EN： The Present Perfect Tense (has shown) is used to describe an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past and has relevance or results in the present.
中文： 现在完成时 (has shown) 用于描述过去某个不确定时间点发生的动作，且该动作与现在有相关性或对现在产生了结果。
Recent research has shown that sleep is vital for memory.
最近的研究显示，睡眠对于记忆至关重要。
EN： The noun clause starting with 'that' acts as the direct object of the verb 'shown', introducing the specific information or fact being revealed.
中文： 由 'that' 引导的名词性从句作为动词 'shown' 的直接宾语，用来引出被揭示的具体信息或事实。
He believes that the project will succeed.
他相信这个计划会成功。
EN： The term 'slimming jabs' is a common British English colloquialism for weight-loss injections. In a medical context, these refer to GLP-1 receptor agonists like semaglutide.
中文： 『slimming jabs』是英式英語中對減肥注射劑的常用口語說法。在醫學背景下，這些是指 GLP-1 受體激動劑，如司美格魯肽。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle) is used here to describe a state that started in the past and continues to the present. It emphasizes the ongoing effectiveness of these drugs.
中文： 现在完成时（have/has + 过去分词）在此处用于描述从过去开始并持续到现在的状态。它强调了这些药物持续至今的有效性。
These new treatments have been successful in clinical trials.
这些新疗法在临床试验中一直很成功。
EN： The preposition 'at' is followed by a gerund (verb + -ing) to indicate the specific area or activity in which someone or something is effective or skilled.
中文： 介词 'at' 后面接动名词（动词 + -ing），用来表示某人或某事在哪个特定领域或活动中具有成效或擅长。
She is very good at explaining complex ideas.
她非常擅长解释复杂的概念。
EN： Wegovy and Mounjaro are brand names for GLP-1 receptor agonists, which have gained massive popularity in Western media and social platforms (like TikTok) for weight loss, leading to global discussions about body image and drug accessibility.
中文： 維格威（Wegovy）和蒙扎羅（Mounjaro）是 GLP-1 受體激動劑的品牌名稱。這些藥物在西方媒體和社交平台（如 TikTok）上因減重效果而獲得巨大關注，引發了全球關於身體形象和藥物取得便利性的討論。
EN： The 'that-clause' as a direct object: After reporting verbs like 'warn', 'say', or 'think', a 'that' clause is used to introduce the information being reported. 'That' can often be omitted in informal speech.
中文： that 引导的名词性从句作为宾语：在 'warn'（警告）、'say'（说）或 'think'（认为）等动词之后，使用 that 从句来引导所要传达的信息。在口语中，that 时常可以省略。
The doctor warned that the treatment might have side effects.
医生警告说，这种治疗可能会有副作用。
EN： The causative verb 'cause': The structure 'cause + object + to + infinitive' is used to describe an action that makes something else happen.
中文： 使役动词 'cause' 的用法：结构为「cause + 宾语 + to + 不定式」，用来描述促使某事发生的动作。
Heavy rain caused the river to overflow.
大雨导致河流泛滥。
EN： The verb 'suggest' is used here to mean 'to indicate' or 'to show as a likely fact'. It is followed by a 'that-clause' which functions as the direct object of the sentence, containing the information being reported.
中文： 动词「suggest」在此处意为「显示」或「表明（一项事实）」。其后接由「that」引导的从句作为宾语，用来陈述研究发现的具体内容。
Recent reports suggest that the economy is improving.
最近的报告显示经济正在好转。
EN： The phrase 'between A and B' is used to specify a range. When used as a subject (e.g., 'between 25 and 40 percent of...'), the verb agreement usually follows the noun after 'of'. Here, 'percent' is treated as a singular or plural portion depending on the context, but 'comes' agrees with the singular concept of the percentage range.
中文： 短语「between A and B」用于指定一个范围。当作为主语的一部分时（例如「25% 到 40% 的...」），动词通常与「of」之后的名词或百分比概念一致。在此句中，「comes」与百分比区间所代表的份额概念相呼应。
Between 10 and 20 people are expected to attend.
预计会有 10 到 20 人参加。
EN： In health and fitness contexts, 'lean body mass' is a technical term used to distinguish muscle, bone, and water from body fat. The concern mentioned in the text reflects a growing medical dialogue about the quality of weight loss, not just the quantity, especially with the rise of GLP-1 medications like Wegovy.
中文： 在健康與健身領域，「lean body mass」（瘦體重）是一個專業術語，用來區分肌肉、骨骼、水分與體脂肪。文中提到的擔憂反映了醫學界對於「減重品質」而非僅僅是「減重數量」的討論，特別是在維格威（Wegovy）等 GLP-1 藥物盛行的背景下。
EN： The verb 'include' is a transitive verb used to list parts that make up a whole. In this sentence, it connects the subject 'Lean body mass' to its components.
中文： 动词「include」（包括）是一个及物动词，用于列出构成整体的各个部分。在本句中，它连接了主语「Lean body mass」（瘦体重）与其组成部分。
The price includes breakfast and tax.
价格包括早餐和税费。
EN： The use of 'other' as an adjective. 'Other' is used before plural countable nouns or uncountable nouns to refer to additional things of the same type or category.
中文： 形容词「other」（其他的）的用法。'Other' 用在复数可数名词或不可数名词之前，指代同一类型或类别中的额外事物。
I have other books to read.
我还有其他的书要读。
EN： In health and fitness contexts, 'lean body mass' is a technical term used to differentiate muscle, bone, and water weight from body fat. It is often discussed in the context of metabolism and strength training.
中文： 在健康與健身領域，「lean body mass」（瘦體重）是一個專業術語，用於區分肌肉、骨骼、水分重量與體脂肪。這通常在討論新陳代謝和重量訓練時被提及。
EN： The conjunction 'because' is used to introduce a subordinate clause that provides the reason for the action or state described in the main clause.
中文： 连接词「because」（因为）用于引导从句，为主要子句中描述的动作或状态提供原因。
She stayed at home because it was raining.
她待在家里，因为当时正在下雨。
EN： The verb 'help' can be followed by an object and then either a bare infinitive (verb without 'to') or a full infinitive (with 'to'). In this sentence, 'help them stay' uses the bare infinitive.
中文： 动词「help」（帮助）后面可以接宾语，再接不带to的动词原形或带to的不定式。在本句中，「help them stay」使用的是不带to的动词原形。
This exercise helps you sleep better.
这项运动能帮助你睡眠质量更好。
EN： In health and fitness contexts, 'lean tissue' or 'lean body mass' is often contrasted with 'body fat.' Maintaining muscle mass is a key focus in modern medical discussions about weight loss drugs to ensure patients remain functional and avoid 'sarcopenia' (muscle loss).
中文： 在健康與健身語境中，「瘦肉組織」（lean tissue）或「瘦體重」（lean body mass）通常與「體脂肪」相對。在現代關於減肥藥物的醫學討論中，維持肌肉量是一個關鍵焦點，以確保患者保持身體機能並避免「肌少症」（sarcopenia）。
EN： Non-restrictive Relative Clause: The word 'which' is used after a comma to add extra information about the entire preceding clause, rather than just the noun before it.
中文： 非限定性定语从句：在逗号后使用 'which' 来对前面的整个从句补充额外信息，而不只是指代紧邻的名词。
He passed the exam, which surprised everyone.
他通过了考试，这让每个人都很惊讶。
EN： Comparative Adjectives: The structure 'more [noun] than' is used to compare the quantity of something between two things.
中文： 比较级形容词：使用 'more [名词] than' 结构来比较两者之间某事物的数量。
This car uses more fuel than that one.
这辆车比那辆车消耗更多燃料。
EN： The past participle 'called' is used here as a reduced relative clause (short for 'which is called') to modify the noun 'medicine'. It functions like an adjective to provide a specific name.
中文： 过去分词「called」在此处用作简化定语从句（原为「which is called」），用来修饰名词「medicine」。它的功能类似形容词，用来提供特定的名称。
I read a book called 'The Great Gatsby'.
我读了一本名为《了不起的盖茨比》的书。
EN： The non-defining relative clause starts with ', which is...'. It provides extra, non-essential information about 'apitegromab'. In English, this type of clause must be preceded by a comma.
中文： 非限定性定语从句以「, which is...」开头。它提供额外的、非必要的信息。在英文中，这类从句前必须加上逗号。
He lives in London, which is the capital of the UK.
他住在伦敦，那是英国的首都。
EN： The preposition 'by' followed by a gerund (verb-ing) is used to describe the method or means by which an action is achieved.
中文： 介词「by」后接动名词（V-ing）用于描述达成某项动作的方法或手段，译为「通过……方式」。
She improved her English by watching movies every day.
她通过每天看电影来提高她的英语。
EN： A relative clause starting with 'that' is used here to provide essential information about the preceding noun ('a protein').
中文： 由「that」引导的定语从句在此处用于提供先行词（a protein）的必要信息，用来修饰并限定该名词。
This is the machine that produces the car parts.
这就是生产汽车零件的那台机器。
EN： The mention of 'myostatin' refers to a real biological protein that limits muscle tissue growth. In medical science, inhibiting this protein is a significant area of research for treating muscle-wasting diseases and, as seen here, potentially offsetting side effects of weight-loss drugs.
中文： 提到「myostatin」（肌肉生成抑制素）是指一種限制肌肉組織生長的真實生物蛋白質。在醫學科學中，抑制這種蛋白質是治療肌肉萎縮疾病的一個重要研究領域，如本文所示，它也可能用於抵消減肥藥物的副作用。
EN： The Passive Voice (be + past participle) is used when the action is more important than who performed it. Here, 'was used' indicates that the drug was administered in a trial context.
中文： 被动语态（be 动词 + 过去分词）用于当动作本身比执行者更重要时。在这里，「was used」表示该药物在试验环境中被使用。
The new software was tested by several experts.
这款新软件由几位专家进行了测试。
EN： The phrase 'be able to' is used to express ability or possibility, often used instead of 'can' to form different tenses, such as the past tense 'were able to'.
中文： 短语「be able to」用于表达能力或可能性，通常用来替代「can」以形成不同的时态，例如本句中的过去式「were able to」。
After months of practice, she was able to swim across the lake.
经过几个月的练习，她能够游过这座湖。
EN： The sentence mentions 'slimming jabs' (like Wegovy and Mounjaro), which have become a major cultural and medical phenomenon in recent years. The focus is shifting from just 'losing weight' to 'quality of weight loss,' ensuring that muscle mass is preserved for long-term health.
中文： 句子中提到的「減肥針」（如 維格威 和 蒙扎羅）近年來已成為主要的文化和醫學現象。大眾的關注點正從單純的「減重」轉向「減重的品質」，即確保保留肌肉量以維持長期健康。
EN： Relative Clauses with 'that': A relative clause is used to provide more information about a noun (the antecedent). In this sentence, 'that is found in Mounjaro' describes the 'active ingredient'.
中文： 使用 'that' 的定语从句：定语从句用于提供关于名词（先行词）的更多信息。在本句中，「that is found in Mounjaro」描述了「活性成分」（active ingredient）。
This is the book that I bought yesterday.
这就是我昨天买的那本书。
EN： Passive Voice (is found): The passive voice is formed with 'be + past participle'. It is used when the focus is on the person or thing affected by the action.
中文： 被动语态 (is found)：被动语态由「be 动词 + 过去分词」构成。当重点在于受动作影响的人或事物时使用。
Water is found on the surface of Mars.
在火星表面发现了水。
EN： The sentence refers to modern pharmaceutical developments in weight loss. Mounjaro is a brand name for a drug used to treat type 2 diabetes and obesity, which has gained significant global attention recently.
中文： 這句話提到了現代減重藥物的發展。蒙扎羅 (Mounjaro) 是用於治療第 2 型糖尿病和肥胖症的藥物品牌名稱，近期在全求範圍內引起了極大的關注。
EN： Appositives: An appositive is a noun or noun phrase that renames another noun right beside it. In this sentence, 'an obesity expert at Ulster University' provides more information about 'Professor Alexander Miras'.
中文： 同位语：同位语是指紧跟在另一个名词旁边，用来重新命名或补充说明该名词的名词或名词短语。在本句中，「an obesity expert at Ulster University」补充说明了「亚历山大·米拉斯教授」的身份。
Mr. Chen, a talented musician, plays the piano every day.
陈先生是一位才华横溢的音乐家，他每天都弹钢琴。
EN： Reported Speech with 'that' clause: The verb 'said' is followed by a noun clause starting with 'that' (though 'that' is often omitted) to report what someone said. The tense in the clause usually shifts to match the past tense of 'said'.
中文： 间接引语与 that 从句：动词「said」后接一个由「that」引导的名词性从句（that 常可省略），用来转述某人的话。从句中的时态通常随主句动词「said」的一致性而使用过去时。
She said the movie was very exciting.
她说那部电影非常刺激。
EN： In academic and news contexts, it is common to introduce an expert by their full title and affiliation (e.g., 'at Ulster University') to establish credibility before quoting their opinion.
中文： 在學術與新聞語境中，通常會先介紹專家的完整頭銜與所屬機構（例如「阿爾斯特大學」），以在引用其觀點前建立公信力。
EN： The phrase 'be linked to' is used to describe a connection or relationship between two things, often used in scientific or medical contexts to show cause and effect.
中文： 短语「be linked to」用于描述两件事物之间的联系或关系，常用于科学或医学背景中，以显示因果关系。
Lack of sleep has been linked to various health problems.
睡眠不足与多种健康问题有关。
EN： The Past Perfect tense ('had been linked') is used here to show that the connection between the jabs and muscle loss was established or existed prior to the moment Professor Alexander Miras gave his explanation.
中文： 过去完成时（had been linked）在此处用于表示减肥针与肌肉流失之间的联系，在亚历克斯·米拉斯教授做出解释之前就已经存在或被确立了。
The doctor explained that the patient had been sick for a week.
医生解释说，病人在那之前已经生病一个星期了。
EN： In academic and medical reporting, it is common to clarify if an expert was 'not involved in the research' to establish their impartiality. This ensures the audience knows the expert is providing an unbiased second opinion rather than promoting their own work.
中文： 在學術和醫學報導中，通常會澄清專家是否「未參與該項研究」以確立其公正性。這能確保受眾了解該專家是在提供中立的第二意見，而非在推銷自己的研究成果。
EN： The structure 'find + it + adjective + to-infinitive' uses 'it' as a dummy object (preparatory object). The real object is the 'to-infinitive' phrase at the end. This is used when the object of a verb is an infinitive or a clause and is followed by an object complement.
中文： 结构「find + it + 形容词 + 不定式」使用 'it' 作为形式宾语（先行宾语）。真正的宾语是句尾的「不定式」短语。当动词的宾语是不定式或从句，且后面有宾语补足语时，会使用此结构。
I find it easy to learn English with music.
我发现通过音乐学习英语很简单。
EN： Relative clauses starting with 'who' are used to provide more information about a person or group of people. In this sentence, 'who lose muscle mass' defines which 'people' the speaker is referring to.
中文： 以 'who' 开头的定语从句用于提供有关个人或群体的更多信息。在本句中，「who lose muscle mass」定义了说话者所指的「人们」是哪些人。
Students who study hard usually get good grades.
努力学习的学生通常会取得好成绩。
EN： In medical and health contexts, 'muscle mass' is a standard term used to discuss physical health and aging. The sentence highlights a practical concern in the UK and other Western countries where maintaining independence in daily activities (like walking or carrying groceries) is a key goal of geriatric and obesity medicine.
中文： 在醫學和健康語境中，「肌肉量 (muscle mass)」是討論身體健康和衰老的標準術語。這句話強調了英國和其他西方國家的實際擔憂，即在日常活動中（如行走或搬運雜物）保持獨立性是老年醫學和肥胖醫學的一個關鍵目標。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'According to' is used to indicate the source of information or an opinion. It is followed by a noun or a noun phrase.
中文： 介词短语「According to」用于表示信息或观点的来源，其中文意思为「根据...」或「依照...」，后接名词或名词短语。
According to the weather report, it will rain tomorrow.
根据天气预报，明天会下雨。
EN： The verb 'help' can be followed by an object and then either a bare infinitive (verb without 'to') or a 'to-infinitive'. In this sentence, 'help reduce' uses the bare infinitive form.
中文： 动词「help」（帮助）后面可以接宾语，然后接不带 to 的动词原形或带 to 的不定式。在本句中，「help reduce」使用的是不带 to 的动词原形。
This exercise helps strengthen your back muscles.
这项运动有助于增强你的背部肌肉。
EN： In academic and medical contexts, experts like Professor Miras are often cited to provide credibility to new research findings. The use of 'could' reflects the cautious language typically used in science before a drug is fully approved for widespread use.
中文： 在學術和醫學背景下，經常引用像米拉斯教授這樣的專家觀點，以增加新研究發現的可信度。使用「could」（可能）反映了科學領域在藥物完全獲准廣泛使用前所採用的謹慎措辭。
重要单词附有 IPA 发音、定义、例句和互动式测验。
在本文中： 保留、保持，指在减重过程中维持肌肉量不流失
在本文中： （生物）组织，指构成身体的肌肉或脂肪等部分
在本文中： 有效的，指药物能达到预期的减重效果
在本文中： 警告、提醒，指研究人员指出潜在的风险
在本文中： 卡路里，热量单位
在本文中： 单克隆的，用于描述一种特定的抗体技术
在本文中： 阻断、抑制，指药物阻止蛋白质发挥作用
在本文中： 成分，指药物中的有效化学物质
在本文中： 肥胖症，医学上的肥胖状态
在本文中： 负面的、不利的，指药物带来的副作用
片语包含类型标示、双语定义、用法说明和例句。
The weight of your body minus the fat, including muscles, bones, and water.
去脂体重、瘦体重
Injections used for the purpose of losing weight.
减肥针、瘦瘦笔
The specific chemical in a drug that makes it work.
有效成分、活性成分
Connected to or associated with something else.
与...有关联
A chronic condition that affects the way the body processes blood sugar.
2型糖尿病