EN： Reduced relative clause using a past participle ('published in...'). The phrase 'published in the journal Science' is a reduced relative clause modifying the noun phrase 'A landmark study'. It is shortened from 'which was published in the journal Science'.
中文： 使用過去分詞的分詞後置修飾（省略關係代名詞與被動動詞）。「published in the journal Science」是由「which was published in the journal Science」簡化而來的分詞片語，用來修飾前方的名詞「A landmark study」。
The report written by the committee highlights several key issues.
由委員會撰寫的報告指出了一些關鍵問題。
EN： Present perfect tense ('has established') combined with a nominal 'that'-clause object. The present perfect indicates a past action with strong relevance to the present, while 'that' introduces a noun clause functioning as the direct object of 'established'.
中文： 現在完成式（has established）搭配名詞子句（that-clause）作為受詞。現在完成式強調過去的研究發現對目前仍具重大影響與真實性，that 引導的子句則完整說明「證實」的內容。
Recent evidence has demonstrated that exercise improves cognitive function.
最近的證據已經證明運動能改善認知功能。
EN： Present continuous aspect ('is dramatically intensifying') in complex noun chains. 'Is intensifying' describes an ongoing, developing trend, modified by the adverb 'dramatically'. The object consists of a multi-word compound modifier ('El Niño weather patterns').
中文： 現在進行式（is dramatically intensifying）用於描述持續發展中的趨勢。副詞「dramatically」（劇烈地）修飾進行式動詞，後接複合名詞受詞「El Niño weather patterns」。
Rising temperatures are severely affecting marine ecosystems.
上升的氣溫正嚴重影響海洋生態系統。
EN： 'Science' is one of the world's top academic journals, published by the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). Citing research from Science carries immense weight and authoritative status in global journalism and academic discourse.
中文： 《科學》（Science）是全球最頂尖的學術期刊之一，由美國科學促進會（AAAS）出版。新聞報導中若引述發表於《科學》期刊的研究，代表該研究成果具有極高的新聞權威性與學術公信力。
EN： A reduced relative clause (or participial phrase) can modify a noun phrase without a relative pronoun and auxiliary verb. Here, 'led by...' reduces 'which was led by...' to provide non-essential background information enclosed by commas.
中文： 過去分詞片語可作後位修飾，省略「關代 + be 動詞」（原為 which was led by...），作為非限定修飾，在句中通常以逗號隔開，補充說明主詞背景。
The report, published by the research team last week, highlights the urgency of climate action.
這份由研究團隊於上週發表的報告，強調了氣候行動的緊迫性。
EN： The transitive verb 'reveal' introduces a direct object noun phrase ('a troubling feedback loop...'). Nouns can be modified by both a present participle used as an adjective ('troubling') and a prepositional phrase specifying the components involved ('between A and B').
中文： 及物動詞 'reveal' 後接名詞片語作為受詞（'a troubling feedback loop...'）。其中現在分詞 'troubling' 作形容詞修飾名詞 'feedback loop'，再接介系詞片語 'between A and B' 詳細說明其雙向關係。
The investigation revealed a subtle connection between high stress levels and sleep disturbances.
調查揭示了高壓力程度與睡眠障礙之間存在著微妙的關聯。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'Rather than' is used to contrast two actions or concepts, meaning 'instead of'. When followed by a verb, it typically takes a gerund (-ing form), especially at the beginning of a sentence, to highlight an action being rejected in favor of the main clause.
中文： 介系詞短語「Rather than」用於對比兩種動作或概念，意思是「而不是/與其……不如……」。當後面接動詞時，通常使用動名詞（-ing 形式），特別是在句首時，用以強調被排除的動作，從而突顯主句的內容。
Rather than relying on outdated assumptions, the team conducted a thorough market analysis.
該團隊進行了徹底的市場分析，而不是依賴過時的假設。
EN： Emphatic pronouns (myself, yourself, themselves, etc.) are used immediately after a noun or noun phrase to add intensity or emphasize that specific subject or object, distinguishing it from others.
中文： 強調代名詞（myself、yourself、themselves 等）緊接在名詞或名詞短語之後使用，用以加強語氣或特別強調該特定主詞或受詞，將其與其他事物區分開來。
The instructions themselves were clear, but the complex software made the process confusing.
說明本身很清晰，但複雜的軟體使整個過程變得令人困惑。
EN： A present participle ('-ing' clause) can function as a participle clause to express a result or consequence of the action in the main clause.
中文： 現在分詞（-ing 子句）可用作分詞構句，用來表示主句動作所產生的結果或後續影響。
Heavy rain poured down for hours, flooding several major thoroughfares in the city.
暴雨連綿數小時，導致市區多條主要幹道積水成災。
EN： The expression 'every + [cardinal number] + [plural noun]' is used to denote the frequency or interval at which an event occurs.
中文： 「every + [基數] + [複數名詞]」的句型用來表示某件事發生的時間間隔或頻率。
The committee convenes every three to four months to evaluate policy outcomes.
委員會每三至四個月開會一次，以評估政策成效。
EN： In this context, 'warm' is used as an intransitive verb meaning 'to become warm/warmer', accompanied by an adverb ('considerably') to indicate degree.
中文： 在此處，動詞「warm」用作不及物動詞，意為「變暖」，並搭配副詞（considerably）來修飾變暖的程度。
As ocean temperatures warm gradually, marine ecosystems face severe disruption.
隨著海洋溫度逐漸變暖，海洋生態系統面臨嚴重的破壞。
EN： The term 'El Niño' originates from Spanish, meaning 'The Boy' or 'The Christ Child'. South American fishermen originally coined the term in the 19th century to describe the warm ocean current that periodically appears off the coast of Peru and Ecuador around Christmas time.
中文： 「聖嬰現象」（El Niño）一詞源自西班牙語，意為「幼童」或「聖嬰」。南美洲漁民最早於19世紀使用該詞，用以形容每年聖誕節前後，秘魯與厄瓜多沿岸定期出現的暖洋流現象。
EN： The passive voice construction 'is projected to peak' uses the present simple passive with an infinitive. This structure emphasizes the prediction or expectation rather than the agent performing the action. It's common in scientific and formal discourse to present findings objectively.
中文： 被動語態結構「is projected to peak」使用現在簡單式被動語態加不定詞。這種結構強調預測或期望，而非執行動作的主體。在科學和正式語境中，這種用法常見於客觀呈現研究發現。
The new vaccine is projected to be available by next spring.
新疫苗預計將在明年春天上市。
EN： The phrase 'could prove the strongest' uses the modal verb 'could' with the infinitive 'prove' to express possibility or potential outcome. This construction conveys uncertainty while maintaining formal register. The verb 'prove' here means 'to turn out to be' rather than 'to demonstrate evidence.'
中文： 短語「could prove the strongest」使用情態動詞「could」加不定詞「prove」來表達可能性或潛在結果。這種結構在保持正式語氣的同時傳達不確定性。此處「prove」意為「結果是」而非「證明」。
This discovery could prove revolutionary for medical science.
這項發現可能會對醫學科學產生革命性影響。
EN： The appositive phrase 'informally dubbed the "Godzilla" El Niño' provides additional information about 'the current event' without using a relative clause. This structure is characteristic of journalistic and academic writing, allowing for concise yet descriptive modification. The past participle 'dubbed' functions as part of the appositive construction.
中文： 同位語短語「informally dubbed the "Godzilla" El Niño」為「the current event」提供額外資訊，無需使用關係子句。這種結構是新聞和學術寫作的特徵，允許簡潔而描述性的修飾。過去分詞「dubbed」是同位語結構的一部分。
The proposal, hastily drafted by the committee, faced immediate criticism.
該提案由委員會倉促起草，立即遭到批評。
EN： The informal nickname 'Godzilla' El Niño reflects how scientific phenomena are communicated to the general public. The term 'living memory' is a culturally significant phrase in English-speaking contexts, referring to events within the recollection of people currently alive. This phrasing emphasizes the unprecedented nature of the event and carries emotional weight regarding climate urgency.
中文： 非正式暱稱「哥吉拉」聖嬰現象反映了科學現象如何向大眾傳播。「有記憶以來」是英語文化中具有重要意義的短語，指的是現存人類記憶中的事件。這種措辭強調了事件的前所未有性，並對氣候緊迫性傳達了情感重量。在中文學術語境中，類似的表達方式會使用「有史以來」或「記憶所及」來傳達相同的含義和重要性。
EN： Inverted Conditional Clause (Were it not for...): A formal, literary structure equivalent to 'If it were not for...' or 'If it had not been for...'. It uses inversion (placing the auxiliary verb 'were' before the subject 'it') to express a hypothetical counterfactual condition in the present or general state without using the conjunction 'if'.
中文： 倒裝條件句（Were it not for...）：這是一種正式且書面化的句型，等同於「If it were not for...」（若非/如果沒有...）。透過將助動詞「were」移至主詞「it」之前來省略「if」，用以表示與當前或事實相反的假設情況。
Were it not for her swift intervention, the company would have suffered severe losses.
若非她迅速介入，公司將會遭受嚴重損失。
EN： Participial Adjective / Modifier Usage ('compounding'): The present participle 'compounding' acts as an adjective modifying 'influence', describing something that intensifies, accumulates, or adds to an existing situation over time.
中文： 分詞形容詞修飾語（compounding）：現在分詞「compounding」在此作為形容詞修飾「influence」，用來描述某事物隨著時間推移而加劇、累積或使現有狀況惡化的特性（具「加乘的、複合的」之意）。
The country is facing compounding economic challenges due to inflation and trade restrictions.
由於通貨膨脹和貿易限制，該國正面臨著日益加劇的複合式經濟挑戰。
EN： Second Conditional in Main Clause ('would occur far less frequently'): Combines a modal verb ('would') with the base form of the verb ('occur') and an adverbial degree modifier ('far less frequently') to describe a hypothetical, hypothetical-counterfactual result.
中文： 主要子句中的第二條件句結構（would occur far less frequently）：使用情態助動詞「would」搭配動詞原形「occur」，並結合程度副詞修飾語「far less frequently」（頻率低得多），用以描述假設條件下會產生的非事實結果。
Without strict regulation, such hazardous accidents would occur far more frequently.
如果沒有嚴格的法規，此類危險事故發生的頻率將會高得多。
EN： The reporting verb 'emphasize' takes a 'that'-clause functioning as a direct object (noun clause) to express the core assertion or findings being reported in formal academic or media contexts.
中文： 報導動詞「emphasize」（強調）後面可接「that」引導的名詞子句作為直接受詞，用於在正式學術或新聞報導中表達所強調的核心觀點或研究發現。
The report emphasized that immediate climate action is required to prevent further loss of biodiversity.
該報告強調，必須立即採取氣候行動，以防止生物多樣性進一步流失。
EN： The past participle phrase 'previously underappreciated by the scientific community' acts as a reduced relative clause (shortened from 'which was previously underappreciated...'), modifying the noun phrase 'a reciprocal relationship'.
中文： 過去分詞片語「previously underappreciated by the scientific community」作為簡化關係子句（由「which was previously underappreciated...」省略而來），用來修飾前方的名詞片語「a reciprocal relationship」（一種互惠關係）。
The report highlights a mechanism poorly understood by previous researchers.
該報告突顯了一種先前研究人員瞭解甚少的機制。
EN： When a negative adverbial phrase like 'Not only' is placed at the beginning of a clause for emphasis, subject-auxiliary inversion is required. The auxiliary verb (does) precedes the subject (El Niño).
中文： 當否定副詞片語如「Not only（不僅）」放置於句首以加強語氣時，主詞與助動詞必須倒裝。助動詞（does）需置於主詞（El Niño）之前。
Not only did the storm damage the crops, but it also destroyed the infrastructure.
這場暴風雨不僅損害了農作物，還摧毀了基礎設施。
EN： The correlative conjunction 'Not only... but (also)...' connects two parallel clauses. 'In turn' is an adverbial insertion indicating a reciprocal action or result.
中文： 對應連接詞「Not only... but (also)...（不僅……而且……）」用於連接兩個對稱的子句。「In turn（反過來/轉而）」為插入的副詞片語，用以強調互為因果或相應的連鎖反應。
Not only do high temperatures increase electricity demand, but peak demand in turn stresses the power grid.
高溫不僅增加了用電需求，而用電尖峰反過來也給電網帶來了壓力。
EN： The term 'supercharge' is derived from automotive engineering (a supercharger forces more air into an engine to increase power). In climate communications, verbs from mechanical or energetic domains (e.g., 'supercharge', 'fuel', 'drive') are frequently used to dramatically illustrate the intense feedback mechanisms of climate change.
中文： 動詞「supercharge」原意為汽車工程學中的「增壓」（指強制將更多空氣送入引擎以提高功率）。在現代氣候變遷論述中，科學家與媒體常借用這種機械工程用語來生動形象地比喻氣候系統間猛烈的相互加劇效應。
EN： Parallel Predicates: When a single subject performs two or more actions, verbs are joined by coordinating conjunctions (like 'and') and must maintain tense/aspect consistency. Here, 'represents' and 'signals' are parallel simple present verbs.
中文： 平行Predicate結構：當單一Subject執行兩個或多個動作時，Verb透過協同Conjunction（如 and）連接，且必須保持Tense與Aspect的一致性。在此處，'represents' 與 'signals' 為平行的Simple Present Tense Verb。
The new policy encourages sustainable practices and reduces environmental harm.
這項新政策鼓勵永續做法，並減少對環境的危害。
EN： Nouns used as Pre-modifiers (Noun Adjuncts): In academic and formal writing, nouns (e.g., 'pre-industrial climate') are frequently stacked as pre-modifiers before another noun ('behaviour') to create concise, dense academic prose.
中文： Noun作為前置修飾語（Noun Adjunct）：在學術與正式書面語中，Noun（如 'pre-industrial climate'）常堆疊在另一個Noun（'behaviour'）之前作為Modifier，以創造精煉且資訊密度高的學術文體。
Researchers analyzed urban traffic patterns during peak hours.
研究人員分析了尖峰時段的都市交通模式。
EN： The Structure 'represent/signal + Object': These verbs are heavily used in formal and scientific discourse to assign significance or denote transition, functioning as abstract relational verbs rather than simple physical action verbs.
中文： 'represent/signal + Object' 的句型：這類Verb大量用於正式與科學語篇中，用來賦予意義或標示轉折，其功能為抽象的關係Verb，而非單純的實體動作Verb。
The discovery represents a major breakthrough and signals a new direction in medical research.
該發現代表了一項重大突破，並預示著醫學研究的新方向。
EN： The subject noun 'implications' is modified by the pre-nominal adjective 'humanitarian', which specifies the domain or nature of the effects. In formal and academic registers, domain-specific adjectives often precede abstract plural nouns to establish context efficiently.
中文： 主詞名詞「implications」由前置形容詞「humanitarian」修飾，用以界定該影響的領域或性質。在正式與學術語體中，特定領域的形容詞常置於抽象複數名詞之前，以精確建立語境。
The financial implications of the new tax law are far-reaching.
新稅法的財務影響相當深遠。
EN： The sentence uses a Subject + Copula Verb ('are') + Subject Complement ('staggering') structure (SVC). Here, 'staggering' is a present participle used as a predicate adjective to describe an overwhelming or astonishing state that causes disbelief.
中文： 本句採用「主詞 + 連綴動詞 (are) + 主詞補語 (staggering)」的結構 (SVC)。在此，「staggering」為現在分詞轉作表語形容詞，用以形容令人難以置信、極震撼或驚人的狀態。
The sheer scale of the environmental damage is staggering.
環境破壞的巨大規模令人震驚。
EN： In journalism and policy reports, phrases like 'humanitarian implications' are used to frame abstract scientific or environmental data in terms of direct human suffering—such as displacement, famine, and loss of life. Describing them as 'staggering' signals to readers and policymakers that the crisis requires immediate, high-level international intervention.
中文： 新聞報導與政策報告中常使用「humanitarian implications」（人道主義影響）一詞，將抽象的科學或環境數據轉化為對人類具體苦難（如流離失所、饑荒、生命損失）的關照。形容其「staggering」（令人震驚）旨在向讀者與政策制定者發出訊號，強調該危機需要國際社會立即採取高規格的干預。
EN： The structure 'push + [object] + into + [noun phrase]' is a causative construction used to indicate forcing someone or something into a negative state, condition, or situation.
中文： 「push + [受詞] + into + [名詞短語]」為致使結構，用於表示迫使某人或某事陷入某種負面的狀態、處境或情況中。
Economic instability could push thousands of families into extreme poverty.
經濟不穩定可能會將數千個家庭推入極度貧困的境地。
EN： The word 'estimated' functions as a participle modifier preceding a number phrase ('fifty million people') to denote an approximation, equivalent to 'approximately' or 'roughly'.
中文： 「estimated」在此處作為分詞修飾語，置於數量詞（fifty million people）之前，表示概算或估計，相當於「approximately」或「roughly」。
An estimated two hundred species have gone extinct in this region over the past decade.
在過去十年間，該地區估計已有兩百個物種滅絕。
EN： The modal verb 'could' is used here to express future possibility based on current analysis, indicating a potential consequence rather than a absolute certainty.
中文： 情態動詞「could」在此處用於根據當前的分析表達未來的可能性，強調潛在的結果而非絕對的確定性。
Unchecked carbon emissions could trigger irreversible environmental changes within our lifetime.
未受控制的碳排放可能會在我們的有生之年引發不可逆轉的環境變化。
EN： The term 'Godzilla El Niño' was informally coined by NASA oceanographer Bill Patzert during the powerful 2015–2016 El Niño event. Meteorologists use pop-culture metaphors like 'Godzilla' to intuitively communicate the unprecedented strength, massive scale, and potential destructive impact of a severe climate phenomenon to the general public.
中文： 「哥吉拉聖嬰現象」（Godzilla El Niño）一詞最早由美國國家航空暨太空總署（NASA）海洋學家比爾·帕策特（Bill Patzert）在 2015–2016 年強烈聖嬰現象期間非正式提出。氣象學家常藉由「哥吉拉」這類流行文化中的巨獸比喻，向大眾直觀地傳達該氣候現象史無前例的強度、巨大規模以及潛在的破壞性影響。
EN： The participle phrase 'already grappling with food insecurity' functions as a reduced relative clause (which are already grappling with food insecurity) modifying the subject noun 'Regions'. Present participle (-ing) clauses are used to describe active, ongoing states or actions.
中文： 分詞片語「already grappling with food insecurity」作為簡化關係子句（原為 which are already grappling...），用以修飾主詞名詞「Regions」。現在分詞（-ing）子句常用於描述主動且正在進行的狀態或動作。
Communities already struggling with high inflation face additional financial pressure.
已經在與高通膨苦苦掙扎的社區面臨著額外的財務壓力。
EN： The idiom 'stand to [do something]' means to be in a position where you are likely to experience or achieve something. 'Bear the brunt of [something]' means to receive the main force or worst part of an unpleasant experience.
中文： 慣用語「stand to [do something]」意為「很有可能／處於預期會⋯的狀態」；而「bear the brunt of [something]」則是指「首當其衝／承受最嚴重的衝擊」。兩者結合呈現出對極端氣候後果的強烈預期。
Small businesses stand to bear the brunt of the new regulatory restrictions.
小型企業很可能會首當其衝地承受新法規限制的衝擊。
EN： Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia are often highlighted in global climate policy discussions because they possess high vulnerability to climate shocks due to agricultural dependence, infrastructure gaps, and existing socio-economic pressures. The term 'food insecurity' is widely used by international bodies like the UN to describe systemic risk rather than localized, brief shortages.
中文： 撒哈拉以南非洲與東南亞常在全球氣候政策討論中被特別提及，因為這些地區高度依賴農業、基礎設施尚待完善且面臨既有的社會經濟壓力，對氣候衝擊的脆弱性極高。國際組織（如聯合國）常使用「food insecurity」（糧食不安全）一詞，用以指涉系統性的長期風險，而非短暫或局部的食物短缺。
EN： In formal, academic, or journalistic English, conditional clauses using 'If + subject + should...' can invert the subject and auxiliary verb 'should' while omitting 'if'. This inverted structure creates a more literary or formal tone when describing hypothetical or conditional scenarios.
中文： 在正式、學術或新聞英語中，含有「If + 主詞 + should...」的條件句可以省略「if」，並將主詞與助動詞「should」倒裝。這種倒裝結構能在描述假設或條件情境時營造出更正式、典雅的語氣。
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若您在設定過程中需要進一步協助，請立即聯繫我們的技術支援團隊。
EN： The transitive verb 'dwarf' literally means to make something look small by comparison. Figuratively, it means to cause something to seem insignificant, small, or less important in power, size, or severity compared to another.
中文： 及物動詞「dwarf」字面意思是「使…相形見絀／顯得矮小」。在比喻用法中，指在規模、力量或嚴重程度上遠超過另一事物，使其顯得微不足道或不重要。
The economic impact of the recent pandemic dwarfs that of the previous financial crisis.
近期全球流行病的經濟影響，使先前的金融危機相形見絀。
EN： The construction 'in both X and Y' is used to precisely specify two aspects or dimensions in which a main clause's statement applies. The parallel noun structures after 'in both' ensure grammatical symmetry and formal precision.
中文： 結構「in both X and Y」用於精確說明主要子句所指涉的兩個層面或維度。「in both」之後搭配平行對稱的名詞結構，能確保語法一致性與正式表達的精準度。
The new policy proved beneficial in both cost efficiency and employee satisfaction.
這項新政策被證明在成本效益與員工滿意度兩方面皆有裨益。
EN： The correlative conjunction 'neither... nor...' is used to connect two negative concepts or possibilities, meaning 'not one and not the other'. It requires parallel grammatical structures following both 'neither' and 'nor'.
中文： 相關連接詞「neither... nor...」用於連接兩個否定的概念或可能性，意為「既不……也不……」。在使用時，『neither』與『nor』後面所接的文法結構必須保持平行對稱（例如皆為形容詞、名詞或名詞組）。
The results of the experiment were neither conclusive nor encouraging.
實驗結果既不明確，也不令人鼓舞。
EN： The preposition 'toward' (or 'towards') is used after nouns like 'trend', 'attitude', or 'shift' to indicate the direction of movement, change, or development.
中文： 介系詞「toward」（或「towards」）常用於「trend」（趨勢）、「attitude」（態度）或「shift」（轉變）等名詞之後，用以指明發展、變化或移動的方向。
There is a growing trend toward renewable energy adoption among major corporations.
大型企業採用再生能源的趨勢正日益顯著。
EN： A noun clause introduced by 'that' functions as the direct object of reporting verbs such as 'note', 'argue', or 'claim'. The conjunction 'that' can sometimes be omitted in informal speech, but is usually retained in formal or academic writing.
中文： 由「that」引導的名詞子句常作為轉述動詞（如『note』指出、『argue』主張、『claim』聲稱）的直接受詞。雖然在口語中「that」常被省略，但在正式或學術寫作中通常會予以保留。
The researcher noted that the data required further statistical validation.
研究人員指出該數據需要進一步的統計驗證。
EN： The phrase 'be consistent with' is used to express that a finding, statement, or evidence agrees with or matches a broader pattern, theory, or expectation.
中文： 片語「be consistent with」用於表示某項研究發現、說法或證據與更廣泛的模式、理論或預期相符或吻合。
The lab results are consistent with the diagnosis made by the chief physician.
實驗室檢驗結果與主治醫師所作出的診斷一致。
EN： Participial clauses like 'adding that...' function as adverbial modifiers to show simultaneous actions or additional detail accompanying the main reporting verb ('argued').
中文： 分詞子句（如「adding that...」）充當副詞性修飾語，用來表示與主句報導動詞（「argued」）同時發生的動作或補充說明細節。
She resigned from her position, stating that she wanted to spend more time with her family.
她辭去了職務，並聲明她希望能花更多時間陪伴家人。
EN： The clause 'what it did prior to industrialisation' uses the nominal relative pronoun 'what' to mean 'the way/thing that', and the pro-form verb 'did' to avoid repeating 'resembled' or 'behaved'.
中文： 名詞性關係代詞「what」在此表示「……的樣子／事物」，而代動詞「did」則用來避免重複前文的動詞（如 resembled 或 behaved）。
The economy no longer reacts what it did in the last century.
經濟的反應方式已不再像上個世紀那樣。
EN： The absolute construction 'With + noun/pronoun + participle/adjective' is used to provide background information, reasons, or concurrent circumstances for the main clause.
中文： 「With + 名詞/代名詞 + 分詞/形容詞」構成獨立分詞結構（Absolute Construction），常用於為主要子句提供背景資訊、原因或伴隨發生的狀況。
With temperatures rising continuously, many species face extinction.
隨著氣溫持續上升，許多物種面臨滅絕。
EN： The past participle phrase 'posed by climate change' functions as a reduced relative clause (which are posed by...) modifying the preceding noun 'risks'.
中文： 過去分詞片語「posed by climate change」充當簡化關係子句（即 which are posed by...），用來後位修飾前面的名詞「risks」（風險）。
The challenges posed by automation require innovative solutions.
自動化所帶來的挑戰需要創新性的解決方案。
EN： The infinitive phrase 'to mitigate...' expresses purpose ('in order to mitigate'), explaining why the action of 'curbing fossil fuel emissions' or 'underscores the urgency' is necessary.
中文： 不定詞片語「to mitigate...」在此表示目的（相當於 in order to），說明為何需要「遏制化石燃料排放」或「強調緊迫性」。
The company adopted new policies to reduce its carbon footprint.
該公司採取了新政策以減少其碳足跡。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 加劇；變強烈
在本文中： 週期性的；循環的
在本文中： 放大；增強
在本文中： 級聯的；連鎖反應的
在本文中： 相互的；互惠的
在本文中： 雙向的
在本文中： 波動性；不穩定
在本文中： 令人震驚的；驚人的
在本文中： 飄忽不定的；不規律的
在本文中： 可辨識的；明顯的
在本文中： 減輕；緩和
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
A structure, system, or process in which the output or response affects the input or original cause.
回饋迴路；正/負回授機制
To receive the worst, hardest, or main part of something negative, such as an attack, impact, or disaster.
首當其衝；承受最大的衝擊（或壓力）
The discharge of gases, especially carbon dioxide, resulting from the burning of fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas.
化石燃料排放
Within the period of time that living people can remember.
現存人們記憶中最…的；歷史上有記載以來