EN： Appositive clauses (noun clauses) are introduced by the conjunction 'that' to explain or define the content of an abstract noun like 'fact', 'idea', 'news', or 'belief'. Unlike relative clauses, 'that' in an appositive clause does not play a grammatical role (like subject or object) within the clause itself; it merely connects the noun to its explanation.
中文： 同位语从句（名词性从句）由连词「that」引导，用来解释或说明抽象名词（如 fact、idea、news、belief 等）的具体内容。与关系代词引导的定语从句不同，「that」在同位语从句中不担任任何语法成分（如主语或宾语），仅起连接作用。
The news that the flight was canceled disappointed us.
航班被取消的消息让我们很失望。
EN： The verb 'worry' is a transitive verb meaning 'to make someone anxious or uneasy'. In this structure, the cause of anxiety is the subject ('The fact...'), and the person experiencing the anxiety is the direct object ('scientists').
中文： 动词「worry」在此作为及物动词，意思是「使某人担忧、焦虑」。在这种结构中，引起焦虑的事物作为主语（「The fact...」），而感到焦虑的人则作为直接宾语（「scientists」）。
EN： Appositive Clause (Noun Clause): The 'that' clause ('that anyone can learn to code') acts as an appositive to the noun 'idea'. It explains the exact content of the 'idea', unlike a relative clause which merely describes it. 'That' in an appositive clause is a conjunction and cannot be omitted or replaced by 'which'.
中文： 同位语从句（名词性从句）：由「that」引导的从句（that anyone can learn to code）作为名词「idea」（想法）的同位语，用来解释该想法的具体内容。与关系代词引导的形容词从句不同，同位语从句中的「that」是连词，在句中不作任何成分，且不能省略或替换为「which」。
The belief that effort beats talent drives me.
努力胜过天赋的这个信念驱使着我前进。
EN： The Modal Verb 'Can': Used here to express ability or possibility. It is followed by the base form of the verb ('learn') to show that it is possible for anyone to acquire this skill.
中文： 情态助动词「Can」：在此处用于表示能力或可能性。后面接动词原形（learn），表示任何人都有可能学会这项技能。
EN： In modern education and tech culture, 'learning to code' has transitioned from a highly specialized computer science skill to a basic literacy skill, similar to reading and writing. This reflects the global 'Code.org' movement and the democratization of technology.
中文： 在現代教育與科技文化中，「學習寫程式」（learning to code）已從一項高度專業的電腦科學技能，轉變為一項類似於閱讀和寫作的「基礎素養」。這反映了全球「Code.org」等運動的推廣以及科技普及化的趨勢。
EN： The word 'that' introduces an appositive clause (同位語子句) which functions to explain or define the noun preceding it ('The discovery'). Unlike relative clauses, the appositive clause is complete on its own and does not replace a noun in the clause.
中文： 单词「that」引导同位语从句，用来解释或定义其前面的名词（在此为「The discovery」）。与关系从句不同，同位语从句本身结构完整，不代替从句中的任何名词。
The belief that honesty is the best policy guides his decisions.
诚实为上策的信念指引着他的决定。
EN： The verb 'amaze' is a transitive verb meaning 'to fill someone with surprise or wonder'. In this sentence, the subject is the entire noun phrase 'The discovery that plants clean air', and the object is 'us'.
中文： 动词「amaze」是及物动词，意思是「使某人感到惊奇或惊讶」。在本句中，主语是整个名词短语「The discovery that plants clean air」，宾语则是「us」。
The magician's final trick amazed the entire audience.
魔术师的最后一个魔术让全场观众感到惊奇。
EN： The noun clause starting with 'that' acts as an appositive (同位語) to explain the content of the noun 'belief'. Unlike relative clauses, 'that' here is a conjunction and does not play a grammatical role (like subject or object) within the clause itself.
中文： 由「that」引导的名词从句作为名词「belief」（信念）的同位语，用来补充说明该信念的具体内容。与关系代词不同，这里的「that」是连词，在从句中不担任任何主语或宾语的角色。
The news that the project was canceled shocked everyone.
项目被取消的消息震惊了所有人。
EN： The simple present tense is used here to express a general truth or a timeless personal philosophy. The verb 'drives' agrees with the singular subject 'The belief'.
中文： 此处使用一般现在时来表达一个普遍的真理或恒常的个人信念。动词「drives」与单数主语「The belief」在人称和单复数上保持一致。
The hope that we will succeed keeps us motivated.
我们会成功的希望让我们保持动力。
EN： This sentence reflects a strong cultural emphasis in many modern societies, particularly in education and sports, on the 'growth mindset' (pioneered by psychologist Carol Dweck). It champions the idea that hard work and perseverance (effort) are more valuable and lead to greater success than innate ability (talent).
中文： 這句話反映了許多現代社會（特別是在教育和體育領域）對「成長型思維」（由心理學家卡羅爾·德威克提出）的高度重視。它倡導的理念是：比起天生的能力（天賦），後天的努力與堅持（努力）更具價值，也更能帶來成功。
EN： The noun clause introduced by 'that' acts as an appositive, which provides essential information to define or explain the abstract noun preceding it (in this case, 'The news'). Unlike relative clauses, 'that' in an appositive clause is a conjunction and does not play a grammatical role (like subject or object) within the clause itself.
中文： 由连词「that」引导的名词从句作为同位语，用来补充说明前方抽象名词（在此为「The news」，即消息）的具体内容。与关系从句不同，同位语从句中的「that」仅作连词，在从句中不充当任何主语或宾语等语法角色。
The belief that effort beats talent drives me.
努力胜过天赋的信念驱使着我前进。
EN： The transitive verb 'thrill' means to cause someone to feel a sudden sensation of excitement and pleasure. In active voice, the subject (the news) causes the emotion, and the object (everyone) experiences it.
中文： 及物动词「thrill」意为「使…感到兴奋、激动」。在主动语态中，主语（消息）引起了这种情绪，而宾语（每个人）则是体验该情绪的对象。
The news that the mission succeeded made us cheer.
任务成功的消息让我们欢呼雀跃。
EN： The noun clause starting with 'that' acts as an appositive, which directly explains the content of the noun 'The truth'. Unlike relative clauses, the 'that' here is a conjunction and does not play a grammatical role (like subject or object) inside the clause itself.
中文： 由「that」引导的名词从句作为同位语，直接解释名词「The truth（事实）」的具体内容。与关系从句不同，这里的「that」是连词，在从句中不担任任何主语或宾语等语法角色。
The belief that honesty is the best policy guides his decisions.
「诚实为上策」这个信念指引着他的决定。
EN： The verb 'matter' is an intransitive verb meaning 'to be important' or 'to have significance'. It does not require a direct object.
中文： 动词「matter」是不及物动词，意思是「重要」或「有重大关系」，其后不需要接直接宾语。
Your opinion matters to the team.
你的意见对团队来说非常重要。
EN： Appositive Clause (Noun Clause): The 'that' clause ('that small robots help doctors') acts as an appositive to the noun 'The idea'. It explains the exact content of the idea. Unlike relative clauses, 'that' here is a conjunction and does not play a grammatical role (like subject or object) inside the clause.
中文： 同位语从句（名词性从句）：由 'that' 引导的从句（that small robots help doctors）作为名词 'The idea' 的同位语，用来具体说明该想法的内容。与关系代词引导的关系从句不同，这里的 'that' 只是连词，在从句中不担任任何主语或宾语等语法角色。
The belief that effort beats talent drives me.
努力胜过天赋这个信念驱使着我前进。
EN： Participle Adjectives ending in '-ing': The word 'exciting' is a present participle used as an adjective to describe a thing ('the idea') that causes a certain feeling (excitement). Adjectives ending in '-ed' (e.g., 'excited') are used to describe how a person feels.
中文： 现在分词形容词（-ing 结尾）：单词 'exciting' 是现在分词转化为形容词，用来描述令人产生某种感受的事物（在这里指「这个想法」）。而以 '-ed' 结尾的形容词（例如 'excited'）则用来描述人的主观感受（感到兴奋的）。
The news that a new planet was found is exciting.
发现新行星的这个消息令人兴奋。
EN： The noun clause introduced by 'that' is an appositive clause (同位語子句). It functions to explain or define the abstract noun 'the fact' (事實) by providing specific details about what the fact is. Unlike relative clauses, 'that' here is a conjunction, not a relative pronoun, and does not play a grammatical role inside the clause.
中文： 由 'that' 引导的名词从句在此作为同位语从句。它的功能是解释或定义抽象名词 'the fact'（事实），提供关于该事实的具体细节。与关系从句不同，这里的 'that' 是连词，而非关系代词，在从句中不担任任何语法成分。
The news that the project was approved made us happy.
项目获得批准的这个消息让我们很高兴。
EN： The subject of the main sentence is 'The fact', which is a singular noun. Therefore, the main verb 'is' must agree with this singular subject, even though the noun clause contains plural nouns like 'bees' and 'crops'.
中文： 主句的主语是 'The fact'（这项事实），为单数名词。因此，主要动词必须使用单数动词 'is' 以达成主语与动词的一致性，即使同位语从句中包含了复数名词 'bees' 和 'crops' 也不受影响。
The belief that efforts bring success is widely shared.
努力会带来成功这一信念被广泛认同。
EN： Appositive Clause (同位語從句): The 'that' clause ('that we can cure diseases') is used to explain or define the abstract noun 'hope'. Unlike relative clauses, 'that' in an appositive clause is a conjunction and does not play a grammatical role (like subject or object) within the clause itself.
中文： 同位语从句：'that' 引导的从句（'that we can cure diseases'）用来解释或具体说明抽象名词 'hope'（希望）的内容。与关系代词引导的定语从句不同，同位语从句中的 'that' 是连词，在从句中不担当任何语法成分（如主语或宾语）。
The belief that effort beats talent drives me.
「努力胜过天赋」的信念驱使着我。
EN： Keep Someone Going (使某人堅持下去): This idiomatic phrasal verb structure ('keep + object + going') means to provide someone with the energy, hope, or support needed to continue enduring a difficult situation.
中文： Keep Someone Going（支持某人坚持下去）：这是一个短语结构（keep + 宾格 + going），意思是提供某人所需的能量、希望或支持，使其能在困难的境况中继续坚持下去。
A warm cup of coffee keeps me going in the morning.
早晨一杯温暖的咖啡支持着我一天的活力。
EN： Appositive Clause (Noun Clause): The 'that' clause ('that the universe expands') acts as an appositive to the noun 'theory'. It provides the specific content of the theory. Unlike relative clauses, 'that' here is a conjunction, not a relative pronoun, and the clause is complete on its own.
中文： 同位语从句（名词性从句）：由 'that' 引导的从句（that the universe expands）作为名词 'theory'（理论）的同位语，用来补充说明该理论的具体内容。与关系代词引导的关系从句不同，这里的 'that' 是连词，且从句本身结构完整。
The belief that honesty is the best policy guides his decisions.
「诚实为上策」这个信念指引着他的决定。
EN： Subject-Verb Agreement with Complex Subjects: When the subject of a sentence is modified by a long clause or phrase (like 'The theory that...'), the main verb ('is') must agree with the head noun of the subject ('The theory', which is singular), not the noun inside the clause ('expands').
中文： 复杂主语的主语与动词一致性：当句子的主语被长从句或短语修饰时（例如 'The theory that...'），主要动词（is）必须与主语的核心名词（单数的 'The theory'）保持一致，而不是与从句中的名词一致。
The news that many schools are closing is true.
许多学校即将关闭的消息是真的。
EN： The noun clause starting with 'that' acts as an appositive (同位語) to explain the content of the noun 'the rule'. Unlike relative clauses, 'that' here is a conjunction and does not play a grammatical role (like subject or object) inside the clause.
中文： 以 'that' 开头的名词从句作为名词 'the rule' 的同位语，用来补充说明该「规定」的具体内容。与关系从句不同，这里的 'that' 是连词，在从句中不充当任何主语或宾语等语法角色。
The belief that honesty is the best policy guides his decisions.
「诚实为上策」这个信念引导着他的决定。
EN： The verb 'keep' can be used in the pattern 'keep + object + object complement (adjective)' to describe maintaining a certain state. Here, 'keeps science honest' means maintaining the state of science being honest.
中文： 动词 'keep' 可用于「keep + 宾语 + 宾语补足语（形容词）」的结构，表示维持某种状态。在此处，'keeps science honest' 意为让科学保持诚实的状态。
Regular exercise keeps your body healthy.
规律运动能让你的身体保持健康。
EN： In academic and scientific communities, citing sources is a fundamental ethical standard. It ensures intellectual honesty, allows others to verify research, and gives proper credit to original thinkers, which is why it 'keeps science honest.'
中文： 在學術與科學界，引用來源是一項基本的道德標準。它確保了學術誠實、允許他人驗證研究結果，並給予原創思考者應有的功勞，這就是為什麼它能「讓科學保持誠實」。
EN： Appositive Clause (Noun Clause): The 'that' clause ('that humans reach Mars') functions as an appositive, which explains the specific content of the abstract noun 'The dream'. Unlike relative clauses, 'that' here is a conjunction and does not play a grammatical role (like subject or object) inside the clause.
中文： 同位语从句（名词性从句）：由「that」引导的从句（that humans reach Mars）用来补充说明抽象名词「The dream」（梦想）的具体内容。与关系代词引导的关系从句不同，这里的「that」是连词，在从句中不充当任何语法成分（如主语或宾语）。
The belief that effort beats talent drives me.
努力胜过天赋的信念驱使着我。
EN： Linking Verb 'feel' with Adjective Complement: The verb 'feels' is a linking verb (copula) used to describe a state or perception. It must be followed by an adjective ('closer') rather than an adverb to describe the subject 'The dream'.
中文： 系动词「feel」搭配形容词补足语：动词「feels」在此作为系动词，用来描述某种状态或感受。其后必须接形容词（closer）而非副词，用来修饰主语「The dream」。
The theory that everything is connected feels deeply true.
万物相连的理论感觉非常真实。
EN： The dream of reaching Mars represents a major milestone in modern space exploration, often discussed in science education and popular culture. It reflects humanity's ongoing curiosity and technological ambition to become a multi-planetary species.
中文： 登陸火星的夢想代表了現代太空探索的一個重大里程碑，經常在科學教育和流行文化中被討論。它反映了人類探索未知的好奇心，以及成為跨行星物種的科技雄心。
EN： The phrase 'be full of' is a common idiomatic expression meaning to contain a large number or amount of something. It is followed by a noun or noun phrase.
中文： 短语「be full of」是一个常见的惯用语，意思是「充满了」某事物。后面接名词或名词短语。
The book is full of useful information.
这本书充满了实用的信息。
EN： The relative clause 'that change how we see the world' uses the relative pronoun 'that' as a subject relative pronoun to modify the noun 'ideas'. Inside this clause, 'how we see the world' functions as a noun clause acting as the direct object of the verb 'change'.
中文： 关系从句「that change how we see the world」使用关系代词「that」作为主格关系代词，用来修饰名词「ideas」（想法）。在此从句中，「how we see the world」是一个名词从句，作为动词「change」的直接宾语。
We need plans that improve how we use energy.
我们需要能改善我们使用能源方式的计划。
EN： The noun clause introduced by 'that' acts as an appositive to the noun 'fact'. An appositive clause (同位語從句) explains or defines the content of the preceding abstract noun (such as fact, idea, news, belief). Unlike relative clauses, 'that' in an appositive clause is a conjunction, not a pronoun, and does not play a grammatical role within the clause itself.
中文： 由 'that' 引导的名词从句作为名词 'fact' 的同位语。同位语从句（Appositive Clause）用于解释或说明前面抽象名词（如 fact、idea、news、belief）的具体内容。与关系从句不同，同位语从句中的 'that' 是连词，在从句中不担任任何语法成分。
The news that our team won the championship spread quickly.
我们队赢得冠军的消息迅速传开了。
EN： The verb 'amaze' is a transitive verb meaning 'to fill someone with great surprise'. In English, emotions are often expressed using active transitive verbs where the cause of the emotion is the subject (e.g., 'The fact... amazes me'), whereas in Chinese, this is often translated using a passive structure or 'make someone feel' (讓我感到驚訝).
中文： 动词 'amaze' 是一个及物动词，意思是「使某人感到非常惊讶」。在英文中，情绪经常使用主动及物动词来表达，其中引起情绪的事物作为主语（例如 'The fact... amazes me'），而在中文中，这通常会翻译为被动结构或「让某人感到……」
Her incredible progress in English amazed all the teachers.
她在英文上的惊人进步让所有老师都感到惊讶。
EN： Appositive Clause (Noun Clause): The 'that' clause ('that plants turn sunlight into food') acts as an appositive, explaining the specific content of the abstract noun 'discovery'. Unlike relative clauses, 'that' here is a conjunction and does not play a grammatical role (like subject or object) inside the clause.
中文： 同位语从句（名词性从句）：由 'that' 引导的从句（that plants turn sunlight into food）用作同位语，用来具体解释抽象名词 'discovery'（发现）的内容。与关系代词引导的关系从句不同，这里的 'that' 是连词，在从句中不充当任何语法成分（如主语或宾语）。
The belief that effort beats talent drives me.
努力胜过天赋的信念驱使着我。
EN： The verb phrase 'turn A into B' means to transform or convert something from one state or form into another.
中文： 动词短语「turn A into B」表示将某物（A）转化或改变为另一种状态或形式（B）。
The wizard turned the frog into a prince.
巫师把青蛙变成了王子。
EN： Appositive Clause (Noun Clause): The 'that' clause functions as an appositive, which explains or defines the abstract noun preceding it (in this case, 'the idea'). Unlike relative clauses, 'that' in an appositive clause is a conjunction (not a pronoun) and does not play a grammatical role (like subject or object) within the clause itself.
中文： 同位语从句（名词性从句）：由 'that' 引导的从句用来解释或具体说明前面抽象名词（在此为 'the idea'）的具体内容。与关系代词引导的形容词从句不同，同位语从句中的 'that' 仅作为连词，在从句中不充当任何语法成分（如主语或宾语）。
The belief that hard work leads to success is widely shared.
「努力能带来成功」的这个信念被广泛认同。
EN： Modal Verb 'Can' for Possibility: The modal verb 'can' is used here to express a general possibility or potential outcome, suggesting that curiosity has the capability of leading to great inventions.
中文： 情态动词 'can' 表示可能性：此处的情态动词 'can' 用于表达一般的可能性或潜在的结果，表示好奇心具有引导至伟大发明的潜力。
EN： Appositive Clause (Noun Clause): The 'that' clause ('that problems have solutions') acts as an appositive to the noun 'belief'. It explains the exact content of the belief. Unlike relative clauses, 'that' here is a conjunction, not a relative pronoun, and the clause is complete on its own.
中文： 同位语从句（名词性从句）：由 'that' 引导的从句（that problems have solutions）作为名词 'belief'（信念）的同位语，用来解释该信念的具体内容。与关系代词引导的关系从句不同，这里的 'that' 是连词，且从句本身结构完整。
The news that the project was approved excited the team.
项目获得批准的消息让团队感到兴奋。
EN： Dative Shift (Double Object Construction): The verb 'give' is a ditransitive verb that takes an indirect object ('scientists') and a direct object ('hope'). The pattern is: Subject + Verb + Indirect Object (recipient) + Direct Object (thing given).
中文： 双宾语结构（授与动词）：动词 'give'（给予）是双宾语动词，后面接间接宾语（'scientists'，接受者）与直接宾语（'hope'，给予的事物）。结构为：主语 + 动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语。
She gave the students some advice.
她给了学生们一些建议。
EN： Appositive Clause (Noun Clause): The 'that' clause ('that a new planet was found') acts as an appositive, explaining the specific content of the noun 'news'. Unlike relative clauses, 'that' here is a conjunction and does not play a grammatical role (like subject or object) inside the clause.
中文： 同位语从句（名词从句）：'that' 引导的从句（'that a new planet was found'）作为同位语，用来解释名词 'news'（消息）的具体内容。与关系代词不同，这里的 'that' 是连词，在从句中不充当任何语法成分（如主语或宾语）。
The belief that effort beats talent drives me.
努力胜过天赋的信念驱使着我。
EN： Passive Voice in Past Tense: 'was found' uses the past tense of 'be' (was) + past participle (found) to show that the action of finding was done to the subject 'a new planet', focusing on the discovery rather than who discovered it.
中文： 过去式被动语态：'was found' 使用了 be 动词的过去式（was）加上过去分词（found），表示「发现」这个动作是施加在主语 'a new planet'（新行星）上，重点在于发现这件事本身，而非是谁发现的。
The lost keys were found under the sofa.
遗失的钥匙在沙发下被找到了。
EN： Appositive Clause (Noun Clause): The 'that' clause ('that resources are limited') acts as an appositive, explaining the specific content of the noun 'the truth'. Unlike relative clauses, 'that' here is a conjunction and does not play a grammatical role inside the clause.
中文： 同位语从句（名词性从句）：由「that」引导的从句「that resources are limited」用作同位语，用来补充说明抽象名词「the truth（事实/真理）」的具体内容。与关系代词引导的关系从句不同，这里的「that」仅作为连词，在从句中不充当任何语法成分。
The belief that effort beats talent drives me.
努力战胜天赋的信念驱使着我。
EN： Verb Pattern 'push someone to be + adjective': The verb 'push' is used transitively with an object ('us') followed by an infinitive ('to be wise') to mean motivating, forcing, or encouraging someone to adopt a certain state or behavior.
中文： 动词句型「push someone to be + 形容词」：动词「push（促使/推动）」后面接宾语（宾语，如「us」）与不定式（如「to be wise」），表示激励、迫使或鼓励某人达到某种状态或采取某种行为。
The challenge pushes us to be creative.
这项挑战促使我们发挥创意。
EN： Appositive Clause (Noun Clause): The 'that' clause ('that small actions add up') acts as an appositive to the noun 'the idea'. It explains the specific content of the idea. Unlike relative clauses, 'that' here is a conjunction, not a pronoun, and the clause is complete on its own.
中文： 同位语从句（名词性从句）：'that' 引导的从句（that small actions add up）作为名词 'the idea' 的同位语，用来解释该想法的具体内容。与关系代词引导的关系从句不同，这里的 'that' 是连词，且从句本身结构完整。
The belief that honesty is the best policy guides his decisions.
诚实为上策的信念引导着他的决定。
EN： Phrasal Verb 'add up': This phrasal verb means to gradually increase in amount or importance until they have a big effect.
中文： 短语动词 'add up'：此短语意为「积少成多」或「累加」，指数量或重要性逐渐增加，最终产生巨大的影响。
Small savings every day add up over time.
每天省下小钱，时间久了也会积少成多。
EN： The noun clause starting with 'that' acts as an appositive clause (同位語從句) to explain the content of the abstract noun 'hope'. Unlike relative clauses, 'that' in an appositive clause is a conjunction and does not play a grammatical role (like subject or object) within the clause itself.
中文： 由「that」引导的名词从句作为同位语从句，用来解释抽象名词「hope（希望）」的具体内容。与关系从句不同，同位语从句中的「that」是连词，在从句中不担任任何主语或宾语等语法角色。
The belief that honesty is the best policy guides his decisions.
诚实为上策的信念指引着他的决定。
EN： Subject-Verb Agreement with Singular Abstract Nouns: The main subject of the sentence is the singular abstract noun 'The hope'. Therefore, the main verb 'inspires' must take the third-person singular form (ending in -s), despite the plural noun 'people' or the clause in between.
中文： 单数抽象名词的主语与动词一致性：本句的主要主语是单数抽象名词「The hope（希望）」。因此，尽管中间隔着从句，主要动词「inspires」必须使用第三人称单数形式（词尾加 -s）。
The news that the projects were canceled worries the team.
项目被取消的消息让团队感到担忧。
EN： Appositive Clause (Noun Clause): The word 'that' introduces a noun clause that explains the content of the noun 'theory'. Unlike relative clauses, 'that' here is a conjunction and does not play a grammatical role inside the clause.
中文： 同位语从句（名词性从句）：由 'that' 引导的从句用来补充说明先行词 'theory'（理论）的具体内容。与关系代词不同，这里的 'that' 是连词，在从句中不充当任何语法成分。
The belief that effort beats talent drives me.
「努力胜过天赋」这个信念驱使着我。
EN： Linking Verb 'feel': The verb 'feel' is used as a linking verb (copula) meaning 'to seem' or 'to produce a certain sensation'. It is followed by an adjective (true) rather than an adverb to describe the subject.
中文： 系动词 'feel'：此处 'feel' 作为系动词，表示「感觉起来……」或「给人……的感觉」。后面接形容词（true）而非副词，用来修饰主语的状态。
The fabric feels very soft.
这块布料摸起来非常柔软。
EN： The noun clause 'that we keep learning' acts as an appositive (同位語) to the noun 'The fact'. An appositive clause provides essential information that defines or explains the noun preceding it, and it is introduced by the conjunction 'that' which does not play a grammatical role inside the clause.
中文： 名词从句「that we keep learning」作为名词「The fact」的同位语。同位语从句用于提供其前面名词的具体内容与解释，由连词「that」引导，该连词在从句中不担任任何语法成分。
The belief that effort beats talent drives me.
「努力胜过天赋」这个信念驱使着我。
EN： The verb 'keep' followed by a gerund (V-ing) is used to express that an action continues or is repeated without stopping.
中文： 动词「keep」后面接动名词（V-ing），用来表示某个动作持续进行或不断重复，不曾间断。
She kept working until midnight.
她一直工作到半夜。
EN： The verb 'remind' is used in the pattern 'remind + object + indirect question (starting with a question word like why, how, what)'. This structure is used to make someone remember a fact or reason.
中文： 动词「remind」（提醒）常用于「remind + 宾语 + 间接疑问句（由 why、how、what 等疑问词引导）」的结构。此句型用于使某人想起某个事实或原因。
She reminded me how we first met.
她提醒了我我们最初是如何相遇的。
EN： The verb 'matter' is an intransitive verb meaning 'to be important' or 'to have significance'. It does not require a direct object and is often modified by adverbs like 'so much' or 'a lot'.
中文： 动词「matter」是一个不及物动词，意思是「重要」或「有重大关系」。它不需要直接宾语，且经常被「so much」（如此地）或「a lot」（非常）等副词修饰。
Your opinion matters to the team.
你的意见对团队来说非常重要。
EN： Subject Question: When 'what' acts as the subject of the sentence, we do not use auxiliary verbs like 'do', 'does', or 'did'. The verb follows the subject directly and is conjugated according to the subject's number and tense.
中文： 主语疑问句：当疑问词「what」（什么）在句中担任主语时，不需要使用助动词（如 do、does、did）。动词直接接在主语后面，并根据主语的单复数与时态进行变化。
What brings you here today?
什么风把你吹来了？（今天是什么事让你来这里的？）
EN： Direct Address: When addressing someone directly by name (vocative case), a comma is used to separate the name from the rest of the sentence. This helps clarify that the person is being spoken to, not spoken about.
中文： 直接称呼：在句子中直接称呼某人的名字（呼格）时，必须使用逗号将名字与句子的其他部分隔开。这有助于厘清该人是说话对象，而非被讨论的对象。
How are you feeling, John?
你感觉怎么样，约翰？
EN： In English-speaking cultures, using a person's first name (like 'Emma') in a question is a common way to show warmth, establish a personal connection, and make the conversation feel more direct and engaging.
中文： 在英語系國家中，在對話或提問時直接稱呼對方的名字（如「艾瑪」）是非常常見的社交習慣。這能展現親切感、拉近彼此距離，並讓對話顯得更真誠與專注。
EN： The noun clause introduced by 'that' acts as an appositive (同位語) to the noun 'idea'. Unlike relative clauses, the appositive clause is complete on its own (it has a subject 'anyone', verb 'can invent') and explains the specific content of the noun.
中文： 由 'that' 引导的名词从句作为名词 'idea' 的同位语。与关系从句不同，同位语从句本身结构完整（包含主语 'anyone' 与动词 'can invent'），用来解释该名词的具体内容。
The belief that honesty is the best policy guides his decisions.
「诚实为上策」这个信念指引着他的决定。
EN： The modal verb 'can' is used here to express theoretical possibility or ability, indicating that anyone has the potential to invent.
中文： 情态助动词 'can' 在此处用于表示理论上的可能性或能力，指出任何人都有进行发明的潜力。
With hard work, anyone can achieve their goals.
只要努力，任何人都能实现他们的目标。
EN： In modern educational and scientific contexts, there is a strong cultural emphasis on democratization of innovation (the idea that anyone, regardless of background, can be a maker or inventor). This reflects a shift from viewing science as an exclusive club to an open, inclusive field.
中文： 在現代教育與科學背景中，非常強調「創新民主化」的文化觀念（即不論背景如何，任何人都可以成為創作者或發明家）。這反映了人們將科學從「少數人的專屬領域」轉變為「開放且具包容性領域」的觀念轉變。
EN： The noun clause starting with 'that' (that oceans are warming) acts as an appositive clause. An appositive clause (同位語子句) immediately follows an abstract noun like 'fact', 'idea', or 'news' to explain or define its content, rather than modifying it like a relative clause.
中文： 由 'that' 引导的名词从句（that oceans are warming）在此作为同位语从句。同位语从句紧跟在 'fact'（事实）、'idea'（想法）或 'news'（消息）等抽象名词后面，用来解释或说明该名词的具体内容，而非像关系从句那样仅作修饰。
The news that the flight was canceled disappointed us.
航班被取消的消息让我们很失望。
EN： The verb 'worry' is used as a transitive verb meaning 'to make someone anxious or uneasy'. In this structure, the causing factor is the subject ('The fact...'), and the person experiencing the emotion is the direct object ('me').
中文： 动词 'worry' 在此用作及物动词，意思是「使某人担忧或焦虑」。在这种结构中，引起担忧的事物作为主语（'The fact...'），而感受此情绪的人则作为直接宾语（'me'）。
The sudden change in weather worries the farmers.
天气的突然变化让农民们感到忧虑。
EN： In contemporary global discourse, climate change and ocean warming are prominent topics of scientific and social concern. Using structures like 'The fact that...' allows speakers to present these environmental issues not as mere opinions, but as established scientific realities to emphasize their urgency.
中文： 在當代的全球論述中，氣候變遷與海洋變暖是科學界與社會大眾高度關注的議題。使用「The fact that...」（...的事實）這樣的句型，能讓說話者將這些環境問題視為已確立的科學事實而非僅是個人觀點，從而強調其緊迫性。
EN： The noun clause starting with 'that' acts as an appositive (同位語) to explain the content of the noun 'belief'. Unlike relative clauses, 'that' here is a conjunction and does not play a grammatical role (like subject or object) within the clause itself.
中文： 由 'that' 引导的名词从句作为同位语，用来补充说明抽象名词 'belief'（信念）的具体内容。与关系从句不同，这里的 'that' 是连词，在从句中不充当任何主语或宾语等成分。
I support the idea that everyone should have equal opportunities.
我支持「每个人都应该享有平等机会」的这个想法。
EN： The preposition 'for' is used here to indicate destination, target, or suitability, meaning 'intended to be owned, used, or enjoyed by' everyone.
中文： 介词 'for' 在此处表示对象、归属或适用范围，意思是「旨在让所有人拥有、使用或享受」。
This library is for the public.
这座图书馆是供大众使用的。
EN： The phrase 'knowledge is for all' reflects the modern democratic ideal of open education and open source movements, emphasizing that access to information and learning resources should not be restricted by social class or wealth.
中文： 「知識是屬於所有人」這句話反映了現代開放教育與開源運動的民主化理想，強調獲取資訊與學習資源的權利不應受到社會階級或財富的限制。
EN： Appositive Clause (Noun Clause): The 'that' clause ('that the mission succeeded') acts as an appositive, explaining the specific content of the noun 'the news'. Unlike relative clauses, 'that' here is a conjunction and does not play a grammatical role (like subject or object) inside the clause itself.
中文： 同位语从句（名词性从句）：'that' 引导的从句（'that the mission succeeded'）作为同位语，用来解释名词 'the news'（消息）的具体内容。与关系代词引导的关系从句不同，这里的 'that' 是连词，在从句中不充当任何语法角色（如主语或宾语）。
The belief that effort beats talent drives me.
努力胜过天赋的信念驱使着我前进。
EN： Causative Verb 'Make': The verb 'make' is used as a causative verb meaning 'to cause someone to do something'. It is followed by an object and a bare infinitive (verb in base form without 'to', e.g., 'cheer').
中文： 使役动词 'Make'：动词 'make' 在此处作为使役动词，表示「使某人做某事」。其后接宾语与原形动词（不带 to 的不定式，例如 'cheer'）。
The sad movie made us cry.
那部悲伤的电影让我们哭了。
EN： Appositive Clause (Noun Clause): The 'that' clause ('that we can fix problems') functions as an appositive, which directly explains or defines the abstract noun 'hope'. Unlike relative clauses, 'that' here is a conjunction, not a relative pronoun, and the clause itself is grammatically complete.
中文： 同位语从句（名词性从句）：'that' 引导的从句（'that we can fix problems'）作为同位语，直接解释或定义抽象名词 'hope'（希望）。与关系代词引导的关系从句不同，这里的 'that' 是连词，且从句本身结构完整。
The belief that honesty is the best policy guides his decisions.
「诚实乃上策」这个信念指引着他的决定。
EN： Transitive Verb with Object: The verb 'drives' is used transitively here, meaning to motivate, impel, or push someone to act, followed by the direct object 'me'.
中文： 及物动词与宾语：动词 'drives' 在此处作及物动词使用，意思是激励、驱使或推动某人采取行动，后接直接宾语 'me'（我）。
EN： The noun clause starting with 'that' acts as an appositive (同位語) to the noun 'truth'. It explains the specific content of 'the truth'. Unlike relative clauses, 'that' in appositive clauses is a conjunction and does not play a grammatical role (like subject or object) inside the clause itself.
中文： 以「that」引导的名词从句作为名词「truth」的同位语，用来补充说明「truth（事实/真理）」的具体内容。与关系从句不同，同位语从句中的「that」是连词，在从句中不充当任何主语或宾语等成分。
The belief that effort beats talent drives me.
「努力胜过天赋」这个信念驱使着我。
EN： The verb 'teach' can be used transitively with a direct object (here, 'care') to mean imparting a lesson, value, or behavior to someone, even when the subject is an abstract concept (like 'the truth').
中文： 动词「teach（教导）」可以接直接宾语（此处为 'care'），表示向某人传授某种道理、价值观或行为。即使主语是抽象概念（如 'the truth'），也可以使用这种拟人化的表达方式。
Experience teaches wisdom.
经验传授智慧。
EN： Appositive Clause (Noun Clause): The 'that' clause ('that sleep aids memory') acts as an appositive to the noun 'discovery'. It explains the exact content of the discovery. Unlike relative clauses, 'that' here is a conjunction and does not play a grammatical role inside the clause.
中文： 同位语从句（名词从句）：由「that」引导的从句（that sleep aids memory）作为名词「discovery」（发现）的同位语，用来解释该发现的具体内容。与关系代词引导的关系从句不同，这里的「that」是连词，在从句中不充当任何语法成分。
The belief that effort beats talent drives me.
「努力胜过天赋」这个信念驱使着我。
EN： Subject-Verb Agreement with Abstract Nouns: The main subject of the sentence is 'The discovery' (singular), which requires the singular verb 'is'. The noun inside the appositive clause, 'sleep' (uncountable), also takes the singular verb 'aids'.
中文： 抽象名词的主语与动词一致性：本句的主语是单数名词「The discovery」（发现），因此主要动词使用单数形式「is」。而在同位语从句中，不可数名词「sleep」（睡眠）作为主语，同样搭配单数动词「aids」。
The news that the rover landed thrilled everyone.
探测车着陆的消息令每个人感到兴奋。
EN： Appositive Clause (同位語從句): The 'that' clause ('that questions matter') acts as an appositive to the noun 'idea'. It provides the specific content of the idea, rather than modifying it like a relative clause. In an appositive clause, 'that' is a conjunction and does not play a grammatical role (like subject or object) within the clause itself.
中文： 同位语从句：由 'that' 引导的从句（'that questions matter'）作为名词 'idea'（想法）的同位语，用来补充说明该想法的具体内容，而非像关系从句那样进行修饰。在同位语从句中，'that' 作为连词，在从句中不担当任何语法角色（如主语或宾语）。
The belief that effort beats talent drives me.
「努力胜过天赋」这个信念驱使着我。
EN： Intransitive Verb 'matter': The verb 'matter' is intransitive, meaning it does not take a direct object. It means 'to be important' or 'to have significance'.
中文： 不及物动词 'matter'：动词 'matter' 是不及物动词，意为「重要」或「有重大关系」，其后不需要接直接宾语。
Your opinion matters to the team.
你的意见对团队来说非常重要。
EN： This sentence reflects the core philosophy of modern scientific inquiry: that asking questions and challenging existing assumptions is more fundamental to scientific progress than merely holding static knowledge.
中文： 這句話反映了現代科學探究的核心哲學：提出問題並挑戰現有假設，對於科學進步而言，比單純掌握靜態知識更為根本。
EN： The relative clause 'that bring hope' uses the relative pronoun 'that' as the subject of the clause to modify the plural noun 'Ideas'. Since 'ideas' is plural, the verb in the relative clause 'bring' is also in its plural form (no -s).
中文： 关系从句「that bring hope」使用关系代词「that」作为从句的主语，用来修饰复数名词「Ideas」（想法）。因为「ideas」是复数，所以关系从句中的动词「bring」也使用复数形式（不加 -s）。
Books that inspire people are always popular.
启发人们的书总是受欢迎的。
EN： The modal verb 'can' is used here to express capability or possibility. It is followed by the base form of the verb 'change'.
中文： 情态助动词「can」在此处用于表示能力或可能性。其后接动词原形「change」。
Technology can improve our lives.
科技可以改善我们的生活。
重要单词附有 IPA 发音、定义、例句和互动式测验。
在本文中： 授粉，传粉
在本文中： 引用，引述
在本文中： 好奇心
在本文中： 发明，创造
在本文中： 资源
在本文中： 进步，进展
在本文中： 脆弱的，易碎的
在本文中： 膨胀，扩大
片语包含类型标示、双语定义、用法说明和例句。
To increase gradually in quantity or size until there is a large total.
积少成多，聚沙成塔
To continue doing something, especially when it is difficult.
继续前进，坚持下去
To mention the books, websites, or people where information was found.
引用来源，注明出处