EN： Passive Voice (be + past participle): This structure is used when the focus is on the action or the receiver of the action rather than the performer. In this sentence, 'is considered' emphasizes how the right is perceived by society.
中文： 被动语态 (be + 过去分词)：此结构用于当重点在于动作本身或动作的承受者，而非执行者时。在本句中，「is considered」强调了这权利如何被社会大众所看待。
The new policy is considered a major step toward equality.
这项新政策被视为迈向平等的重要一步。
EN： Compound Subject with Infinitive Phrases: The subject of the main clause consists of two infinitive phrases ('to vote' and 'participate') linked by 'and', which together define the 'ability' being discussed.
中文： 不定式短语构成的复合主语：主句的主语包含由「and」连接的两个不定式短语（「to vote」和「participate」），它们共同定义了所讨论的「能力」。
The ability to read and write is essential for modern life.
读写能力对现代生活至关重要。
EN： In Western democratic theory, the 'ability to vote' is often framed as a 'fundamental right' rather than a privilege. This reflects the Enlightenment values that underpin many modern constitutions, emphasizing that sovereignty resides in the people.
中文： 在西方民主理論中，「投票能力」通常被界定為一種「基本權利」而非特權。這反映了支撐許多現代憲法的啟蒙運動價值觀，強調主權在民。
EN： Relative Clauses (Adjective Clauses): The word 'who' introduces a relative clause that modifies the noun 'Citizens'. This clause provides essential information about which specific citizens are being discussed.
中文： 定语从句（形容词性从句）：单词 'who' 引导一个定语从句来修饰名词 'Citizens'（公民）。这个从句提供了关于正在讨论哪些特定公民的必要信息。
Students who study hard usually get good grades.
努力学习的学生通常会取得好成绩。
EN： Subject-Verb Agreement with Complex Subjects: In this sentence, the main subject is 'Citizens' (plural), so the main verb is 'help' (base form). The relative clause 'who engage in civic activities' does not change the plural nature of the subject.
中文： 复杂主语的主谓一致：在本句中，主要主语是 'Citizens'（复数），因此主要动词是 'help'（原形）。定语从句 'who engage in civic activities' 并不改变主语的复数性质。
People who live in glass houses should not throw stones.
住在玻璃房子里的人不应该扔石头。
EN： In democratic societies, 'civic activities' refers to a broad range of actions beyond just voting, such as volunteering, attending town halls, or local organizing. This sentence reflects the Western democratic ideal of 'active citizenship'.
中文： 在民主社會中，「公民活動」指的是除投票之外的廣泛行動，例如志願服務、參加鎮民大會或地方組織。這句話反映了西方民主理想中的「積極公民權」。
EN： The preposition 'Without' is used here to introduce a conditional situation (similar to 'If there is no...'), often followed by a noun phrase to describe a lack of something necessary.
中文： 介词「Without」在此用于引导一个假设性的条件（类似于「如果没有...」），后接名词短语，用来描述缺乏某种必要事物的情况。
Without your help, we cannot finish the project on time.
如果没有你的帮助，我们无法准时完成这个项目。
EN： The modal verb 'may' followed by a base verb ('fail') expresses a possibility or a potential negative outcome in the future or general truth.
中文： 情态动词「may」后接原形动词（fail），用来表达一种可能性，或是在未来或普遍事实中可能发生的负面结果。
If you don't study, you may fail the exam.
如果你不读书，你可能会考试不及格。
EN： In Western democratic discourse, 'ordinary people' or 'grassroots' participation is often emphasized as the moral foundation of government legitimacy. The sentence reflects the civic value that democracy is a 'bottom-up' process rather than just 'top-down' administration.
中文： 在西方民主論述中，「一般民眾」（ordinary people）或「草根」參與常被強調為政府合法性的道德基礎。這句話反映了民主是一種「自下而上」的過程，而不僅僅是「自上而下」行政管理的公民價值觀。
EN： Gerund as Subject: The word 'understanding' is a gerund (a verb ending in -ing that functions as a noun). In this sentence, it acts as the head of the subject phrase, representing an abstract concept or action.
中文： 动名词作主语：单词 'understanding' 是一个动名词（以 -ing 结尾且具有名词功能的动词）。在本句中，它作为主语短语的核心，代表一个抽象的概念或行为。
Learning a new language opens up many career opportunities.
学习一门新语言会开启许多职业机会。
EN： Noun Clause with 'How to': The phrase 'how to get involved' is an infinitive phrase used as a noun clause. It functions as the object of the gerund 'understanding', specifying what needs to be understood.
中文： 包含 'how to' 的名词短语：短语 'how to get involved' 是一个用作名词的不定式短语。它充当动名词 'understanding' 的宾语，明确说明了需要了解的内容。
She explained how to solve the complex math problem.
她解释了如何解决那个复杂的数学问题。
EN： In Western democratic discourse, 'civic duty' and being a 'responsible citizen' are emphasized as the foundation of a stable government. The sentence reflects the value placed on individual agency and the belief that education/understanding is the first step toward effective participation.
中文： 在西方民主論述中，「公民義務」和成為「負責任的公民」被強調為穩定政府的基石。這句話反映了對個人能動性的重視，以及相信教育與理解是有效參與的第一步。
EN： The coordinating conjunction 'yet' is used to connect two independent clauses, indicating a contrast or surprise, similar to 'but' but often more formal.
中文： 并列连词 'yet' 用于连接两个独立分句，表示对比或出乎意料的情况，语气通常比 'but' 更正式。
The weather was cold and rainy, yet they decided to go for a hike.
天气寒冷且下着雨，然而他们还是决定去徒步。
EN： The phrase 'the most recognized' uses the superlative form of the adjective 'recognized'. For long adjectives, 'the most' is placed before the word to indicate the highest degree.
中文： 短语 'the most recognized' 使用了形容词 'recognized' 的最高级形式。对于多音节的形容词，在单词前加上 'the most' 来表示最高程度。
This is the most beautiful painting in the entire gallery.
这是整个画廊中最美丽的一幅画。
EN： In many Western democracies, 'civic participation' is a core value, yet 'voter turnout' (the percentage of eligible voters who actually cast a ballot) varies significantly and is often a subject of intense political debate.
中文： 在許多西方民主國家，「公民參與」是核心價值觀，但「投票率」（符合資格並實際投票的選民百分比）差異很大，且經常是激烈政治辯論的主題。
EN： Present Perfect Continuous Tense: Formed with 'has/have been + -ing', this tense describes an action that started in the past and is still continuing or has just finished, emphasizing the duration and ongoing nature of the process.
中文： 现在完成进行时：由「has/have been + 现在分词 (-ing)」构成，用来描述一个从过去开始并持续到现在的动作，强调过程的持续性与未中断的状态。
The global temperature has been rising steadily since the industrial revolution.
自工业革命以来，全球气温一直在稳定上升。
EN： Prepositional Phrases for Time: The phrase 'over the past few decades' uses 'over' to indicate a duration of time during which a trend or change occurs.
中文： 时间介词短语：短语「over the past few decades」使用介词「over」来表示在某段时间跨度内，某种趋势或变化持续发生。
Technology has changed significantly over the last ten years.
科技在过去的十年间发生了显著变化。
EN： Voter turnout is a key indicator of the health of a democracy. In many Western nations, declining turnout among young people is a major topic of political debate, often leading to discussions about compulsory voting or digital voting options.
中文： 投票率是衡量民主健康程度的關鍵指標。在許多西方國家，年輕人投票率下降是政治辯論的主要議題，這常引發關於義務投票制或數位投票選項的討論。
EN： Noun Clauses with 'that': The verbs 'suggests' and 'doubt' are followed by noun clauses starting with 'that'. These clauses function as the direct object of the verb, expressing the content of the suggestion or the doubt.
中文： that 引导的名词性从句：动词 'suggests' (显示) 与 'doubt' (怀疑) 后接由 'that' 引导的名词性从句。这些从句作为动词的直接宾语，用来表达建议或怀疑的具体内容。
Many people believe that technology has improved our quality of life.
许多人相信科技改善了我们的生活质量。
EN： Compound Predicate: The subject 'younger generations' is followed by two verbs connected by 'and' ('feel' and 'doubt'). This allows the sentence to describe multiple actions or states of the same subject efficiently.
中文： 复合谓语：主语 'younger generations' 后接了两个由 'and' 连接的动词（'feel' 与 'doubt'）。这使句子能有效地描述同一主语的多重动作或状态。
She finished her homework and went to the park.
她完成了作业并去了公园。
EN： The phrase 'make a difference' is a common idiomatic expression in democratic discourse, emphasizing that individual actions contribute to a larger positive change. The sentence reflects a widespread concern in Western democracies regarding youth voter apathy.
中文： 'make a difference' 是民主論述中常見的習語，強調個人行動能為整體帶來積極改變。這句話反映了西方民主國家對於年輕選民政治冷感（voter apathy）的普遍擔憂。
EN： Present Perfect Passive: Formed by 'have/has + been + past participle', it describes an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past and has a result in the present, emphasizing the receiver of the action.
中文： 现在完成时的被动语态：由「have/has + been + 过去分词」构成，描述过去不特定时间发生且对现在有影响的动作，并强调动作的承受者。
The project has been completed by the team ahead of schedule.
该项目已由团队提前完成了。
EN： Present Participle as a Result Clause: The '-ing' phrase (proving...) is used here to show a logical result or consequence of the preceding main clause.
中文： 现在分词作为结果状语：这里的「-ing」短语（proving...）用来表示前述主句所产生的逻辑结果或后果。
The heavy rain lasted for hours, causing severe flooding in the area.
大雨持续了数小时，导致该地区严重淹水。
EN： The phrase 'every vote counts' is a common slogan in democratic societies, especially in the United States, used to encourage voter turnout by emphasizing that even in large-scale elections, individual participation can influence the outcome.
中文： 「每一票都重要」(every vote counts) 是民主社會中常見的口號，尤其在美國，常用於強調即使在大規模選舉中，個人的參與也能影響結果，藉此鼓勵選民投票。
EN： Gerunds as Subjects and Objects: A gerund is the '-ing' form of a verb that functions as a noun. In this sentence, 'voting' acts as the object of the preposition 'Beyond', and 'attending' acts as the head of the subject phrase.
中文： 动名词作主语与宾语：动名词是动词的 -ing 形式，其功能等同于名词。在本句中，'voting' 作为介词 'Beyond' 的宾语，而 'attending' 则是主语短语的核心。
Exercising regularly improves your physical health.
规律锻炼能改善你的身体健康。
EN： Subject-Verb Agreement with Gerund Phrases: When a gerund phrase (attending community meetings) acts as the subject, the verb must be singular ('offers'), even if the noun following the gerund is plural ('meetings').
中文： 动名词短语的主谓一致：当动名词短语（参加社区会议）作为主语时，动词必须使用单数形式（offers），即使动名词后面的名词是复数（meetings）也是如此。
Reading books expands our knowledge.
阅读书籍能扩展我们的知识。
EN： In many democratic societies, 'Town Hall Meetings' or community gatherings are a staple of local governance. They represent the grassroots level of democracy where ordinary citizens can directly question local officials, a concept deeply rooted in Western civic duty.
中文： 在許多民主社會中，「市政廳會議 (Town Hall Meetings)」或社區集會是地方治理的重要組成部分。它們代表了基層民主，普通公民可以直接質詢地方官員，這一概念深植於西方的公民義務意識中。
EN： The verb 'voice' is used here as a transitive verb meaning 'to express' or 'to give utterance to' feelings, opinions, or concerns. It is often used in formal or civic contexts.
中文： 动词「voice」在此作为及物动词，意为「表达」或「说出」感受、意见或担忧。这常见于正式或公民讨论的语境中。
Employees were encouraged to voice their suggestions during the meeting.
员工被鼓励在会议期间表达他们的建议。
EN： The phrase 'such as' is used to introduce specific examples that belong to a broader category (in this case, 'issues'). It is followed by a list of nouns or noun phrases.
中文： 短语「such as」用于引入属于广泛类别（在此为「issues」）的具体例子。其后接名词或名词短语列表。
The store sells organic vegetables such as carrots, spinach, and kale.
这家店销售有机蔬菜，例如胡萝卜、菠菜和羽衣甘蓝。
EN： In many Western democracies, 'town hall meetings' or community gatherings are a standard way for local governments to maintain transparency and for citizens to directly influence local policy.
中文： 在許多西方民主國家，「市民大會」(town hall meetings) 或社區聚會是地方政府保持透明度以及公民直接影響地方政策的標準方式。
EN： Perfect Participle Phrase (Having + Past Participle): This structure is used to indicate that one action was completed before another action in the main clause. It functions as an adverbial phrase showing sequence or cause.
中文： 完成分词短语 (Having + 过去分词)：此结构用于表示一个动作在主句动作之前已经完成。它作为副词短语，用来表示动作的先后顺序或原因。
Having finished the report, she turned off her computer.
完成报告后，她关掉了电脑。
EN： Adjective + To-Infinitive (Equipped to design): Certain adjectives describing ability or readiness are followed by an infinitive to specify the purpose or area of that ability.
中文： 形容词 + 不定式 (Equipped to design)：某些描述能力或准备程度的形容词后接不定式，用以说明该能力的具体目的或领域。
The team is well prepared to handle the crisis.
团队已做好充分准备来应对这场危机。
EN： In democratic governance, 'community feedback' is a formal part of the policy-making process. Public hearings and town hall meetings are common in Western countries to ensure transparency and accountability.
中文： 在民主治理中，「社區回饋」是政策制定過程中的正式環節。在西方國家，公聽會和鎮民大會是確保透明度和問責制的常見方式。
EN： The structure 'provide an opportunity for [someone] to [do something]' is used to describe giving someone the chance to perform an action. Here, 'for neighbors' acts as the logical subject of the infinitive verbs 'to collaborate' and 'build'.
中文： 结构「provide an opportunity for [某人] to [做某事]」用于描述给予某人执行某动作的机会。在这里，「for neighbors」作为不定式动词「to collaborate」和「build」的逻辑主语。
The internship provides an opportunity for students to gain practical experience.
这份实习为学生们提供了一个获得实践经验的机会。
EN： Parallel structure with infinitives: When two or more verbs follow 'to', the 'to' is often omitted for the subsequent verbs. In this sentence, 'to' applies to both 'collaborate' and 'build' (to collaborate and [to] build).
中文： 不定式的平行结构：当两个或多个动词接在「to」之后时，后续动词的「to」通常可以省略。在本句中，「to」同时适用于「collaborate」和「build」（to collaborate and [to] build）。
She wants to travel the world and meet new people.
她想要环游世界并结识新朋友。
EN： In many Western democratic societies, 'community meetings' or 'town hall meetings' are a staple of local governance, emphasizing the value of grassroots participation and direct dialogue between citizens and local leaders.
中文： 在許多西方民主社會中，「社區會議」或「鎮民大會」是地方治理的重要組成部分，強調草根參與以及公民與地方領導人之間直接對話的價值。
EN： The phrase 'whether... or...' is used to introduce a conditional clause that expresses two or more possibilities, indicating that the main statement remains true regardless of which alternative is chosen.
中文： 「whether... or...」引导的让步状语从句，用来表达两种或多种可能性，表示无论哪种情况发生，主句的内容都成立。
Whether it rains or shines, the football match will proceed as scheduled.
无论下雨还是晴天，足球比赛都将按计划进行。
EN： The idiom 'play a role in' means to have an effect or influence on something. The word 'role' is often modified by adjectives like 'crucial', 'important', or 'significant'.
中文： 短语「play a role in」意为「在...中扮演角色」或「对...起作用」。名词 role 前常加上形容词如 crucial (至关重要的) 或 significant (显著的) 来修饰其影响程度。
Diet plays a crucial role in maintaining overall health.
饮食在维持整体健康方面起着至关重要的作用。
EN： In Western democratic theory, 'public discourse' refers to the open exchange of ideas necessary for a healthy society. The distinction between 'online' and 'in person' reflects modern concerns about how digital platforms affect the quality of political debate compared to traditional face-to-face meetings.
中文： 在西方民主理論中，「公眾論述」(public discourse) 指的是健康社會所必需的思想開放交流。文中區分「線上」與「親自」反映了現代社會對於數位平台如何影響政治辯論品質（相對於傳統面對面會議）的關注。
EN： Gerund as Subject: The sentence starts with 'Engaging', which is a gerund (verb + -ing acting as a noun). It functions as the subject of the sentence.
中文： 动名词作主语：句子以 'Engaging' 开头，这是一个动名词（动词 + -ing 作为名词使用），在句中担任主语的角色。
Reading books broadens your horizons.
阅读书籍能开阔你的视野。
EN： Allow someone to do something: The verb 'allow' is followed by an object (individuals) and a 'to-infinitive' (to consider), indicating permission or possibility.
中文： Allow someone to do something (允许/让某人做某事)：动词 'allow' 后接宾语（individuals）与不定式（to consider），用来表示许可或使某事成为可能。
The new law allows citizens to vote online.
新法律允许公民在网上投票。
EN： In democratic societies, 'respectful debate' is a core value. It emphasizes that while people may disagree on policy, the discourse should remain civil to maintain social cohesion.
中文： 在民主社會中，「尊重的辯論」是一項核心價值。它強調雖然人們可能在政策上意見分歧，但對話應保持文明，以維持社會凝聚力。
EN： The 'It is + adjective + that-clause' structure uses 'It' as a dummy subject to introduce a fact or opinion. When expressing importance or necessity (using adjectives like 'important' or 'essential'), the verb in the 'that' clause often follows the subjunctive mood, though in modern English, the base form or 'should + base form' is common.
中文： 「It is + 形容词 + that 从句」结构使用形式主语 'It' 来引导一个事实或观点。当表达重要性或必要性（使用如 important 或 essential 等形容词）时，that 从句中的动词通常使用虚拟语气，即省略 should 的动词原形。
It is essential that every student submit their assignment on time.
每位学生准时提交作业是至关重要的。
EN： The verb 'distinguish' is often used with the preposition 'between' to show the difference between two or more things. The pattern is 'distinguish between A and B'.
中文： 动词 'distinguish' 常与介词 'between' 连用，用来表示区分两个或多个事物之间的差异。句型为 'distinguish between A and B'（区分 A 与 B）。
It can be difficult to distinguish between a cold and the flu.
要区分感冒和流感有时可能很困难。
EN： In democratic societies, 'media literacy'—the ability to analyze and evaluate information—is considered a vital skill for maintaining a healthy political environment and preventing the spread of misinformation.
中文： 在民主社會中，「媒體素養」（分析與評估資訊的能力）被視為維持健康政治環境及防止誤導性訊息傳播的關鍵技能。
EN： Relative Clause (Adjective Clause): The word 'that' introduces a relative clause 'that actively participates in thoughtful discussion' to modify the noun 'public'. It provides essential information about which specific public is being discussed.
中文： 定语从句（形容词性从句）：单词 'that' 引导定语从句 'that actively participates in thoughtful discussion' 来修饰名词 'public'（公众）。它提供了关于正在讨论的是哪种特定公众的必要信息。
Students that study consistently usually achieve better grades.
持续学习的学生通常会取得更好的成绩。
EN： Reflexive Pronoun for Emphasis: The word 'itself' is used as an intensive pronoun to emphasize the noun 'democracy', highlighting that the very core of democracy is being strengthened.
中文： 反身代词的强调用法：'itself' 在此作为强调代词，用来加强名词 'democracy'（民主）的语气，强调民主制度本身的根基正受到巩固。
The building itself is beautiful, even if the neighborhood is not.
这栋建筑本身很美，即使周边环境并非如此。
EN： The sentence reflects the Western democratic ideal of 'deliberative democracy,' where the quality of public debate is seen as essential to the health of the political system, rather than just the act of voting.
中文： 這句話反映了西方民主理想中的「審議式民主」(deliberative democracy)，即公眾辯論的品質被視為政治體系健康的關鍵，而不僅僅是投票行為本身。
EN： The passive structure 'be limited to' is used to describe the boundaries or restrictions of something. It is followed by a noun or a gerund (V-ing).
中文： 被动结构「be limited to」（限于）用于描述某事物的界限或限制。后接名词或动名词（V-ing）。
The discount is limited to students with a valid ID card.
此折扣仅限持有有效学生证的。
EN： The past participle phrase 'held at city hall' acts as an adjective to modify the preceding noun 'formal meetings'. This is a reduced relative clause (which are held).
中文： 过去分词短语「held at city hall」（在市政厅举行）作为形容词使用，修饰前面的名词「formal meetings」。这是一个省略了关系代词与助动词的简化定语从句。
The concert held in the park was free for everyone.
在公园举行的音乐会免费向所有人开放。
EN： In many Western democracies, 'City Hall' is not just a building but a symbol of local government accessibility, where citizens are encouraged to attend public hearings to voice their opinions on local laws.
中文： 在許多西方民主國家，「City Hall」（市政廳）不僅是一棟建築，更是地方政府透明度的象徵。公民被鼓勵參加在那裡舉行的公聽會，就地方性法規發表意見。
EN： Gerunds as Objects: The verb 'include' is followed by gerunds (verb-ing) when listing activities. In this sentence, 'volunteering', 'signing', 'contacting', and 'supporting' all function as nouns representing the acts themselves.
中文： 动名词作宾语：动词 'include' (包括) 后面接动名词 (V-ing) 来列举活动。在此句中，'volunteering'、'signing'、'contacting' 与 'supporting' 皆作为名词使用，代表这些行为本身。
Her hobbies include hiking in the mountains and taking photographs.
她的爱好包括在山中健行和拍照。
EN： Relative Clauses: The phrase 'that matter to you' is a relative clause (adjective clause) that modifies the noun 'causes'. 'That' acts as the relative pronoun and subject of the clause.
中文： 定语从句：短语 'that matter to you' 是一个定语从句（形容词性从句），用来修饰名词 'causes' (事业/原因)。'That' 在此作为关系代词，同时也是该从句的主语。
I want to work for a company that values creativity.
我想在一家重视创造力的公司工作。
EN： In democratic societies, 'signing petitions' and 'contacting representatives' are standard ways for citizens to voice their opinions to the government between elections. 'Causes' often refers to social or political movements like environmental protection or human rights.
中文： 在民主社會中，「簽署請願書」和「聯繫代表」是公民在兩次選舉之間向政府表達意見的標準方式。「Causes」(事業) 通常指社會或政治運動，如環境保護或人權議題。
EN： The past participle phrase 'taken to improve society' acts as an adjective modifying the noun 'Every action'. This is a reduced relative clause (Every action [that is] taken...).
中文： 过去分词短语「taken to improve society」作为形容词修饰名词「Every action」。这是一个简化的定语从句（原为 Every action [that is] taken...）。
The decisions made by the committee will affect everyone.
委员会所做的决定将影响每个人。
EN： The concessive clause 'no matter how + adjective' is used to express that the degree of a quality does not change the main result. It functions as an adverbial insertion.
中文： 让步状语从句「no matter how + 形容词」用于表达某种特质的程度不会改变主要结果。它在句中作为插入语性质的副词性从句。
No matter how hard you try, you must follow the rules.
无论你多么努力，你都必须遵守规则。
EN： This sentence reflects the democratic ideal of 'civic virtue,' where individual contributions, however minor, are seen as essential to the collective well-being of the state.
中文： 這句話反映了「公民美德」的民主理想，即個人的貢獻，無論多麼微小，都被視為國家集體福祉不可或缺的一部分。
EN： The preposition 'By' followed by a gerund (V-ing) is used to express the method or means by which an action is achieved. It answers the question 'How?'.
中文： 介词「By」后接动名词（V-ing）用于表达达成某个动作的方法或手段，回答「如何做？」的问题。
By practicing every day, you can improve your English fluency.
通过每天练习，你可以提高你的英语流利度。
EN： The verb 'ensure' is often followed by a 'that' clause, which functions as the direct object of the sentence to specify what is being guaranteed.
中文： 动词「ensure」（确保）之后经常接一个由「that」引导的名词性从句，作为句子的直接宾语，用来具体说明所保证的事项。
Please ensure that all the lights are turned off before you leave.
请确保在你离开之前所有的灯都已关掉。
EN： In democratic theory, 'accountability' and 'responsiveness' are key pillars. Accountability means officials must answer for their actions, while responsiveness means they should act according to the needs and preferences of the citizens.
中文： 在民主理論中，「問責性」(accountability) 和「回應性」(responsiveness) 是兩大支柱。問責性意味著官員必須為其行為負責，而回應性則意味著他們應根據公民的需求和偏好採取行動。
重要单词附有 IPA 发音、定义、例句和互动式测验。
在本文中： 基础的、根本的，指构成某事核心的部分。
在本文中： 公民的、市民的，与城市或公民义务有关的。
在本文中： 具备资格的、符合条件的。
在本文中： （活动或选举的）出席人数、投票率。
在本文中： （票数、得分等的）幅度、差额。
在本文中： （正式的）讨论、论述或对话。
在本文中： 区分、辨别两者之间的不同。
在本文中： 基础、基石，指支撑某事物的核心结构。
在本文中： 请愿书，指由许多人签署并提交给当局的正式请求。
在本文中： 应负责任的，指必须对自己的行为做出解释。
片语包含类型标示、双语定义、用法说明和例句。
To have a significant effect on a person or situation.
产生影响、发挥作用。
To take part in an activity or organization.
参与、卷入。
To express worries or complaints about something publicly.
表达担忧、发声。
To happen or occur, especially after being planned.
发生、举行。
The percentage of eligible voters who cast a ballot in an election.
投票率
The difference between the number of votes that the winner gets and the number that the loser gets.
（票数的）差距
To think about and begin to deal with an issue or problem.
处理；解决；应对
A principle, aim, or movement that, because of its perceived value, is supported by people.
（公益）事业；理想；目标
To be significant or important.
重要；有价值