體建於 20 世紀中葉；為了容納離岸風電等分散式再生能源而推動的電網現代化，目前是英國公共政策中最關鍵且廣受爭論的重大議題之一。
EN： Multiplicative comparative structure: 'X times more [noun] than [clause]'. In advanced comparative clauses, 'than' can function pseudo-relatively or take an elliptical/passive clause directly (e.g., 'than was built' instead of 'than what was built' or 'than that which was built'). Here, 'was built' acts without an overt subject pronoun, an elegant stylistic feature common in formal English.
中文： 倍數比較句型「X times more [名詞] than [子句]」。在進階英文中，than 引導的比較子句常省略虛擬主詞或關係代名詞，形成「than was built」結構（相當於 than what was built），使語句在正式文體中更顯洗鍊、精準。
The company generated three times more revenue this quarter than was initially projected.
該公司本季創造的營收是最初預期的三倍以上。
EN： Non-defining relative clause ('which involves...') embedded between the main subject and the main predicate. The clause provides non-essential parenthetical elaboration, requiring paired commas separating the grammatical subject ('The undertaking') from its matrix finite verb ('encompasses').
中文： 非限定關係子句（which involves...）嵌於主要主詞與主要動詞之間。此子句提供補充說明，在書寫與朗讀時前後必須以逗號隔開主詞（The undertaking）與核心述語動詞（encompasses）。
The proposal, which requires unanimous approval from the board, seeks to reform corporate governance.
該提案旨在改革公司治理，需要獲得董事會的一致批准。
EN： Post-modifying reduced relative clause using a past participle: 'designed to integrate...'. This participial phrase modifies the compound direct objects ('power lines, subsea cables, and converter stations'), functioning as an economy of 'which are designed to integrate...'.
中文： 過去分詞片語作後位修飾（designed to integrate...）。此分詞結構修飾前面的複合受詞（power lines, subsea cables, and converter stations），為省略關係代名詞與 be 動詞（which are designed to...）的精簡結構，常見於書面技術新聞。
The facility features automated sorting systems designed to minimise logistical errors.
該設施配備旨在盡可能減少物流錯誤的自動化分揀系統。
EN： The transition from centralized fossil fuel generation to remote renewable energy (such as offshore wind in the North Sea) requires a fundamental redesign of Britain's power grid. In British public discourse, terms like 'transmission capacity', 'subsea cables', and 'pylons' frequently trigger debates over national energy security versus rural preservation ('Not In My Back Yard' or NIMBY sentiments).
中文： 從傳統集中的化石燃料發電轉向偏遠的再生能源（例如北海離岸風電），需要對英國國家電網進行根本性的改造。在英國公共輿論中，「transmission capacity（輸電容量）」、「subsea cables（海底電纜）」以及高壓電塔（pylons）等名詞，常引發國家能源安全與鄉村地景保護（鄰避效應，NIMBY）之間的激烈爭論。
EN： The phrasal verb 'stem from' means to be caused by or originate from something. It is commonly used in formal and academic registers to describe root causes of trends, conflicts, or systemic shifts.
中文： 動詞片語「stem from」意為「源自於」或「由……所引起」。常用於正式書面語或學術語境中，用以解釋趨勢、衝突或體制轉變的根本原因。
Much of the current inflation stems from disruptions in global supply chains.
當前的大部分通貨膨脹源於全球供應鏈的中斷。
EN： The adverb 'notably' introduces an appositive phrase or exemplification, singling out the most prominent examples of a broader category ('successive geopolitical crises').
中文： 副詞「notably」意為「尤其是、特別是」，常引導同位語或舉例說明，用來從更廣泛的範疇（此處為「接連的地緣政治危機」）中點出最顯著、最關鍵的具體實例。
Several European countries, notably Germany and France, opposed the proposal.
幾個歐洲國家，特別是德國和法國，反對該項提議。
EN： The past participle phrase 'linked to Iran' functions as a post-modifying adjective phrase modifying 'escalating tensions', equivalent to the reduced relative clause 'which are linked to Iran'.
中文： 過去分詞片語「linked to Iran」作後置修飾語，修飾著名詞詞組「escalating tensions」（升級的緊張局勢），相當於簡化自關係子句「which are linked to Iran」。
Health issues linked to prolonged screen time are increasingly common among teenagers.
與長時間使用螢幕相關的健康問題在青少年中日益普遍。
EN： European energy policy fundamentally changed after 2022. Britain historically depended heavily on wholesale natural gas markets to generate electricity. Russia's invasion of Ukraine drastically curtailed gas supplies to Europe, causing record wholesale price spikes. Combined with shipping and security concerns involving Iran in the Middle East, energy transition shifted in British discourse from merely an ecological priority to a vital matter of national security and economic sovereignty.
中文： 歐洲能源政策在2022年後發生了根本性轉變。英國歷來高度依賴批發天然氣市場來發電。俄羅斯入侵烏克蘭導致歐洲天然氣供應急遽受挫，引發電價創紀錄飆升；再加上中東地區涉及伊朗的航運與安全隱患，使得「能源轉型」在英國的論述中，已從單純的環保生態議題升級為攸關國家安全與經濟主權的核心戰略。
EN： The idiom 'lay bare something' (or 'lay something bare') means to reveal, expose, or make something clearly visible that was previously hidden or overlooked. It often takes abstract nouns like 'vulnerability', 'inequality', or 'flaws' as direct objects.
中文： 成語「lay bare something」（或「lay something bare」）意為「揭露、暴露、使…顯露無遺」，通常指揭示先前被掩蓋或忽視的事物。常與「vulnerability（脆弱性）」、「inequality（不平等）」或「flaws（缺陷）」等抽象名詞連用。
The investigation laid bare systemic corruption within the department.
該項調查揭露了該部門內部的系統性腐敗。
EN： The transitive verb 'galvanise' (UK spelling) / 'galvanize' (US spelling) frequently appears in the causative structure 'galvanise someone into doing something', meaning to shock, provoke, or stimulate someone into taking urgent action.
中文： 及物動詞「galvanise」（英式拼法，美式為 galvanize）常採用使役結構「galvanise someone into doing something」，意為「激勵、促使或震動某人採取緊急行動」，介詞 into 後須接動名詞（V-ing）或名詞。
The sudden crisis galvanised the team into finding a rapid solution.
突如其來的危機促使團隊迅速尋找解決方案。
EN： The sentence employs a compound predicate governed by the present perfect auxiliary 'have': 'have [laid bare ...] and [galvanised ...]'. Both main verbs ('laid' and 'galvanised') share the subject 'These upheavals' and the auxiliary 'have', creating parallel balance across two major clauses.
中文： 本句採用由現在完成式助動詞「have」引導的複合謂語架構：「have [laid bare ...] and [galvanised ...]」。兩個主要動詞（laid 與 galvanised）共用主詞「These upheavals」與助動詞「have」，形成結構對稱並平衡的平行結構。
Recent reforms have lowered operating costs and enhanced overall productivity.
近期的改革降低了營運成本並提高了整體生產力。
EN： In British policy and economic journalism, the phrase 'energy trilemma' (security, affordability, and sustainability) frequently underpins discussions like this. The text reflects how post-2022 geopolitical shocks (such as the war in Ukraine) reshaped British domestic policy from pure decarbonisation targets to treating renewables as matters of urgent national and economic security.
中文： 在英國的政策與財經新聞中，這類討論往往圍繞「能源三難困境」（安全、可負擔性與永續性）展開。自 2022 年俄烏戰爭爆發以來，英國政策思維發生顯著轉變：推廣低碳可再生能源已不僅是氣候倡議，更被視為擺脫國際天然氣價格勒索、確保國家經濟安全的戰略急務。
EN： Inverted conditional with 'were to': In formal or written English, hypothetical conditional clauses can omit 'if' and invert the subject and auxiliary verb ('Were + subject + to-infinitive'). This is equivalent to 'If the country were to remain...'. It expresses a hypothetical or unlikely condition in the present or future.
中文： 「Were to」倒裝假設句：在正式或書面英語中，虛擬假設條件句可省略連接詞「if」，並將助動詞「Were」提前至主詞前（「Were + 主詞 + 不定詞 to-V」），等同於「If the country were to remain...」。此句型用以表達對現狀或未來的假設性設想，語氣較為正式、委婉。
Were the government to cut subsidies, renewable energy investments would decline sharply.
若政府削減補助，再生能源投資將會急劇下降。
EN： Reporting verb inversion/placement in news reporting: The reporting clause ('analysts have cautioned') is placed at the end of the sentence as an attribution tag. This focuses immediate attention on the warning itself rather than the speakers, which is standard practice in journalistic English.
中文： 新聞引述句的尾置結構：將引述子句（「analysts have cautioned」）置於句末作為出處標籤。這種安排能將讀者的第一注意力引導至核心警告內容本身，而非說話者，為新聞英語中極為普遍的行文手法。
Higher interest rates could trigger a recession, economists have warned.
經濟學家警告，調升利率可能會引發經濟衰退。
EN： In the UK electricity market, the wholesale price is often determined by the marginal cost of the last generating unit called upon to meet demand—which is frequently a gas-fired power station. This 'marginal pricing' system means high international natural gas prices directly inflate electricity bills across the entire country, making gas dependence a prominent topic in British politics and media.
中文： 在英國的電力市場中，批發電價通常由滿足電力需求所需的最後一個發電機組（邊際發電機組）的邊際成本決定，而該機組往往是天然氣發電廠。這種「邊際定價制」（marginal pricing）導致國際天然氣價格的大幅波動會直接反映在英國全國家戶的電費帳單上，使「擺脫對天然氣發電的依賴」成為英國政經與能源政策的核心議題。
EN： The present participle phrase 'outpacing those of comparable European nations' acts as an adverbial participle of result or accompanying circumstance, modifying the main clause. 'Those' functions as an anaphoric demonstrative pronoun standing in for the plural noun phrase 'electricity costs' to avoid repetition.
中文： 現在分詞片語「outpacing those of comparable European nations」作結果或伴隨狀況的狀語，修飾主要子句。代名詞「those」是指示代名詞，用來代替前文出現的複數名詞片語「electricity costs」，以避免重複。
Housing prices in the capital have escalated rapidly, outpacing those in neighboring regional cities.
首都的房價迅速攀升，漲幅超過了鄰近的區域城市。
EN： The causal connector 'primarily because' introduces a subordinate adverbial clause of reason, with 'primarily' functioning as a focusing adverb qualifying the degree of causality. In energy economics, 'sets the wholesale price' describes marginal-cost pricing, where the final generator needed to meet demand determines the market clearing rate.
中文： 「primarily because」引導表示原因的副詞子句，其中「primarily」（主要地）為焦點副詞，限定因果關係的關鍵性。片語「sets the wholesale price」（決定批發價格）在能源市場中描述邊際定價機制，即滿足需求的最後一個發電單位決定了整體市場的結清價格。
Tech stocks plummeted yesterday, primarily because central bank officials signaled higher interest rates for longer.
科技股昨日暴跌，主要是因為央行官員釋放出利率將維持在較高水平更長時間的信號。
EN： In the UK and European electricity markets, wholesale power prices are determined by 'marginal pricing' (or pay-as-clear). Under this system, the most expensive generator needed to meet demand—very often natural gas plants—sets the price paid to all active suppliers, including low-cost wind and solar. This structural reality explains why UK electricity bills remained exceptionally high even as renewable capacity surged.
中文： 在英國與歐洲電力市場中，批發電價採用「邊際成本定價法」（marginal pricing）。在此機制下，滿足用電需求所需的最後一座發電廠（通常是燃料成本昂貴的天然氣電廠）會決定所有發電來源（包括低成本的風能與太陽能）的統一結清價格。這項制度性特點解釋了為何儘管英國再生能源發電量大增，一般家庭與企業的電費支出依然居高不下。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'route to + gerund/noun' uses 'to' as a preposition (not an infinitive marker), which requires a gerund ('achieving') or a noun phrase following it. Confusing this with the 'to-infinitive' is a common advanced-level error.
中文： 片語「route to + 動名詞／名詞」中的「to」是介系詞，而非不定詞符號，因此後方必須接動名詞（如 achieving）或名詞片語。高階學習者常誤將其視為不定詞而誤接原形動詞。
Continuous innovation is the surest route to maintaining a competitive edge.
持續創新是維持競爭優勢最可靠的途徑。
EN： The correlative conjunction 'both... and...' links two grammatically parallel structures. Here, it coordinates two noun phrases: 'climate targets' and 'long-term energy security', ensuring syntactic balance and rhetorical impact.
中文： 對等連接詞「both... and...」（兩者皆…）連接兩個語法結構對等的成分。在此句中，它並列了兩個名詞片語「climate targets」與「long-term energy security」，兼顧句法平衡與修辭力道。
The policy addresses both economic inequality and regional disparities.
該政策同時著手解決經濟不平等與區域差距問題。
EN： The reporting verb 'argue' takes an overt declarative content clause introduced by 'that'. In formal and journalistic registers, the present perfect ('have argued') indicates an ongoing, active stance in current discourse rather than a singular isolated event.
中文： 轉述動詞「argue」後接由「that」引導的名詞子句作為受詞。在正式新聞文體中，使用現在完成式「have argued」強調該觀點在當前的公共論辯中持續發酵，而非單一孤立的過去事件。
Critics have argued that the proposed tax reform disproportionately benefits the wealthy.
批評者主張，擬議的稅改對富裕階層過於有利。
EN： The term 'homegrown'—originally referring to locally cultivated agricultural produce—has become a pervasive rhetorical buzzword in British energy policy discourse. Framing wind and solar power as 'homegrown renewables' carries strong patriotic and economic connotations of self-sufficiency, deliberately contrasting national green infrastructure with vulnerability to imported, foreign fossil fuels.
中文： 「homegrown」（本土培育的、國產的）原本指在地栽種的農產品，現已成為英國能源政策辯論中極具說服力的修辭詞彙。將風能與太陽能包裝為「本土再生能源」（homegrown renewables），刻意賦予其自給自足的愛國與經濟意涵，藉此與容易受制於人、依賴進口的外國化石燃料形成鮮明對比。
EN： The adverb 'thereby' followed by a present participle phrase (e.g., 'thereby increasing... and raising...') is a high-register syntactic structure used to denote a direct consequence or result of the preceding action ('compel the nation to depend more heavily on fossil fuels').
中文： 副詞「thereby」（藉此、從而）後接現在分詞片語（如「thereby increasing... and raising...」）是正式書面語（特別是學術與新聞論述）中極常見的高階句型，用以簡練地交代前述子句動作所帶來的直接後果。
The government streamlined the visa application process, thereby attracting more international talent.
政府簡化了簽證申請流程，從而吸引了更多國際人才。
EN： The structure 'compel + object + to-infinitive' ('compel the nation to depend...') means to force or strongly drive someone/something to take a particular course of action, typical of formal reporting on systemic pressures.
中文： 「compel + 受詞 + 不定詞（to V）」句構表示「迫使、驅使某人事物採取某種行動」，常用於正式新聞與政策論述中，表達客觀環境或系統性限制對主體造成的強制性影響。
Severe droughts compelled local farmers to adopt water-efficient irrigation techniques.
嚴重的乾旱迫使當地農民採用節水灌溉技術。
EN： The noun phrase 'a specialist in electronic and electrical engineering' functions as an appositive, set off by commas, directly modifying and providing credentials for the subject 'Professor Keith Bell' without needing a relative clause ('who is...').
中文： 名詞片語「a specialist in electronic and electrical engineering」在此作為同位語，置於兩逗號之間，直接修飾並補充說明主詞「凱斯·貝爾教授」的專業背景與權威資格，使句子比使用關係代名詞（who is...）更加緊湊精練。
Dr. Sarah Jenkins, an expert on renewable energy policy, addressed the parliamentary committee.
可再生能源政策專家莎拉·詹金斯博士向議會委員會發表了演說。
EN： In British public policy discourse and quality journalism (such as the BBC or The Guardian), quoting university professors with full titles and departmental specialisms (e.g., 'Professor Keith Bell, a specialist in electronic and electrical engineering') lends independent academic authority to contentious infrastructure debates, distinguishing technical realities from political partisan claims.
中文： 在英國公共政策討論與主流嚴肅媒體（如 BBC 或《衛報》）中，引用大學教授時習慣列出完整頭銜與細分專業領域（如「凱斯·貝爾教授，電子與電機工程專家」），藉此為高爭議性的重大基礎建設計畫提供獨立客觀的學術權威支持，以區隔純粹的政黨政治口水戰。
EN： The phrase 'not without' is an example of litotes (a deliberate double negative used for understatement or nuance). Rather than directly stating that the project 'has detractors', 'is not without' softens the assertion while emphasizing that critics definitely exist and cannot be ignored.
中文： 「not without」屬於雙重否定（litotes，低調陳述修辭法）。相較於直接說該項目「has detractors（有反對者）」，使用「is not without」語氣更為委婉且具客觀論述色彩，委婉強調批評者確實存在且不容忽視。
His unconventional approach was not without merit, though it met with early skepticism.
他的非常規方法並非毫無可取之處，儘管起初遭到懷疑。
EN： The conjunctive adverb 'nevertheless' is used at the beginning of a clause to introduce a contrast or concession, functioning similarly to 'nonetheless' or 'however', but with a more formal and authoritative register typically found in academic and journalistic prose.
中文： 連接副詞「nevertheless」置於句首時用以引出轉折或讓步，語意類似「nonetheless」或「however」，但在學術與正式新聞報導中具備更高的正式度與論述權威感，後方通常以逗號隔開。
The experimental drug showed high toxicity in early trials; nevertheless, researchers decided to proceed with modified dosages.
這種實驗性藥物在早期試驗中表現出高度毒性；儘管如此，研究人員仍決定採用調整後的劑量繼續進行。
EN： In British political and media discourse, mega-infrastructure projects (such as High Speed 2 railway or major National Grid pylons) frequently face grassroots opposition from rural preservation groups like the CPRE (Campaign to Protect Rural England) and local residents concerned with 'NIMBYism' (Not In My Back Yard) and landscape preservation. The phrase 'not without its detractors' is a classic British journalistic understatement used to introduce substantial and vocal public pushback.
中文： 在英國政治與媒體論述中，大型基礎建設計畫（例如 HS2 高速鐵路或國家電網高壓電塔）往往面臨來自鄉村保護團體（如保護英格蘭鄉村運動 CPRE）及在地居民強烈反對，這常涉及「鄰避效應（NIMBYism）」與鄉村景觀保護爭議。「not without its detractors」是典型英式新聞報導的委婉修辭（understatement），用以客觀但明確地引出民間即將到來的巨大反對聲浪。
EN： The passive construction 'be projected to + base verb' is frequently used in formal reporting and economic forecasts to express an anticipated outcome based on statistical models or expert estimations. It distances the writer from making a direct personal assertion.
中文： 被動句型「be projected to + 原形動詞」常見於正式報導與經濟預測中，表示根據數據模型或專家推估預期會發生的結果。此句型能保持客觀語氣，避免陳述過於武斷。
Global demand for renewable energy is projected to double over the next decade.
預計全球對可再生能源的需求在未來十年內將翻倍。
EN： The conjunction 'as' introduces an adverbial clause of cause/reason, synonymous with 'because' or 'since'. In formal registers, 'as' smoothly links a macroeconomic consequence to its underlying economic mechanism without excessive emphasis.
中文： 從屬連詞「as」在此引導表原因的副詞子句，相當於「because」或「since」。在正式語域中，「as」常自然地串聯宏觀結果與其背後的經濟成因，語氣比「because」更為平緩客觀。
Airfares have surged as escalating aviation fuel costs are passed on to passengers.
隨著攀升的航空燃油成本轉嫁給乘客，機票價格大幅上漲。
EN： The phrasal verb 'pass on (to)' means to transfer an additional cost, tax, or burden to another party, particularly consumers. Here, it is cast in the passive voice ('are passed on to households') to emphasize the recipients bearing the final impact rather than the utilities passing the cost.
中文： 片語動詞「pass on (to)」意指將增加的成本、稅賦或負擔「轉嫁」給另一方（通常是消費者）。此處採用被動語態（are passed on to households），著重於承受最終經濟衝擊的受體，而非轉嫁成本的電力機構。
Retailers warned that higher import tariffs would inevitably be passed on to customers.
零售商警告，更高的進口關稅將不可避免地轉嫁給顧客。
EN： In British English, the word 'pylon' specifically refers to the tall metal lattice towers that carry high-voltage overhead electricity transmission lines across the landscape. In American English, these are typically referred to as 'transmission towers' or 'utility poles'. The term 'pylon' frequently appears in UK energy debates, especially surrounding visual pollution in protected countryside areas.
中文： 在英式英語中，「pylon」特指跨越田野鄉間、用以架設高壓輸電線路的鋼架「高壓電塔」（美式英語通常稱之為 'transmission tower' 或 'utility pole'）。在英國公共與能源政策討論中，'pylon' 經常引發激辯，涉及鄉村景觀保護與綠能基建之間的利益折衝。
EN： The participle clause 'raising concerns...' functions as an adverbial clause of accompanying circumstance (or result). Introduced by the present participle (-ing), it shares its subject ('Opposition groups') with the main clause and describes an action happening simultaneously with or resulting from the main action ('have begun mobilising').
中文： 分詞子句「raising concerns...」在此作為伴隨狀況（或結果）的狀語子句。以現在分詞（-ing）引導，其邏輯主詞與主句主詞（Opposition groups）一致，表示與主要動詞「have begun mobilising」同時發生或接續產生的動作，使句型更加緊湊凝練。
Local residents protested outside the council, demanding an immediate review of the zoning laws.
當地居民在市議會外抗議，要求立即重新審查土地分區法規。
EN： The collocation 'impact of [X] on [Y]' is standard formal English for specifying a cause and its recipient/target. 'Impact' is followed by 'of' to denote the source of influence, and 'on' (or occasionally 'upon') to indicate the entity being affected.
中文： 名詞搭配「impact of [X] on [Y]」是正式英文中表達「X 對 Y 的影響／衝擊」的標準句構。介系詞「of」引導影響的來源，而「on」（或正式文體的「upon」）引導受影響的對象或領域。
Scientists are evaluating the long-term impact of artificial intelligence on the labour market.
科學家正在評估人工智慧對勞動力市場的長期影響。
EN： In Britain, proposals to build high-voltage overhead electricity pylons across rural areas frequently spark intense 'NIMBY' (Not In My Back Yard) disputes. British rural culture places an exceptionally high value on unspoiled countryside and heritage landscapes (often protected as Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty or National Parks). Local campaign groups frequently lobby for cables to be buried underground or laid undersea, despite the significantly higher engineering costs involved.
中文： 在英國，於鄉間興建高壓架空電塔（pylons）往往會引發強烈的「鄰避效應」（NIMBY，即 Not In My Back Yard）。英國鄉村文化高度重視不受破壞的田園與歷史自然景觀（多被列為傑出自然美景區或國家公園保護）。因此，地方反對團體常發起倡議，極力要求將電纜地下化或改走海底，即便這會大幅增加建設預算與工程難度。
EN： A nominal interrogative clause introduced by 'Whether' acts as the subject of the main clause ('Whether policymakers can reconcile... remains an open question'). Because the subject is a singular noun clause, the main verb takes the third-person singular inflection ('remains').
中文： 由「Whether」引導的名詞子句（Whether policymakers can reconcile...）在句中充當主詞。名詞子句作主詞時，概念上視為單數，因此主要動詞採用第三人稱單數現在式形式（remains）。
Whether the board will approve the proposed budget remains uncertain.
董事會是否會批准擬議的預算仍不確定。
EN： The pronoun 'one' functions as an appositive noun phrase renaming 'an open question'. It is immediately followed by a restrictive relative clause ('that could determine...') specifying the profound consequences of this question.
中文： 代名詞「one」在此作為同位語，用以指代並補充說明前方的「an open question」（一個懸而未決的問題），其後緊接限定關係子句（that could determine...）進一步闡述該問題深遠的影響力。
We are facing a systemic crisis, one that threatens the stability of the entire region.
我們正處於一場體制性危機之中，這場危機威脅著整個地區的穩定。
EN： The time expression 'for decades to come' uses the infinitive 'to come' to function adjectivally, modifying 'decades' to denote a continuous period stretching into the foreseeable future.
中文： 時間片語「for decades to come」中的不定詞「to come」作形容詞修飾名詞「decades」，用以表示「在未來的數十年間」，強調該狀態或影響將長遠延續至未來。
This landmark legislation will reshape environmental policy for years to come.
這項里程碑式的立法將在未來數年重塑環境政策。
EN： In the UK, the transition to renewable energy faces strong rural pushback, particularly over the installation of overhead pylons and high-voltage transmission lines across picturesque countryside and National Parks. This tension between nationwide net-zero targets and local preservationism (often labelled NIMBYism—Not In My Back Yard) is a defining theme in contemporary British infrastructure politics.
中文： 在英國，邁向可再生能源的轉型面臨來自鄉村地區的強烈反對，特別是跨越風景優美的田園鄉村和國家公園興建高壓輸電鐵塔（pylons）與輸電線路。這種在全體國家淨零排放目標與在地景觀保護主義（常被稱為「鄰避效應」NIMBYism）之間的矛盾，是當前英國基礎設施政策最顯著的政治議題。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： （重大或艱鉅的）任務、事業或工程
在本文中： 推動力、刺激或動機
在本文中： 動盪、劇變
在本文中： 激勵、促使（某人採取行動）
在本文中： 超過、跑得比…快
在本文中： 支持者、擁護者
在本文中： 強迫、迫使
在本文中： 反對者、批評者、貶低者
在本文中： 調和、使和諧一致
在本文中： 發展軌跡、走向
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
To reveal or uncover the true nature of something, often exposing weaknesses or secrets.
揭露、暴露（隱患或真相）
To transfer a cost, burden, or responsibility to someone else.
轉嫁給、轉移至
The maximum amount of electrical power that can be transferred across an electric grid at a given time.
輸電容量、輸電能力
A matter or issue that is not yet decided or answered.
懸而未決的問題、未知數