EN： The present perfect tense ('have/has + past participle') is used here with 'how long' to ask about the duration of an action that started in the past and continues up to the present moment.
中文： 现在完成时（have/has + 过去分词）在此与“how long”连用，用来询问一个从过去开始并持续到现在的动作所经历的时间长度。
How long have you lived in this city?
你在这座城市住多久了？
EN： When playing musical instruments, the definite article 'the' is typically used before the name of the instrument (e.g., 'play the guitar', 'play the piano').
中文： 在英语中，当表示“弹奏某种乐器”时，乐器名称前通常需要加上定冠词“the”（例如：play the guitar 弹吉他、play the piano 弹钢琴）。
He has been learning to play the piano since last year.
他从去年开始就在学习弹钢琴了。
EN： In English-speaking cultures, asking about hobbies and how long someone has been practicing them (like playing an instrument) is a very common and polite way to make small talk and build rapport.
中文： 在英語系國家的文化中，詢問他人的興趣愛好以及他們學習或練習了多久（例如彈奏樂器），是一種非常常見且禮貌的社交閒聊（small talk）方式，有助於拉近彼此的距離。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle) is used here to describe an action that started in the past and continues up to the present moment.
中文： 现在完成时（have/has + 过去分词）在此处用于描述一个从过去开始并一直持续到现在的动作或状态。
I have lived in Taipei for five years.
我已经在台北住了五年了。
EN： The preposition 'for' is used with a period of time (e.g., 'about three years') to show the duration of an action or state.
中文： 介词「for」后面接一段时间（例如「大约三年」），用来表示某个动作或状态持续的时间长度。
She has studied English for ten years.
她已经学英语十年了。
EN： The present perfect tense ('have/has + past participle') is used here to describe a state that started in the past and continues up to the present. The verb 'know' is a stative verb, which means it is not typically used in the continuous form.
中文： 现在完成时（have/has + 过去分词）在这里用于描述一个从过去开始并持续到现在的状态。动词“know”（认识/知道）是一个状态动词，通常不使用进行时。
I have known him for five years.
我已经认识他五年了。
EN： 'Since' is used as a conjunction to introduce a subordinate clause indicating the starting point of an action or state. The verb in the 'since' clause is typically in the simple past tense.
中文： “since”作为连词，用来引导一个表示动作或状态起点的时间状语从句。since 从句中的动词通常使用一般过去时。
They have lived here since they got married.
他们自从结婚后就一直住在这里。
EN： The present perfect tense ('have been') is used here to describe a state that started in the past and continues up to the present moment. In this sentence, 'have been friends' indicates that the friendship began in the past and they are still friends now.
中文： 现在完成时（have been）在这里用于描述一个从过去开始并持续到现在的状态。在本句中，“have been friends”表示这段友谊始于过去，且他们现在依然是朋友。
We have been classmates since we entered junior high school.
自从我们上初中以来，我们就一直是同班同学。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'for a long time' is used with the present perfect tense to specify the duration of an ongoing state or action.
中文： 介词短语“for a long time”（好长一段时间）常与现在完成时连用，用来明确指出某个持续状态或动作的时间长度。
They have lived in this city for a long time.
他们在这座城市已经住了很长一段时间。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle) is used here to describe an action that started in the past and continues up to the present. 'Have studied' indicates that the action of learning English began in the past and is still ongoing.
中文： 现在完成时（have/has + 过去分词）在这里用于描述一个从过去开始并持续到现在的动作。“have studied”表示学习英语的动作始于过去，且目前仍在持续中。
I have lived in Taipei for five years.
我已经在台北住了五年。
EN： 'Since' is used as a preposition or conjunction to introduce the starting point of an action or state that continues to the present. It is typically followed by a specific point in time (e.g., 'since 2010') or a noun phrase representing a life stage (e.g., 'since elementary school').
中文： “since”作为介词或连词，用来引导一个持续到现在的动作或状态的“起点”。其后通常接一个特定的时间点（例如“since 2010”）或代表人生阶段的名词短语（例如“since elementary school”）。
She has been a vegetarian since high school.
她自从高中以来就一直吃素。
EN： In many English-speaking countries, 'elementary school' (or 'primary school') typically covers kindergarten through 5th or 6th grade (ages 5 to 11). Mentioning 'since elementary school' is a common way to emphasize that one has been doing something for a very long time, dating back to childhood.
中文： 在許多英語系國家，「elementary school」（或稱 primary school，即國民小學）通常涵蓋幼稚園到五年級或六年級（約 5 至 11 歲）。在口語中提到「since elementary school」是一種很常見的表達方式，用來強調某件事已經做了非常久，可以追溯到童年時期。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle) is used here to describe a state that started in the past and continues up to the present. It is often paired with 'since' to indicate the starting point of the action or state.
中文： 现在完成时（have/has + 过去分词）在此处用于描述一个从过去开始并持续到现在的状态。它经常与「since」（自从）连用，以指出该动作或状态的起点。
I have lived in Taipei since 2015.
自从 2015 年以来，我一直住在台北。
EN： The conjunction 'since' is used to introduce a specific point in time in the past. It can be followed by a noun phrase (e.g., 'since last year') or a subordinate clause in the simple past tense (e.g., 'since I was born').
中文： 连词「since」用于引导过去的一个特定时间点。其后可接名词短语（例如「since last year」）或一般过去时的从句（例如「since I was born」）。
She has worked at this company since she graduated.
她自从毕业后就一直在这家公司工作。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (has/have + past participle) is used here to describe an action that started in the past and continues up to the present. The preposition 'for' is used to indicate the duration of this action.
中文： 现在完成时（has/have + 过去分词）在这里用于描述一个从过去开始并持续到现在的动作。介词“for”用来表示该动作持续的时间长度。
Ryan has lived in this city for ten years.
莱恩已经在这个城市住了十年了。
EN： The present perfect tense ('have loved') is used here to describe a state that started in the past and continues up to the present moment. 'Love' is a stative verb, so it is used in the simple present perfect form rather than the continuous form.
中文： 现在完成时（have loved）在此处用于描述一个从过去开始并持续到现在的状态。由于「love」（喜爱）是状态动词，因此使用现在完成时，而非进行时。
I have loved music since I was a child.
我从小就一直很喜欢音乐。
EN： 'Since' is used as a preposition followed by a specific point in time in the past ('my first class') to indicate when the action or state began.
中文： 「since」在此作为介词，后面接一个过去的特定时间点（my first class，我的第一堂课），用来表示该动作或状态开始的时间点。
She has worked here since 2020.
她自 2020 年起就在这里工作了。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle) is used here to describe an action that started in the past and continues up to the present. In this sentence, 'have collected' indicates that the hobby of collecting stamps began in the past and is still ongoing.
中文： 现在完成时（have/has + 过去分词）在这里用于描述一个从过去开始并持续到现在的动作。在本句中，“have collected”表示收集邮票的兴趣始于过去，且目前仍在持续中。
I have lived in this city for five years.
我已经在这座城市住了五年了。
EN： The preposition 'since' is used to specify the starting point of an action or state that continues into the present. It is typically followed by a specific point in time (e.g., 'last summer', '2010') or a clause in the simple past tense.
中文： 介词“since”（自从）用于指定持续到现在的动作或状态的“起点”。它后面通常接一个特定的时间点（例如“last summer”去年夏天、“2010”）或一个一般过去时的从句。
She has worked here since 2020.
她自从 2020 年以来就在这里工作。
EN： Stamp collecting (philately) is a classic hobby worldwide. In English-speaking countries, mentioning a hobby with the present perfect tense ('I have collected...') is a common way to share personal interests and invite further conversation about one's collection or experiences.
中文： 集郵（philately）是全球相當經典的嗜好。在英語系國家中，使用現在完成式（I have collected...）來提及自己的興趣，是一種非常常見的社交分享方式，通常能引導對方詢問更多關於收藏品或相關經驗的話題。
EN： The present perfect tense (have/has + past participle) is used here with 'yet' in a negative sentence to indicate that an action has not happened up to the present moment, but is expected to happen in the future.
中文： 现在完成时（have/has + 过去分词）在此与“yet”（还没）连用，用于否定句中，表示某个动作到目前为止尚未发生，但预期在未来会发生。
I have not finished my homework yet.
我还没有写完我的作业。
EN： The adverb 'yet' is commonly placed at the very end of negative sentences or questions in the present perfect tense to emphasize expectation.
中文： 副词“yet”通常放在现在完成时否定句或疑问句的句尾，用以强调对某事的预期心理。
Has the train arrived yet?
火车已经到了吗？
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle) is used here to describe a state that started in the past and continues up to the present moment. The verb 'be' (been) indicates a state of being.
中文： 现在完成时（have/has + 过去分词）在这里用于描述一个从过去开始并一直持续到现在的状态。动词“be”（been）表示一种存在或身份状态。
We have been friends since we were children.
我们从孩提时代起就一直是朋友。
EN： The preposition 'for' is used with a period of time (e.g., three years) to show duration, while 'now' is added at the end of the sentence to emphasize that this duration extends up to the current moment.
中文： 介词“for”与一段时间（例如：三年）连用以表示持续的时间长度，而句尾加上“now”则用以强调这个持续时间一直延伸到此时此刻。
They have lived in Paris for five years now.
他们到现在已经在巴黎住了五年了。
EN： The idiom 'time flies' is a common expression meaning that time seems to pass very quickly, especially when one is busy or having fun. It is often used with the conjunction 'when' to specify the circumstance.
中文： 习语“time flies”（时光飞逝）是一个常用的表达方式，意思是时间似乎过得非常快，特别是在忙碌或玩得开心的时候。它经常与连词“when”连用，以指定特定的情境。
Time flies when you are having a good conversation with friends.
和朋友愉快地聊天时，时间总是过得特别快。
EN： The phrase 'have fun' is used to describe enjoying oneself. The adverb 'so much' acts as an intensifier before the noun 'fun' to emphasize the high degree of enjoyment.
中文： 短语“have fun”用于描述尽情玩要、享受其中。副词“so much”在名词“fun”之前作为加强语气之用，以强调极高度的乐趣。
We had so much fun at the amusement park yesterday.
我们昨天在游乐园玩得非常开心。
EN： The phrase 'time flies' is a translation of the Latin proverb 'tempus fugit', which has been used in English literature for centuries to express the fleeting nature of time, especially during enjoyable moments.
中文： 「time flies」這個片語源自拉丁語諺語「tempus fugit」，在英文文學中已被使用數百年，用來表達時間的轉瞬即逝，特別是在享受美好時光的時候。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle) is used here to describe an action that started in the past and continues to the present. It is often paired with 'since' to indicate the starting point of the action.
中文： 现在完成时（have/has + 过去分词）在此用于描述一个从过去开始并持续到现在的动作。它经常与“since”（自从）搭配使用，以表示该动作的起点。
I have lived in Taipei since 2015.
自从 2015 年以来，我一直住在台北。
EN： The conjunction 'since' can introduce a time clause (subject + verb in the simple past tense) to mark the specific point in time when the action in the main clause began.
中文： 从属连词“since”可以引导一个时间状语从句（主语 + 一般过去时动词），用来标记主句动作开始的具体时间点。
She has studied English since she entered junior high school.
自从她上初中以来，她就一直学习英语。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (has/have + past participle) is used here to describe a state that started in the past and continues to the present. The preposition 'for' is used to specify the duration of this state.
中文： 现在完成时（has/have + 过去分词）在此处用于描述一个从过去开始并持续到现在的状态。介词「for」则用来指定该状态持续的时间长度。
They have lived in this house for ten years.
他们在这栋房子里已经住了十年了。
EN： The word 'family' is a collective noun. In American English, it is usually treated as a singular noun (taking the singular verb 'has'), focusing on the family as a single unit.
中文： 「family」（家庭/家人）是一个集合名词。在美式英语中，它通常被视为单数名词（使用单数动词「has」），将家庭视为一个整体单位。
My family has a strong tradition of gathering on Sundays.
我的家人有在周日聚会的优良传统。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle) is used here to describe an action that started in the past and continues up to the present. It is often paired with 'since' to indicate the starting point of the action.
中文： 现在完成时（have/has + 过去分词）在这里用于描述一个从过去开始并持续到现在的动作。它经常与“since”（自从）连用，以指出该动作的起点。
I have lived in this city since I was a child.
自从我是个孩子起，我就一直住在这个城市。
EN： The conjunction 'since' introduces a subordinate clause indicating the starting point in time. The verb in the 'since' clause is typically in the Simple Past tense (e.g., 'was') because it refers to a specific point in the past.
中文： 连词“since”引导一个表示时间起点的从句。在“since”从句中的动词通常使用一般过去时（例如“was”），因为它指的是过去的某个特定时间点。
She has played the piano since she entered elementary school.
自从她上小学以来，她就一直弹钢琴。
EN： The present perfect tense ('have + past participle') is used here to describe a state that started in the past and continues up to the present. The verb 'know' is a stative verb, which is not typically used in the continuous form.
中文： 现在完成时（have + 过去分词）在此处用于描述一个从过去开始并持续到现在的状态。动词「know」（认识/知道）是一个状态动词，通常不使用进行时。
I have known Hana since we were children.
我自从我们孩提时期就认识哈娜了。
EN： The preposition 'for' is used with a duration of time (e.g., 'for my whole life', 'for ten years') to show how long a state or action has lasted.
中文： 介词「for」与一段时间（例如：「for my whole life」我的一生、「for ten years」十年）连用，用来表示某个状态或动作持续了多久。
They have lived in this town for five years.
他们在这个小镇已经住了五年了。
EN： In close-knit communities or small towns, it is common for people to know their neighbors for their entire lives. This sentence reflects a sense of deep community connection and stability that is highly valued in traditional neighborhood cultures.
中文： 在關係緊密的社區或小鎮中，人們一輩子都認識鄰居是很常見的。這句話反映了傳統鄰里文化中非常看重的深厚社區連結與穩定感。
EN： The present perfect tense (has/have + past participle) is used here to describe a state that started in the past and continues to the present. It is often paired with 'since' to indicate the starting point of the state.
中文： 现在完成时（has/have + 过去分词）在这里用于描述一个从过去开始并持续到现在的状态。它经常与“since”（自从）搭配，以指出该状态的起点。
We have been classmates since junior high school.
我们自从初中开始就是同班同学了。
EN： The adjective 'close' is used with the preposition 'to' to describe a relationship of intimacy or strong friendship between people.
中文： 形容词“close”（亲近的）与介词“to”连用，用来描述人与人之间亲密或深厚的友谊关系。
Sarah is very close to her sister.
莎拉和她的姐姐关系非常亲近。
EN： In many English-speaking countries, 'kindergarten' is the first official year of schooling (usually around age 5 or 6) before first grade. Friendships that last 'since kindergarten' are highly cherished as lifelong bonds.
中文： 在許多英語系國家，「kindergarten」（幼稚園）是進入小學一年級前的一年正式教育（通常在5或6歲左右）。自「幼稚園」就開始的友誼被視為非常珍貴的終生摯友關係。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle) is used here to describe an action or state that started in the past and continues up to the present. The preposition 'for' is used to indicate the duration of this state.
中文： 现在完成时（have/has + 过去分词）在这里用于描述一个从过去开始并持续到现在的动作或状态。介词“for”则用来表示该状态持续的时间长度。
We have lived in this city for ten years.
我们在这个城市已经住了十年了。
EN： The coordinating conjunction 'and' is used to connect two noun phrases ('our secrets' and 'dreams') that function together as the compound direct object of the verb 'shared'.
中文： 并列连词“and”用于连接两个名词短语（“our secrets”和“dreams”），它们共同担任动词“shared”的复合直接宾语。
She loves reading books and writing stories.
她热爱阅读书籍和写故事。
EN： The present perfect tense ('have studied') is used with 'since' to describe an action that started in the past and continues up to the present. 'Since' introduces the specific starting point in the past, which is often expressed using a clause in the simple past tense ('started').
中文： 现在完成时（have studied）与 since 连用，用来描述一个从过去开始并持续到现在的动作。since 引导过去的特定起点，该起点通常使用一般过去时的从句（started）来表示。
I have lived in Taipei since I graduated from university.
自从我大学毕业以来，我就一直住在台北。
EN： The adverb 'hard' is used to modify the verb 'study' to mean with great effort or energy. Note that 'hard' is both an adjective and an adverb; 'hardly' is a different adverb meaning 'scarcely' or 'almost not'.
中文： 副词“hard”用来修饰动词“study”，表示努力地、费劲地。请注意，“hard”兼具形容词与副词的身份；而“hardly”是另一个副词，意思是“几乎不”。
She worked hard to support her family.
她努力工作以扶养她的家庭。
EN： In many English-speaking countries, the school system is divided into elementary school, middle school (or junior high school), and high school. 'Junior high school' typically refers to grades 7 to 9 (ages 12-15), which represents a significant transition period for students as academic expectations increase.
中文： 在許多英語系國家，學校體制分為小學、初中（或稱國中，junior high school）和高中。'Junior high school' 通常指 7 到 9 年級（約 12 至 15 歲），這對學生來說是一個重要的過渡期，因為課業要求會顯著增加。
EN： The present perfect tense ('have/has + past participle') is used here to describe an action that started in the past and continues up to the present. In this sentence, 'have supported' indicates that the support began on the first day and has ongoing relevance or continues now.
中文： 现在完成时（have/has + 过去分词）在此处用于描述一个从过去开始并持续到现在的动作。在本句中，「have supported」表示支持从第一天就开始了，并且一直持续到现在。
My parents have supported my dreams since I was a child.
自从我小时候起，我的父母就一直支持着我的梦想。
EN： The preposition 'since' is used to indicate the starting point of an action or state that continues to the present. It is typically followed by a specific point in time (e.g., 'my very first day') or a clause in the simple past tense.
中文： 介词「since」（自从）用于指示持续到现在的动作或状态的起点。它后面通常接一个特定的时间点（例如「my very first day」）或一个过去时的从句。
They have lived in this city since 2015.
自从 2015 年以来，他们就一直住在这座城市。
EN： In Western academic settings, the relationship between students and teachers is often supportive and encouraging. Expressing gratitude to teachers for their guidance from 'day one' is a common and highly appreciated sentiment.
中文： 在西方學術環境中，師生關係通常充滿支持與鼓勵。向老師表達對他們從「第一天」起就給予指導的感激之情，是一種非常常見且受人讚賞的情感表達。
EN： The adjective 'thankful' is commonly followed by the preposition 'for' to indicate the reason or the recipient of one's gratitude. It is often used in the pattern: 'be thankful for + noun/gerund'.
中文： 形容词“thankful”（感激的）后面通常接介词“for”，用来表示感激的对象或原因。常用句型为：“be thankful for + 名词/动名词”。
I am thankful for your help during the move.
我很感激你在搬家时给予的帮助。
EN： The relative pronoun 'who' introduces a defining relative clause ('who has been part of my life') that modifies the pronoun 'everyone'. Inside the relative clause, 'has been' is in the present perfect tense, indicating a state that started in the past and continues to the present.
中文： 关系代词“who”引导一个限定性关系从句（who has been part of my life），用来修饰代词“everyone”。在此关系从句中，“has been”为现在完成时，表示一个从过去开始并持续到现在的状态。
She appreciates everyone who supported her project.
她很感谢所有支持她项目的人。
EN： Expressing gratitude for the people in one's life is a common sentiment in English-speaking cultures, often associated with reflection, Thanksgiving, or personal milestones. It emphasizes community and interpersonal relationships.
中文： 在英語系國家中，表達對身邊人的感激是一種非常普遍的情感表達，常出現在個人反思、感恩節或人生重要里程碑的時刻。這強調了人際關係與社群連結的重要性。
EN： The present perfect tense ('have/has' + past participle) is used here with 'how long' to ask about the duration of an action or state that started in the past and continues into the present. The verb 'had' is the past participle of 'have' (meaning to own/possess).
中文： 现在完成时（have/has + 过去分词）在此与「how long」（多久）连用，用来询问某个从过去开始并持续到现在的动作或状态所持续的时间。这里的「had」是动词「have」（拥有）的过去分词。
How long have you lived in this apartment?
你在这间公寓住多久了？
EN： Direct address: When addressing someone directly by name at the end of a sentence, a comma is placed before the name (e.g., ', Ryan'). This separates the main clause from the vocative (the person being addressed).
中文： 直接称呼：在句子末尾直接称呼某人的名字时，名字前要加上逗号（例如「, Ryan」）。这将主句与呼语（被称呼的人）隔开。
Where are you going, Emma?
艾玛，你要去哪里？
EN： In English-speaking cultures, pets (especially dogs and cats) are often considered full members of the family. Asking about someone's pet is a very common and friendly way to build rapport and show interest in their personal life.
中文： 在英語系國家中，寵物（尤其是狗和貓）通常被視為家庭的正式成員。詢問他人的寵物是一種非常常見且友善的社交方式，能有效拉近彼此距離並展現對他人個人生活的關心。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle) is used here to describe a state that started in the past and continues up to the present. In this sentence, 'have had' indicates that the ownership of the pet began two years ago and still continues now.
中文： 现在完成时（have/has + 过去分词）在这里用于描述一个从过去开始并持续到现在的状态。在本句中，“have had”表示拥有这只宠物的状态始于两年前，且现在仍在持续中。
I have had this watch for five years.
这只手表我已经戴了五年了。
EN： The preposition 'for' is used with a period of time (e.g., 'two years') to express the duration of an action or state in the present perfect tense.
中文： 介词“for”与一段时间（例如“two years”）连用，用来表示现在完成时中某个动作或状态持续的时间长度。
Emma has lived in London for three years.
艾玛已经在伦敦住了三年。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle) is used here to describe a state that started in the past and continues up to the present. The verb 'want' is a stative verb, which is commonly used in the simple present perfect rather than the present perfect continuous.
中文： 现在完成时（have/has + 过去分词）在此处用于描述一个从过去开始并持续到现在的状态。动词 'want'（想要）是一个状态动词，通常使用现在完成时，而非现在完成进行时。
I have wanted to visit Japan for years.
多年来我一直想去日本旅游。
EN： The conjunction 'since' is used to introduce a starting point in time. When followed by a clause, the verb in the 'since'-clause is typically in the Simple Past tense (e.g., 'was') to mark a specific point in the past.
中文： 连词 'since'（自从）用于引导一个时间的起点。当后面接从句时，'since' 引导的从句中的动词通常使用一般过去时（例如 'was'），以标记过去的某个特定时间点。
She has lived in London since she graduated from college.
自从大学毕业以后，她就一直住在伦敦。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle) is used here in its interrogative form ('Have you + past participle') to ask about an action that started in the past and continues up to the present.
中文： 现在完成时（have/has + 过去分词）在这里以疑问句形式（Have you + 过去分词）呈现，用来询问某个从过去开始并持续到现在的动作或状态。
Have you lived in this city for a long time?
你在这座城市住很久了吗？
EN： 'Since' is used as a preposition followed by a specific point in time (e.g., 'last year') to indicate the starting point of an action or state that has continued until now.
中文： “since”作为介词，后接一个特定的时间点（例如“last year”），用来表示某个持续到现在的动作或状态的起点。
I have been busy since Monday.
我从星期一开始就很忙。
EN： The present perfect tense ('have/has' + past participle) is used here to describe an action that started in the past and continues up to the present moment. It is often accompanied by 'since' to indicate the starting point.
中文： 现在完成时（have/has + 过去分词）在此处用于描述一个从过去开始并持续到现在的动作。通常与「since」连用，以指出动作的起点。
I have lived in this city since 2015.
自从 2015 年以来，我一直住在这个城市。
EN： The preposition 'since' is used to specify a particular point in time in the past (e.g., a month, a year, or a specific event) from which an action or state has been ongoing.
中文： 介词「since」用于指定过去的某个特定时间点（例如：月份、年份或特定事件），表示某个动作或状态自该时间点起一直持续至今。
She has been sick since yesterday.
她从昨天开始就生病了。
EN： The present perfect tense in its negative form ('have not + past participle') is used here to describe an action (practicing) that has not occurred during the period from a specific point in the past (the exam) up to the present moment.
中文： 现在完成时的否定形式（have not + 过去分词）在这里用于描述某个动作（练习）从过去的特定时间点（考试）一直到现在为止都没有发生。
I have not seen Emma since last week.
自从上周以来，我一直没有见到艾玛。
EN： 'Since' is used as a preposition followed by a specific point in time (in this case, 'the exam') to indicate the starting point of an action or state that continues up to the present.
中文： “since”作为介词使用，后面接一个特定的时间点（在此处为“the exam”），用以表示某个动作或状态持续到现在的起点。
They have lived here since 2018.
他们自从 2018 年起就一直住在这里。
EN： In English-speaking academic cultures, 'the exam' often refers to a major assessment (like midterms or finals) that requires intense preparation. Once it is over, students typically experience a period of relaxation or a temporary drop in their regular study/practice routines, which is a universally understood sentiment.
中文： 在英語系的學術文化中，「the exam」通常指需要密集準備的大型考試（如期中考或期末考）。考試結束後，學生通常會經歷一段放鬆期，或暫時減少日常的學習與練習進度，這是一種大家都能感同身受的普遍現象。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (has/have + past participle) is used here to describe an action that started in the past and continues up to the present. Since the subject 'My sister' is third-person singular, we use 'has worked'.
中文： 现在完成时（has/have + 过去分词）在这里用于描述一个从过去开始并持续到现在的动作。因为主语“My sister”（我姐姐/妹妹）是第三人称单数，所以我们使用“has worked”。
Emma has lived in this city for five years.
艾玛在这座城市已经住了五年了。
EN： The preposition 'since' is used to specify the starting point of an action or state that continues into the present. It is typically followed by a specific point in time (e.g., a month, a year, or a past event).
中文： 介词“since”（自从）用于指定持续到现在的动作或状态的“起点”。它后面通常接一个特定的时间点（例如：月份、年份或过去发生的事件）。
Ryan has played the drums since March.
莱恩自三月以来就一直在打鼓。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle) is used here to describe an action that started in the past and continues up to the present moment. In this sentence, 'have saved' indicates that the action of saving money began months ago and is still ongoing.
中文： 现在完成时（have/has + 过去分词）在此处用于描述一个从过去开始并持续到现在的动作。在本句中，「have saved」表示存钱的行动从几个月前就开始了，且目前仍在进行中。
I have lived in this city for five years.
我已经在这座城市住了五年了。
EN： The preposition 'for' is used to indicate a duration of time (e.g., 'for months', 'for two years'). It answers the question 'How long?'.
中文： 介词「for」用于表示一段持续的时间（例如：「好几个月」、「两年」）。它用来回答「多久？」的问题。
She has studied English for three years.
她已经学英语三年了。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle) is used here to describe an action that started in the past and continues up to the present. It emphasizes the duration or the ongoing state of waiting.
中文： 现在完成时（have/has + 过去分词）在这里用于描述一个从过去开始并一直持续到现在的动作。它强调了“等待”这一状态的持续性。
We have lived in this house since 2015.
我们自2015年起就一直住在这栋房子里。
EN： The preposition 'since' is used to indicate the starting point of an action or state that continues into the present. It is typically followed by a specific point in time (e.g., winter, last year, 9 AM).
中文： 介词“since”用于指示持续到现在的动作或状态的“起点”。它后面通常接一个特定的时间点（例如：冬天、去年、上午九点）。
I have been awake since 6 AM.
我从早上六点起就醒着。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle) is used here to describe an action or state that started in the past and continues up to the present moment. It is often paired with 'for' to indicate the duration of the action.
中文： 现在完成时（have/has + 过去分词）在这里用于描述一个从过去开始并持续到现在的动作或状态。它经常与“for”连用，以表示该动作持续的时间长度。
I have lived in this city for five years.
我已经在这座城市住了五年了。
EN： The phrasal verb 'look forward to' means to feel excited about something that is going to happen. Note that 'to' is a preposition, so it must be followed by a noun, pronoun, or gerund (V-ing).
中文： 短语动词“look forward to”意为对即将发生的事情感到兴奋或期待。请注意，这里的“to”是介词，因此后面必须接名词、代词或动名词（V-ing）。
She is looking forward to meeting you.
她很期待与你见面。
重要单词附有 IPA 发音、定义、例句和互动式测验。
在本文中： 基础的、小学的
在本文中： 收集、搜集（邮票、硬币等作为爱好）
在本文中： 收藏品、收集的物品
在本文中： 同班同学
在本文中： 拥有、占有（财产、店铺等）
在本文中： 邻居
在本文中： 幼儿园
在本文中： 分享、共同拥有（秘密、梦想等）
在本文中： 支持、鼓励、帮助
在本文中： 感激的、感谢的
在本文中： 练习、训练
在本文中： 储蓄、积攒（钱财）
片语包含类型标示、双语定义、用法说明和例句。
Time passes surprisingly quickly.
光阴似箭、时间飞逝
To feel excited and happy about something that is going to happen.
期待、盼望
Having a strong, friendly, or loving relationship with someone.
与…关系亲密