EN： Present Perfect Tense (has/have + past participle): Used here to describe a recent action that has a result in the present. In this context, 'has revealed' indicates that the analysis was completed and the information is now known.
中文： 现在完成时（has/have + 过去分词）：此处用于描述最近发生且对现在产生影响的动作。在本文中，“has revealed”表示分析已经完成，且其结果（信息）现在已为人所知。
The study has revealed a link between diet and health.
这项研究显示了饮食与健康之间的联系。
EN： Appositive Phrase: A noun or noun phrase that sits next to another noun to rename it or describe it in more detail. 'Australia's two largest supermarkets' is an appositive describing 'Coles and Woolworths'.
中文： 同位语短语：紧跟在另一个名词旁边，用来重新命名或更详细地描述该名词的名词或名词短语。此处“Australia's two largest supermarkets”是“科尔斯和伍尔沃斯”的同位语。
Mr. Chen, my English teacher, is very kind.
陈先生，我的英文老师，非常亲切。
EN： In Australia, Coles and Woolworths form a 'duopoly,' controlling a vast majority of the grocery market. The term 'High-Low pricing' mentioned in the context refers to a strategy where prices fluctuate significantly, which is a major point of discussion regarding the cost of living in Australia.
中文： 在澳大利亚，科尔斯 (Coles) 和吴尔沃斯 (Woolworths) 形成了“双头垄断”，控制了绝大部分的杂货市场。背景中提到的“高低定价策略”(High-Low pricing) 指的是价格大幅波动的策略，这是目前澳大利亚关于生活成本讨论的一个主要焦点。
EN： The past participle phrase 'called CW Scanner' acts as an adjective to modify the preceding noun 'website'. This is a reduced relative clause, shortened from 'which is called CW Scanner'.
中文： 过去分词短语“called CW Scanner”作为形容词使用，用来修饰前面的名词“website”（网站）。这是一个简化的关系从句，由“which is called CW Scanner”缩减而来。
A company called Apple makes the iPhone.
一家名为苹果的公司制造了 iPhone。
EN： The verb 'provide' follows the pattern 'provide something to someone/something'. It indicates the transfer of information or goods from a source to a recipient.
中文： 动词“provide”遵循“provide something to someone/something”（提供某物给某人/某单位）的句型。它表示将信息或物品从来源转移到接收者手中。
The teacher provided the notes to the students.
老师将讲义提供给了学生。
EN： Guardian Australia is the Australian edition of The Guardian, a major global news organization. In this context, it highlights how independent data analysis from third-party websites like CW Scanner is used by investigative journalism to hold large corporations accountable.
中文： 卫报澳洲版（Guardian Australia）是全球主要新闻机构《卫报》的澳洲版本。在此背景下，它突显了调查记者如何利用来自 CW Scanner 等第三方网站的独立数据分析，来监督大型企业的行为。
EN： Compound Predicate: This sentence uses a compound predicate where two verbs ('covers' and 'includes') share the same subject ('The information'). They are connected by the conjunction 'and'.
中文： 复合谓语：本句使用了复合谓语，即两个动词（covers 和 includes）共享同一个主语（The information），并由连接词“and”连接。
The report analyzes the market and suggests new strategies.
这份报告分析了市场并提出了新策略。
EN： Listing with 'such as': The phrase 'such as' is used to introduce specific examples of a general category (in this case, 'products'). It is followed by a list of nouns separated by commas.
中文： 使用“such as”进行列举：短语“such as”用于引出一般类别（本句中为“products”）的具体实例。其后接一串以逗号分隔的名词。
She enjoys outdoor activities such as hiking, swimming, and cycling.
她喜欢户外活动，例如徒步、游泳和骑自行车。
EN： The phrase 'According to' is a prepositional phrase used to indicate the source of information. It is followed by a noun or a noun phrase.
中文： 短语“According to”是一个介词短语，用于表示信息的来源。其后接名词或名词短语。
According to the weather forecast, it will rain tomorrow.
根据天气预报，明天会下雨。
EN： The correlative structure 'one... the other' is used when referring to two specific items or groups. 'One' identifies the first, and 'the other' identifies the remaining one of the pair.
中文： 相关结构“one... the other”用于指代两个特定的项目或群体。“One”指代第一个，“the other”则指代该对组合中剩下的一个。
I have two pens; one is blue and the other is red.
我有两支笔；一支是蓝色的，另一支是红色的。
EN： In Australia, the supermarket industry is dominated by a 'duopoly' consisting of Coles and Woolworths. This market structure often leads to similar pricing behaviors, which can sometimes be scrutinized by the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) to ensure fair competition and protect consumers.
中文： 在澳大利亚，超市行业由科尔斯和伍尔沃斯组成的“双头垄断”所主导。这种市场结构经常导致相似的定价行为，有时会受到澳大利亚竞争与消费者委员会 (ACCC) 的审查，以确保公平竞争并保护消费者权益。
EN： Passive Voice (be + past participle): Used when the action is more important than the person or thing performing it. Here, 'was advertised' focuses on the promotion of the product.
中文： 被动语态 (be 动词 + 过去分词)：当动作本身比执行动作的人或物更重要时使用。这里的“was advertised”强调产品被刊登广告这一事实。
The new smartphone was launched last month.
这款新智能手机于上个月发布。
EN： Prepositional Phrases for Pricing: The preposition 'at' is used to indicate a specific price point or rate (at half price), while 'for' indicates the total amount paid.
中文： 表示价格的介词短语：介词“at”用于表示特定的价格点或比率（以半价），而“for”则用于表示支付的总金额。
The tickets are available at a discount for 20 dollars.
这些门票以折扣价 20 美元出售。
EN： In Australia, the supermarket duopoly of Coles and Woolworths is a major public topic. 'Half price' specials are a very common marketing tactic used to drive foot traffic, often alternating between the two chains to ensure one always has a higher price while the other is on sale.
中文： 在澳大利亚，科尔斯与伍尔沃斯的超市双头垄断是一个主要的公共议题。“半价”特价是吸引客流量非常常见的营销手段，这两家连锁店经常交替进行特价，以确保其中一家维持高价时，另一家正在促销。
EN： The Passive Voice (be + past participle) is used when the action is more important than the person performing it. Here, 'was sold' focuses on the product's price rather than the supermarket staff.
中文： 被动语态（be 动词 + 过去分词）用于当动作本身比执行者更重要时。这里使用“was sold”（被售出）是为了强调产品的价格，而非超市的员工。
The tickets were sold in just five minutes.
门票在短短五分钟内就售罄了。
EN： Prepositional Phrases for Price: 'At' is used to indicate a specific price point (at full price), while 'for' is used to indicate the total amount of money (for 199 dollars).
中文： 价格介词用法：“at”用于表示特定的价格点（以全价），而“for”则用于表示具体的金额（计 199 元）。
I bought this shirt for 20 dollars at a discount.
我以折扣价花了 20 元买了这件衬衫。
EN： In Australia, Coles and Woolworths form a 'duopoly,' controlling the vast majority of the grocery market. This sentence highlights the controversial practice where they avoid competing on price for the same items simultaneously, a topic currently under government scrutiny.
中文： 在澳大利亚，科尔斯 (Coles) 和伍尔沃斯 (Woolworths) 形成了“双头垄断”，控制了绝大部分的杂货市场。这句话凸显了两家超市避免同时针对同一商品进行价格竞争的争议性做法，这也是目前澳大利亚政府审查的重点。
EN： The Past Perfect tense ('had been') is used to describe an action or state that was completed before another point in the past. In this context, it emphasizes the state of affairs prior to the 'recent' promotion mentioned earlier.
中文： 过去完成时（had been）用于描述在过去某个时间点之前已经完成的动作或持续的状态。在此语境中，它强调在前面提到的“近期”促销活动之前的情况。
By the time I arrived at the store, the sale had already ended.
当我到达商店时，特价活动已经结束了。
EN： The word 'just' is used here as an adverb to emphasize the specific amount of time or the precision of the timing, meaning 'exactly' or 'only'.
中文： 单词“just”在此作为副词使用，用来强调特定时间量或时间点的精确性，意指“就在”或“仅仅”。
The train left just two minutes ago.
火车就在两分钟前离开了。
EN： In the context of Australian retail, the 'High-Low' pricing strategy mentioned in the text is a common but controversial practice. The sentence highlights how quickly prices can fluctuate between major competitors like Coles and Woolworths, which is a central point of the ongoing consumer rights debate in Australia.
中文： 在澳大利亚零售业的背景下，文中提到的“高低价”定价策略是一种常见但具争议的做法。这句话强调了科尔斯（Coles）与伍尔沃斯（Woolworths）等主要竞争对手之间价格波动之快，这是澳大利亚目前消费者权益辩论的核心焦点。
EN： Passive Voice (be + past participle): Used when the subject receives the action rather than performing it. In this sentence, 'is known' indicates that the strategy doesn't know itself, but is recognized by others.
中文： 被动语态 (be 动词 + 过去分词)：当主语是动作的承受者而非执行者时使用。在本句中，“is known”表示该策略并非主动去认识，而是被他人所认知。
The new policy is known to all employees.
所有员工都知道这项新政策。
EN： The phrase 'be known as' is used to specify the name, title, or category of someone or something.
中文： 短语“be known as”用于指定某人或某事物的名称、头衔或类别，意为“被称为……”或“以……身份闻名”。
Paris is known as the City of Light.
巴黎被称为光之城。
EN： "High-Low" pricing is a common psychological marketing tactic where a retailer charges a high price for an item every day, but then offers a significant discount through promotions or coupons to create a sense of urgency and value for the customer.
中文： “高低价”定价是一种常见的心理营销策略。零售商平时对商品标示较高的原价，然后通过促销或优惠券提供大幅折扣，以此营造紧迫感并让顾客觉得物超所值。
EN： The sentence uses the Present Simple tense to describe a habitual action or a general business strategy. The third-person singular subject 'The supermarket' requires the verbs to end in '-s' (sets, offers).
中文： 本句使用一般现在时来描述习惯性的行为或一般的商业策略。第三人称单数主语“The supermarket”要求动词词尾加上“-s”（如 sets, offers）。
The store opens at 9 AM every day.
这家商店每天上午九点开门。
EN： The 'to + infinitive' structure (to attract) is used here as an infinitive of purpose, explaining why the supermarket offers promotions.
中文： “to + 动词原形”的结构（to attract）在此作为不定式的目的用法，解释了超市提供促销活动的原因。
He saved money to buy a new car.
他存钱是为了买一辆新车。
EN： The 'High-Low' pricing strategy mentioned in the context is a common retail tactic where prices are kept high normally but dropped significantly during sales. This contrasts with 'Everyday Low Price' (EDLP) strategies used by retailers like Walmart or ALDI.
中文： 文中提到的“高低价策略”（High-Low pricing）是零售业常见的策略，平时维持高价，但在促销期间大幅降价。这与沃尔玛（Walmart）或 ALDI 等零售商采用的“天天低价”（Everyday Low Price, EDLP）策略形成对比。
EN： Relative Clauses (Defining and Non-defining): The sentence uses two types of relative clauses. 'That followed this pattern' is a defining relative clause that identifies which products are being discussed. ', which include...' is a non-defining relative clause that provides extra information about those products, separated by a comma.
中文： 关系子句（限定与非限定）：本句使用了两种关系子句。“that followed this pattern”是限定用法，用来明确指出是哪些产品；而“, which include...”是非限定用法，用逗号隔开，用来补充说明关于这些产品的额外信息。
The company released a report that analyzed sales, which helped investors understand the market.
该公司发布了一份分析销售情况的报告，这有助于投资者了解市场。
EN： At least: This phrase is an adverbial modifier used to indicate that a number or amount is the minimum possible, and it could be more.
中文： At least（至少）：这是一个副词修饰语，用来表示某个数字或数量是可能的最低限度，实际情况可能更多。
You need to wait at least twenty minutes for the paint to dry.
你至少需要等待二十分钟让油漆变干。
EN： The conjunction 'because' is used to introduce a subordinate clause that provides a reason or explanation for the main clause.
中文： 连词“because”用于引导从属从句，为主句提供原因或解释。
I stayed home because it was raining.
我待在家里是因为当时正在下雨。
EN： The determiner 'many more' is used to emphasize a significantly larger quantity of countable nouns.
中文： 限定词“many more”用于强调可数名词的数量显著增加。
Many more people attended the concert than expected.
参加音乐会的人数比预期的多得多。
EN： The Past Perfect Tense (had + past participle) is used here to describe an action (deceiving customers) that happened before another past action (the court finding).
中文： 过去完成时（had + 过去分词）在此处用于描述一个发生在另一个过去动作（法院裁定）之前的动作（欺骗顾客）。
The police discovered that the thief had escaped before they arrived.
警方发现小偷在他们到达之前就已经逃跑了。
EN： The conjunction 'after' introduces a subordinate clause that provides temporal context for the main event.
中文： 连词“after”引导一个从句，为主要事件提供时间背景信息。
He felt much better after he took the medicine.
他在服药后感觉好多了。
EN： This sentence refers to a real legal case in Australia where major supermarkets faced scrutiny over their pricing tactics. In Australia, the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) is a powerful body that protects consumer rights against misleading advertising.
中文： 这句话指的是澳大利亚一个真实的法律案件，大型超市因其定价策略面临审查。在澳大利亚，澳大利亚竞争与消费者委员会 (ACCC) 是一个强大的机构，旨在保护消费者权益免受误导性广告的侵害。
EN： The verb 'ruled' is followed by a 'that' clause, which functions as a noun clause (the direct object of the verb). This structure is commonly used to report official decisions or statements.
中文： 动词“ruled”（裁定）后面接一个由“that”引导的从句，该从句作为名词性从句（动词的直接宾语）。这种结构常用于报告官方决定或陈述。
The committee decided that the proposal was too expensive.
委员会判定该提案过于昂贵。
EN： The possessive form 'supermarket's' uses an apostrophe and 's' to indicate ownership or association with the noun that follows ('promotional program').
中文： 所有格形式“supermarket's”使用撇号加“s”来表示对其后名词（促销活动）的所有权或关联性。
The company's logo is very recognizable.
这家公司的标志辨识度很高。
EN： The 'Down Down' campaign is a famous long-running marketing strategy by Coles in Australia, using a giant red hand pointing downwards to signify price drops. The legal ruling mentioned reflects increasing scrutiny on whether these 'drops' are genuine or artificial.
中文： “Down Down”活动是澳洲科尔斯 (Coles) 超市一项著名的长期营销策略，使用巨大的红色手掌向下指，象征价格下跌。文中提到的法律裁定反映了社会对于这些“降价”是真实的还是人为操纵的审查日益严格。
EN： Present Perfect Continuous (have/has been + -ing): This tense is used to describe an action that started in the past and is still continuing in the present, or has just finished but has a strong connection to the present. It emphasizes the duration or the ongoing nature of the activity.
中文： 现在完成进行时 (have/has been + -ing)：此时态用于描述从过去开始并持续到现在的动作，或刚结束但与现在有强烈关联的活动。它强调动作的持续性或过程。
The police have been looking for the suspect for three days.
警方已经寻找这名嫌疑犯三天了。
EN： Correlative Conjunctions (both... and...): This pair of words is used to join two equal elements (nouns, adjectives, or phrases) together, emphasizing that both items are included.
中文： 并列连词 (both... and...)：这组词用于连接两个对等的元素（名词、形容词或短语），强调两者皆包含在内。
She likes both tea and coffee.
她茶和咖啡都喜欢。
EN： The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) is a powerful independent government authority in Australia. Its role is to enforce competition and consumer protection laws, ensuring that businesses act fairly and do not mislead customers. In Australia, the supermarket industry is highly concentrated, dominated by Coles and Woolworths (often called the 'duopoly'), which is why ACCC investigations into their pricing are major national news.
中文： 澳大利亚竞争与消费者委员会 (ACCC) 是澳大利亚一个权力庞大的独立政府机构。其职责是执行竞争与消费者保护法，确保企业行为公平且不误导消费者。在澳大利亚，超市行业高度集中，由科尔斯 (Coles) 和伍尔沃斯 (Woolworths) 两大巨头垄断（常被称为“双头垄断”），这也是为什么 ACCC 对其价格策略的调查会成为重大的全国新闻。
EN： The verb 'deserve' is followed by an infinitive (to + verb) to indicate that someone should have or do something because of their qualities or actions.
中文： 动词“deserve”（应得/理应）后接不定式（to + 动词），用来表示某人因其特质或行为而应该拥有或做某事。
All employees deserve to be treated with respect.
所有员工都理应受到尊重。
EN： The word 'if' is used here as a conjunction to introduce indirect questions or noun clauses, meaning 'whether'. It presents two or more possibilities.
中文： 这里的“if”作为连词引导间接问句或名词性从句，意思是“是否”，用来呈现两种或多种可能性。
I don't know if the store is open today.
我不知道这家店今天是否开门。
EN： In Western retail markets like Australia, consumer rights are heavily protected by law. The statement reflects the expectation of 'price transparency,' where retailers are discouraged from using 'was/is' pricing (raising a price just to immediately discount it) to create a false sense of savings.
中文： 在澳大利亚等西方零售市场，消费者权益受到法律的高度保护。这段话反映了对“价格透明度”的期望，即零售商不应使用“原价/现价”的定价策略（先调高价格再立即打折）来营造虚假的省钱错觉。
EN： The conjunction 'Although' is used to introduce a subordinate clause that expresses a contrast or concession. In English, 'although' is not paired with 'but' in the same sentence.
中文： 连接词“Although”（虽然）用于引导表示对比或让步的从属从句。在英语语法中，“although”不能与“but”同时出现在同一个句子中。
Although it was raining, we decided to go for a walk.
虽然正在下雨，我们还是决定去散步。
EN： The Present Perfect tense (has/have + past participle) is used here to describe an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past and has a result or relevance in the present.
中文： 现在完成时（has/have + 过去分词）在此用于描述过去某个不确定时间点发生的动作，且该动作对现在产生了影响或具有相关性。
The new policy has improved customer satisfaction.
新政策已经提升了客户满意度。
EN： In Australia, the supermarket sector is dominated by a duopoly consisting of Coles and Woolworths. This market structure often leads to public scrutiny regarding pricing tactics and competition, especially during periods of high inflation.
中文： 在澳大利亚，超市产业由科尔斯（Coles）与伍尔沃斯（Woolworths）两大巨头垄断。这种市场结构经常引发大众对定价策略与竞争公平性的审视，尤其是在高通胀时期。
EN： The structure 'make it + adjective + for someone + to do something' uses 'it' as a dummy object (preparatory object). The real object is the infinitive phrase 'to find...'.
中文： 结构“make it + 形容词 + for 某人 + to do 某事”中，“it”作为形式宾语，真正的宾语是后面的不定式短语“to find...”。
The heavy rain made it impossible for us to go hiking.
大雨使得我们无法去徒步旅行。
EN： The word 'that' introduces a noun clause acting as the direct object of the verb 'believe'. It connects the main subject/verb to a complete thought.
中文： 单词“that”引导一个名词性从句，作为动词“believe”的直接宾语。它将主要主语/动词与一个完整的想法连接起来。
Experts believe that the economy will improve next year.
专家认为明年经济将会好转。
EN： In the Australian retail context, the duopoly of Coles and Woolworths is a frequent topic of public debate regarding competition and cost-of-living pressures. The term 'critics' often refers to consumer advocacy groups or economic analysts who monitor these market giants.
中文： 在澳洲零售背景下，科尔斯 (Coles) 与伍尔沃斯 (Woolworths) 的双头垄断是关于竞争和生活成本压力的热门公共议题。句中的“评论家”通常指监测这些市场巨头的消费者权益倡导团体或经济分析师。
EN： The verb 'encourage' follows the pattern 'encourage someone to do something', where an object is followed by a to-infinitive to express the action being promoted.
中文： 动词“encourage”（鼓励）遵循“encourage + 某人 + to + 动词原形”的句型，其中宾语后接不定式，用以表达所鼓励的行为。
The teacher encourages students to ask questions.
老师鼓励学生提问。
EN： The phrase 'where to buy' is a wh-word followed by a to-infinitive, acting as a noun phrase that serves as the object of the verb 'decide'.
中文： “where to buy”是由疑问词接不定式构成的结构，在此作为名词短语，担任动词“decide”（决定）的宾语。
I haven't decided where to go for my vacation.
我还没决定要去哪里度假。
EN： In Australia, the term 'groceries' typically refers to food and household items bought at supermarkets like Coles and Woolworths. The retail sector in Australia is often described as a 'duopoly' because these two major chains dominate the market, making price comparison a significant public interest topic.
中文： 在澳大利亚，“groceries”通常指在科尔斯 (Coles) 和伍尔沃斯 (Woolworths) 等超市购买的食品和生活日用品。澳大利亚的零售业常被描述为“双头垄断”，因为这两大连锁店主导了市场，这使得价格比较成为大众高度关注的话题。
EN： Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle): Used here to describe an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past and has a result or relevance in the present.
中文： 现在完成时（have/has + 过去分词）：此处用于描述过去某个不确定时间点发生的动作，且该动作对现在仍有影响或关联性。
The new policy has caused many changes in the company.
这项新政策已为公司带来了许多变化。
EN： Collocation 'draw attention': A common word pairing where 'draw' means to attract or pull in. It is often modified by adjectives like 'significant' or 'considerable'.
中文： 惯用语搭配 'draw attention'：这是一个常见的词汇组合，'draw' 在此意为“吸引”。通常会加上 'significant' (显著的) 或 'considerable' (相当大的) 等形容词来修饰程度。
Her unique style of painting drew international attention.
她独特的绘画风格吸引了国际关注。
EN： In Australia, the supermarket duopoly of Coles and Woolworths is a major political and social issue. Because these two chains control about 65% of the market, any suspicion of price manipulation or misleading discounts quickly becomes national news and draws government scrutiny.
中文： 在澳大利亚，科尔斯 (Coles) 与伍尔沃斯 (Woolworths) 的超市双头垄断是一个重大的政治与社会议题。由于这两家连锁店控制了约 65% 的市场份额，任何关于价格操纵或误导性折扣的怀疑都会迅速成为全国新闻，并引起政府的严格审查。
重要单词附有 IPA 发音、定义、例句和互动式测验。
在本文中： 促销活动，指商家为了增加销量而进行的降价或宣传活动。
在本文中： 揭露、显示，指通过分析或研究使原本不为人知的事实显现出来。
在本文中： 策略，指为了达到特定目标而制定的计划或方法。
在本文中： 欺骗、误导，指使人相信不真实的事情。
在本文中： 误导性的，指信息不实或容易让人产生错误理解。
在本文中： 调查，指官方或机构为了查明真相而进行的审查。
在本文中： 同步的，指多个事件在时间上完全一致或配合。
在本文中： 真正地、名副其实地。
在本文中： 识别出、确认，指在大量数据或群体中找出特定的对象。
在本文中： 暂时的，指仅持续一段时间而非永久的。
片语包含类型标示、双语定义、用法说明和例句。
A retail pricing strategy where a store charges a high price for an item and then periodically sells it at a lower price through promotions.
高低价定价策略
To start and stop something repeatedly or at specific times.
开启与关闭（切换）
Simultaneously; happening during the same period.
同时
To cause people to feel worried or to start a discussion about a potential problem.
引起关注、引发担忧
The part of the economy that involves the sale of goods to the public in relatively small quantities for use or consumption.
零售业、零售部门