EN： The verb 'urge' follows the pattern 'urge someone to do something', where the object is followed by an infinitive clause expressing the encouraged action.
中文： 动词“urge”（敦促）常使用“urge + 宾语 + 不定式（to + 动词原形）”的句型，表示强烈劝告或敦促某人采取某项行动。
The committee urged the government to invest more in renewable energy.
委员会敦促政府加大对可再生能源的投资。
EN： The pattern 'treat X as Y' means to consider, regard, or handle X in the manner or category of Y.
中文： 句型“treat X as Y”意为“将X视为／对待为Y”，常用于表达看待事物的方式、定位或态度。
The company treats customer feedback as a crucial source of improvement.
该公司将客户反馈视为改进的重要来源。
EN： Apposition is used here: 'Meg O'Neill' directly renames 'BP's chief executive', providing explicit identification set off by commas.
中文： 本句使用了“同位语”（Apposition）结构：名字“梅格·奥尼尔”紧跟在职位“英国石油的首席执行官”之后，两者由逗号隔开，用于对前方的主语进行补充说明与具体指称。
The company's founder, Jane Doe, gave the opening address.
该公司的创始人珍·道发表了开幕致辞。
EN： The tension between economic reliance on North Sea oil/gas and climate transition goals is a major debate in contemporary British politics, often placing corporate energy giants like BP at odds with environmental policy choices.
中文： 英國當前政治中的一大重要議題，即是在對北海石油與天然氣的經濟依賴與氣候轉型目標之間取得平衡。這常使像英國石油（BP）這樣的能源巨頭與政府的環保政策走向產生立場上的交集與衝突。
EN： A present participle phrase ('Speaking...') can act as an adverbial modifier of time and reason, sharing its implicit subject with the main clause ('O'Neill'). Here, 'Speaking' is modified by the temporal noun phrase 'days after...'.
中文： 现在分词短语（如“Speaking...”）可作为时间与原因的状语，其逻辑主语与主句主语（“奥尼尔”）一致。在此句中，“Speaking”由时间名词短语“days after...”所修饰。
Speaking at the annual economic forum, the minister outlined the government's fiscal policy for the upcoming year.
在年度经济论坛上发表讲话时，部长概述了政府来年的财政政策。
EN： The noun 'intention' is regularly followed by a non-finite to-infinitive clause ('its intention to divest...'), which functions as an adjectival complement specifying the content of the intention.
中文： 名词“intention”（意图/打算）后经常接不定式短语（“its intention to divest...”），作为形容词性补语，用以具体说明该意图的内容。
The company signaled its intention to expand into Asian markets by early next year.
该公司表明了打算在明年年初前扩展至亚洲市场的意图。
EN： In indirect speech or reporting clauses set in the past tense ('argued that...'), backshifting applies to the embedded clause. The past simple tense 'remained' reflects a state that was true at the time of speaking, even if it expresses an ongoing general assertion.
中文： 在转述过去时态的从句中（“argued that...”），从句需进行时态回退（Backshifting）。简单过去式“remained”反映了说话当时持续存在的状态，即使该描述表达的是一种普遍观点。
The director maintained that traditional print media remained relevant in the digital age.
该主管坚持认为，传统印刷媒体在数字时代依然具有不可替代的意义。
EN： The North Sea has been a cornerstone of the UK's energy production since major oil and natural gas fields were discovered there in the 1960s. The term 'ageing basin' refers to mature oilfields where reserves are depleting and extraction costs are rising. Decoupling economic growth from fossil fuels while maintaining energy security during geopolitical turmoil presents a significant debate in modern European energy politics.
中文： 自 1960 年代發現大型油氣田以來，北海一直是英國能源生產的基石。所謂「老化的流域」（ageing basin）是指儲量遞減且採掘成本上升的成熟油田。在地緣政治動盪時期，如何於維持能源安全的同時將經濟成長與化石燃料脫鉤，是當代歐洲能源政策的核心爭議。
EN： The verb 'emphasise' (or 'emphasize') is often followed by a 'that' clause acting as a noun clause (object of the verb) to state a fact, argument, or proposition with strong assertion.
中文： 动词“emphasise”（强调）后面常接由“that”引导的名词性从句（作为该动词的宾语），用来以坚定的语气说明事实、观点或主张。
The report emphasised that immediate action is required to combat climate change.
该报告强调，必须立即采取行动以应对气候变化。
EN： Parallel structure (parallelism) involves using the same grammatical form for two or more coordinating elements in a sentence. Here, 'generates' takes three parallel noun phrase objects: 'jobs', 'tax revenue', and 'broader economic benefits'.
中文： 平行结构（排比）是指在句子中使用相同或对等的语法形式来连接两个以上的成分。在此句中，动词“generates”后接三个平行的名词短语宾语：“jobs”、“tax revenue”和“broader economic benefits”。
The new policy supports local businesses, environmental conservation, and public education.
新政策支持本地企业、环境保护以及公众教育。
EN： A relative clause introduced by 'that' can modify a preceding noun phrase (here, 'broader economic benefits'). When combined with a passive modal verb ('should not be overlooked'), it asserts an imperative or evaluation regarding the antecedent.
中文： 由“that”引导的定语从句可用于修饰前面的名词短语（在此为“broader economic benefits”）。结合被动语态的情态动词（“should not be overlooked”），可用于对先行词提出强烈的建议或评估。
We must address the structural issues that cannot be ignored.
我们必须处理那些不能被忽视的结构性问题。
EN： In UK political and corporate discourse, terms like 'homegrown energy' and 'strategic priorities' are frequently used by industry leaders to appeal to national interest and economic security, especially during energy policy debates over domestic fossil fuel extractions versus green transition goals.
中文： 在英國的政治與企業論述中，「本土能源」（homegrown energy）與「戰略優先事項」（strategic priorities）等詞彙常被產業領袖用來訴諸國家利益與經濟安全，特別是在針對國內化石燃料開採與綠能轉型目標之間的能源政策辯論中。
EN： The phrasal verb 'form part of' is used to express that something is a component or element of a larger whole, system, or strategy. It is commonly used in formal, business, and news contexts.
中文： 动词短语“form part of”意为“构成……的一部分”或“属于……的一部分”，常用于正式文本、商业简报与新闻报道中，用来说明某个特定行动或事物属于一个更大规模的项目或系统。
The new environmental policy forms part of the company's broader sustainability initiative.
新的环保政策是该公司更广泛的可持续发展倡议的一部分。
EN： Hyphenated compound modifiers incorporating numbers and time units (e.g., '117-year-old') act as pre-modifying adjectives. In these compounds, the noun indicating time ('year') remains in its singular form, even when the number is plural.
中文： 带有连字符的数量复合修饰词（如“117-year-old”）放在名词前作为形容词使用。在这类复合词中，时间单位名词（此处为 year）必须保持单数形式，即使前面的数字大于一也不加复数词尾 s。
The city is restoring a 200-year-old historic theater in the downtown area.
该市正在修复市中心一座拥有200年历史的古迹剧院。
EN： Noun adjuncts or participial modifiers, such as 'portfolio pruning', combine two words to describe a specific business action. Here, 'pruning' is metaphorically extended from horticulture (cutting away dead/excess branches) to finance, meaning the strategic removal of underperforming assets.
中文： “Portfolio pruning”（投资组合精简）运用了隐喻手法，将园艺学中的“修剪（pruning）”概念延伸至商业与金融领域，意指企业策略性地剥离或出售绩效不佳、非核心的资产或业务组合。
After a thorough financial review, the conglomerate began its asset pruning process.
经过全面的财务审查后，该企业集团开始进行资产精简的程序。
EN： In corporate journalism, big multinational corporations are frequently referred to as 'giants' or 'behemoths' alongside their age or market capitalization (e.g., 'the 117-year-old energy giant' referring to British Petroleum, founded in 1909). Terms like 'portfolio pruning' or 'divestment' are diplomatic corporate terminology for selling off assets, framing radical cuts as prudent strategic optimization.
中文： 在商業新聞報導中，大型跨國企業常會結合其創立歷史或市值被稱為「巨頭（giant）」或「龐然大物（behemoth）」（例如文中指成立於 1909 年的英國石油為「擁有 117 年歷史的能源巨頭」）。此外，英文商業用語常使用「portfolio pruning（投資組合精簡）」或「divestment（資產剝離）」這類較溫和且專業的詞彙來描述出售資產，將大幅裁減資產的行為包裝為審慎的策略優化。
EN： The verb pattern 'characterise [something] as [something]' is used to describe or portray a person, thing, or situation in a specific way, often expressing a subjective opinion or assessment.
中文： 动词句型“characterise [某物] as [某种特性/角色]”用于将某人、某物或某种情况描述或刻画为特定状态，常用于表达主观观点、评价或立场。
The analyst characterised the market downturn as a temporary correction.
分析师将市场下跌描述为一次暂时性的修正。
EN： Adverbial modification of adjectives: The adverb 'insufficiently' modifies the adjective 'competitive', creating a precise compound modifier that indicates a degree below a necessary threshold.
中文： 副词修饰形容词的用法：副词“insufficiently”（不充分地、不够地）在此修饰形容词“competitive”（有竞争力的），构成精确的程度修饰，表示未能达到所需的标准或门槛。
The initial proposal was rejected because it was insufficiently detailed.
初步提案因不够详细而被否决。
EN： Prepositional phrase 'within [something]' functioning as a domain limiter, restricting the scope of the adjective phrase 'insufficiently competitive' to a specific context or set.
中文： 介词短语“within [某范畴]”充当范围限定语，将形容词短语“insufficiently competitive”的适用范围限定在特定的上下文（context）或集合（即英国石油的全球投资组合）之内。
The strategy was deemed successful within the regional market, despite national challenges.
尽管面临全国性的挑战，该策略在区域市场内仍被认为是成功的。
EN： In corporate narrative strategy, executives often use neutral or technical phrases like 'insufficiently competitive within a global portfolio' or 'portfolio pruning' as diplomatic euphemisms. Instead of stating that an asset is failing or losing money, this language frames divestment as an objective, strategic reallocation of capital toward higher-margin opportunities.
中文： 在企業公關與戰略敘事中，高階主管常使用如「全球投資組合中不具備足夠競爭力」或「投資組合瘦身（portfolio pruning）」等中立且專業的術語作為委婉說詞（euphemism）。這類用語避免直接承認資產虧損或失敗，而是將資產剝離（divestment）包裝為追求更高利潤回報的客觀、理性資本重組策略。
EN： The clause 'expressing confidence that...' uses 'that' as a conjunction introducing a noun clause that acts as the complement of the noun 'confidence'. Inside the clause, 'would' is used instead of 'will' to maintain sequence of tenses following the past tense main verb 'expressed'.
中文： “expressing confidence that...”结构中，“that”引导一个名词性从句作为名词“confidence”（信心）的同位语补语。从句内部使用“would”而非“will”，以配合主句过去式动词“expressed”的时态一致性。
The CFO expressed confidence that the company would recover its profit margins by next quarter.
财务长表示有信心公司会在下一季度恢复利润率。
EN： The present participle 'noting' introduces a participial phrase indicating a simultaneous action or adding supporting information to the main clause. The relative clause inside it uses the Past Perfect Passive ('had already been received') to show an action completed prior to the time of expressing confidence.
中文： 现在分词“noting”引导分词短语，用以补充说明主句或表示伴随动作。其内部的从句使用“过去完成被动语态”（had already been received），表示在“表示信心”这个过去时间点之前就已经完成的动作。
The director defended the budget cut, noting that several departments had already streamlined their operations.
主管为预算削减进行辩护，并指出几个部门此前已经简化了运营流程。
EN： 'Unsolicited' is an adjective meaning not asked for or given voluntarily. In business contexts, 'unsolicited offers' refer to takeover bids or purchasing inquiries made without the target company actively seeking them.
中文： “Unsolicited”是一个形容词，意为“未经请求的”或“主动提供的”。在商业情境中，“unsolicited offers”指目标公司未主动寻求即收到的收购意向或出价。
The firm received an unsolicited takeover bid from a foreign competitor.
该公司收到了一家外国竞争对手主动提出的收购邀约。
EN： In corporate finance and M&A (Mergers and Acquisitions), announcing 'unsolicited acquisition offers' during a divestment process serves a strategic purpose. It signals to the market and potential buyers that the assets are highly valuable and competitive, thereby driving up the purchase price despite the seller's decision to exit.
中文： 在企業融資與併購（M&A）領域，在資產剝離過程中聲明「已收到主動提出的收購意向」具有戰略意圖。這向市場和潛在買家釋放訊號，表明儘管賣方決定退出，該資產依然極具價值與競爭力，從而有助於抬高最終的出售價格。
EN： The preposition 'with' is used here to introduce an absolute clause (with + noun phrase + participle), describing an accompanying circumstance or result that provides extra detail about the main clause.
中文： 此处使用介词“with”引导独立主格结构（with + 名词短语 + 分词），用来补充说明主句的伴随状况、原因或结果。
The company ended the year on a high note, with sales increasing by thirty percent.
该公司以优异的成绩结束了这一年，销售额增长了百分之三十。
EN： The phrase 'more than doubling' uses the present participle 'doubling' modified by 'more than' to indicate a proportional increase exceeding 100%. Followed by 'to [amount]', it shows the final target figure.
中文： “more than doubling”利用现在分词“doubling”搭配“more than”表示比例增加超过双倍。后面接“to + 数量”则用来标示最终达到的具体数字。
The firm's stock price soared, more than tripling to 150 dollars per share.
该公司的股价飙升，翻了四倍以上，达到每股150美元。
EN： 'Since' followed by a noun phrase denoting an event ('the onset of...') specifies the starting point in time for a situation that has continued or whose impact is evaluated up to the present or the reported past.
中文： “since”后面接表示事件的名词短语（如“the onset of...”），用来明确指定某个持续状况或评估时间点的起始时间。
The country has experienced rapid economic growth since the adoption of the new policy.
自从采用新政策以来，该国经历了快速的经济增长。
EN： The global energy crisis that escalated in 2022 following Russia's invasion of Ukraine led to massive 'windfall profits' for major oil companies like BP and Shell. This triggered intense political debate in Western nations, particularly the UK, regarding whether to impose higher windfall taxes on energy giants to help consumers struggling with soaring energy bills.
中文： 2022 年俄羅斯入侵烏克蘭後爆發的全球能源危機，使英國石油（BP）和殼牌（Shell）等石油巨頭獲得了巨額的「暴利」（windfall profits）。這在西方國家（特別是英國）引發了激烈的政治辯論，爭議焦點在於是否應對這些能源巨頭徵收更高的暴利稅，以補助面臨能源帳單飆升的普通消費者。
EN： The passive structure 'be attributed to' is used to express cause and effect, meaning that something is caused by or results from a specified factor. It is highly common in formal and academic writing.
中文： 动词短语“be attributed to”表示“归因于……”，常用于正式、学术或新闻报道中，用来说明事件的原因或起源。
The company's recent success was attributed to its innovative marketing strategy.
该公司近期的成功归因于其创新的营销策略。
EN： The past participle phrase 'driven by...' functions as a reduced relative clause (which was driven by...), modifying the preceding noun phrase 'escalating oil and gas prices' to indicate agency or cause.
中文： 过去分词短语“driven by...”作为分词后置修饰语（相当于限定性关系从句 which were driven by... 的简化），用来修饰前面的名词“escalating oil and gas prices”，表示价格是由中东危机所推升。
The growth in renewable energy adoption is driven by increasing environmental awareness.
可再生能源采用率的增长是由日益增强的环保意识所推动的。
EN： The non-defining relative clause introduced by 'which' provides extra contextual information about 'the Middle East crisis'. In non-defining clauses, 'which' cannot be replaced by 'that' and must be preceded by a comma.
中文： 由“which”引导的非限定性定语从句，针对前面的专有名词/特定名词“the Middle East crisis”补充额外说明。非限定性定语从句前须加逗号，且关系代词不可替换为“that”。
The new policy, which was implemented last month, has already reduced regional carbon emissions.
这项于上个月实施的新政策，已经减少了该地区的碳排放。
EN： The terms 'the Middle East crisis' and 'the Gulf' (referring to the Persian Gulf) are widely used in global financial news to denote geopolitically sensitive areas that control a significant portion of global maritime oil supply routes, such as the Strait of Hormuz. Disruptions in these regions directly trigger global inflation and volatile oil prices.
中文： 「中東危機」與「波斯灣」（the Gulf）全球金融新聞中常用於指稱極具地緣政治敏感度的區域。波斯灣地區掌握了全球絕大部分的海運石油供應航線（例如霍爾木茲海峽），該區發生戰事或動盪會立即引發全球能源價格劇烈波動與通膨風險。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense ('have intensified') is used here to connect a past action/event (the release of quarterly results) to the present state (ongoing, heightened public and regulatory scrutiny). It emphasizes the present relevance and impact of a recent event.
中文： 此处使用现在完成时（have intensified），将过去发生的事件（财报结果公布）与目前的状态（持续且升温的公众及监管审查）联系起来，强调近期事件对当前产生的影响与关联性。
The recent policy change has sparked intense debate among economists.
最近的政策变化在经济学家之间引发了激烈的争论。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'at a time of + [noun/noun phrase]' is an advanced temporal construction used to establish context or background conditions. It highlights that an event occurs during a specific, often critical or sensitive, period.
中文： 介词短语“at a time of + [名词/名词短语]”为高阶的时间表达结构，用于建立背景或环境条件，强调某事件发生于特定且通常是关键或敏感的时期。
The company decided to expand its workforce at a time of severe economic downturn.
该公司决定在经济严重衰退之际扩充其劳动力。
EN： The term 'windfall gains' (or 'windfall profits') refers to unearned, unexpected profits resulting from external events—in this context, surging global energy prices caused by conflicts in the Middle East and Russia's war on Ukraine, rather than standard operational improvements. During times of high inflation or geopolitical crises, public calls often grow for governments to impose a 'windfall tax' on energy majors (like BP) to help offset rising living costs for consumers.
中文： 「意外暴利」（windfall gains / windfall profits）是指非因企業本身改善營運，而是由外部事件（在此指中東衝突及俄羅斯對烏克蘭戰爭所導致的全球能源價格飆漲）帶來的意外巨大利潤。在高通膨或地緣政治危機時期，公眾往往會強烈呼籲政府對大型能源企業（如英國石油）徵收「意外暴利稅」（windfall tax），以補貼民眾不斷上升的生活成本。
EN： The embedded question marker 'whether to + base verb' is used to present a choice or condition, often acting as the object of a preposition (here, 'on'). It functions as a concise alternative to a full 'whether + subject + verb' clause.
中文： “whether to + 动词原形”为嵌入式疑问句结构，常用于表示选择或条件，常接在介词（如本句中的 on）后面作为宾语。此结构是“whether + 主语 + 动词”完整从句的精简形式。
The board is currently debating on whether to expand into Asian markets.
董事会目前正在讨论是否要扩展至亚洲市场。
EN： Apposition occurs when two noun phrases are placed side-by-side to identify or explain one another. Here, 'the Jackdaw and Rosebank fields' is an appositive NP restating and specifying 'two contentious North Sea projects'.
中文： 同位语（Apposition）是指将两个名词短语并列放置，用以互相补充说明或具体指称。在本句中，“the Jackdaw and Rosebank fields”作为同位语，用来具体说明前述的“two contentious North Sea projects”（两个具争议性的北海项目）。
We visited the capital of Japan, the bustling metropolis of Tokyo.
我们造访了日本的首都，即热闹繁华的大都市东京。
EN： The adjective 'consequential' implies having significant, far-reaching effects or consequences, elevated in register compared to simple adjectives like 'important' or 'big'.
中文： 形容词“consequential”表示“随之而来的、影响深远的或有重大后果的”，在正式语体（register）中常取代较为平淡的“important”或“big”。
The supreme court is set to make a highly consequential ruling on environmental regulations.
最高法院即将针对环境法规做出具深远影响的裁决。
EN： The Rosebank and Jackdaw oil and gas fields in the North Sea have been central to intense political and environmental debates in the UK. Environmental groups argue that developing new fossil fuel infrastructure contradicts climate commitments, while proponents emphasize energy security and local job preservation.
中文： 北海的 Rosebank 與 Jackdaw 油氣田開發案是近年英國政壇與環保爭議的焦點。環保團體主張開採新油氣田違背英國的氣候減碳承諾，而支持者則強調此舉對國家能源安全以及保障在地就業機會至關重要。
EN： Inverted second conditional (hypothetical condition in the present or future): When removing 'If' from a hypothetical conditional sentence, the auxiliary verb 'were' is inverted with the subject. 'Were + subject + to + base verb' emphasizes a formal, hypothetical, or less likely scenario.
中文： 与现在或未来事实相反的假设倒装（第二条件句倒装）：省略连接词“If”时，将助动词“Were”提至主语前面。结构为“Were + 主语 + to + 动词原形”，常用于正式文本或新闻报道中，以强调假设性或发生概率较低的情况。
Were the board to reject the proposal, the company would face immediate financial difficulties.
如果董事会否决该提案，公司将会立即陷入财务困境。
EN： The verb 'green-light' (or 'greenlight') is an informal/journalistic transitive verb derived from the noun phrase 'green light'. It means to give official permission or approval for a project or plan to proceed.
中文： 动词“green-light”（给…开绿灯／批准）：衍生自名词“绿灯”，在新闻与商业英语中广泛使用，意指官方或决策者“批准、许可”某项计划或项目开始执行。
The city council finally green-lit the construction of the new high-speed railway station.
市议会终于批准了新高铁站的建设方案。
EN： Hypothetical result clause with modal auxiliary verb 'would': The main clause uses 'would + infinitive' (here modified by the adverb 'likely') to express a probable outcome resulting from the hypothetical condition introduced in the conditional clause.
中文： 主句中的假设结果表达（would + 动词原形）：配合假设条件从句，主句使用情态助动词“would”搭配动词原形（此处插入副词“likely”表可能性），用来推测假设条件若成真时可能导致的后果。
An abrupt increase in interest rates would likely trigger a slowdown in the housing market.
利率的突然上升可能会引发房地产市场的放缓。
EN： In UK energy policy, the North Sea oil and gas expansion (particularly projects like Jackdaw and Rosebank) is a highly contentious political issue. It highlights the tension between economic pragmatism (job creation, tax revenues, and energy security) and the UK's legally binding climate ambitions (net-zero goals). Climate campaigners frequently use legal challenges and public protests to block such green-light approvals.
中文： 在英國能源政策中，北海石油與天然氣的開發案（特別是 Jackdaw 與 Rosebank 等油氣田）是極具爭議的政治議題。這反映出經濟實用主義（創造就業、稅收與能源安全）與英國具法律約束力的氣候野心（淨零排放目標）之間的巨大緊張關係。環保倡議團體常透過法律訴訟與公眾抗議，試圖阻止政府給予此類開發案綠燈許可。
EN： The use of 'the very + noun' is an emphasizing structure where 'very' acts as an adjective meaning 'exact', 'actual', or 'particular', used to highlight the precise identity or significance of the noun.
中文： “the very + 名词”是一种强调结构，此处的“very”作为形容词使用，意思是“正是这个”、“恰恰是那个”或“最核心的”，用来加强该名词的精确身份或重要性。
This mistake damaged the very reputation the company had spent decades building.
这个错误损害了该公司花了数十年时间建立起来的声誉本身。
EN： The present participle clause 'raising the question of...' acts as an adverbial modifier expressing a result or consequence of the main clause action.
中文： 现在分词从句“raising the question of...”在此作为状语修饰语，用来表示主句动作所带来的“自然结果”或“随之引发的影响”。
The factory closed down, leaving hundreds of workers unemployed.
工厂倒闭了，导致数百名工人失业。
EN： The preposition 'of' is followed by a content clause introduced by 'whether', which functions as a noun clause complement explaining the specific content of 'the question'.
中文： 介词“of”后面接由“whether”引导的内容从句，作为名词性从句补语，用以具体说明“question（疑问）”的详细内容。
They discussed the problem of whether the new policy would actually benefit small businesses.
他们讨论了新政策是否真的能惠及小企业的问题。
EN： This context reflects the UK's current political tension between energy security (ensuring homegrown fossil fuels during geopolitical disruptions like the Ukraine war) and its ambitious Net Zero target by 2050. Oil giants like BP face immense public and political pressure to balance traditional profit-driven oil/gas extraction with green energy transition.
中文： 此背景反映了英國目前在「能源安全」（例如在烏克蘭戰爭等地緣政治動盪期間確保國內化石燃料供應）與「2050淨零排放目標」之間的政治拉鋸。像英國石油公司這樣的能源巨頭，正面臨巨大的公眾與政治壓力，必須在傳統盈利性油氣開採與綠能轉型之間取得平衡。
重要单词附有 IPA 发音、定义、例句和互动式测验。
在本文中： 剥离；拆售；处置（资产或业务）
在本文中： 不可或缺的
在本文中： 未经要求主动提供的；主动提出的
在本文中： （不愉快事件的）开始；发作
在本文中： 审查；仔细检查
在本文中： 重大影响的；重要的
在本文中： 有争议的；引起争论的
在本文中： 务实主义
片语包含类型标示、双语定义、用法说明和例句。
An unexpected or sudden financial gain or profit.
意外暴利；意外收益
To give permission for a project or action to proceed.
批准；给……开绿灯
A state of uncertainty or conflict in international relations affecting politics and economies.
地缘政治不稳定