EN： The parenthetical contrastive structure 'A, rather than B,' is used to emphasize that 'A' is the actual case, while 'B' is rejected or less important. It is often placed between the subject and the verb, or between the verb and the object, requiring commas on both sides when used parenthetically.
中文： “A, rather than B,”（是 A 而非 B）这种插入式对比结构，用于强调 A 才是实际情况，而 B 则是被排除或次要的。当它作为插入语使用时，通常置于主语与动词之间，或动词与宾语之间，且两侧需加上逗号。
The company's success is driven by innovative technology, rather than aggressive marketing, to secure long-term growth.
该公司的成功是由创新技术而非积极的营销所驱动，以确保长期增长。
EN： The verb 'constitute' is a formal alternative to 'be' or 'make up', used to define what something is or what elements form a whole. It is highly common in academic and legal registers.
中文： 动词“constitute”是“be”（是）或“make up”（组成）的正式替代词，用于定义某事物的本质或哪些要素构成了整体。这在学术和法律语域中非常常见。
These minor infractions do not constitute a material breach of the contract.
这些轻微的违规行为并不构成对合同的实质性违约。
EN： The present perfect tense 'has revealed' is used to introduce recent research findings that have ongoing relevance and validity in the present scientific discourse.
中文： 现在完成时“has revealed”（已显示/揭示）用于引入近期研究的发现，这些发现于当前的科学讨论中仍具有持续的关联性与有效性。
Recent data has revealed that global temperatures are rising faster than previously projected.
最近的数据显示，全球气温上升的速度比先前预测的还要快。
EN： In Japan, bioethical discussions often revolve around the concept of 'inochi no senbetsu' (selection of life), which historically created strong social and ethical resistance to genetic screening technologies. However, this study highlights a pragmatic shift: while the philosophical debate persists in media and academic circles, the actual, practical barrier for everyday citizens of reproductive age is overwhelmingly financial, reflecting the high cost of advanced reproductive medicine not fully covered by national health insurance.
中文： 在日本，生命伦理讨论往往围绕着“命の选别”（inochi no senbetsu，即生命筛选）这一概念展开，这在历史上对基因筛检技术产生了强烈的社会与伦理阻力。然而，这项研究指出了一个务实的转变：尽管媒体和学术界仍在进行哲学辩论，但对于育龄期普通民众而言，实际且主要的障碍压倒性地指向经济因素，这反映出未纳入全民健保全额给付的高昂先进辅助生殖医学费用。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses (using 'which') provide extra, non-essential information about a noun. They are separated by commas and cannot use 'that'.
中文： 非限定性关系从句（使用 'which'）用于提供关于名词的额外且非必要的信息。此类从句前后须加上逗号，且不能以 'that' 代替 'which'。
The report, which was published last week, highlights the need for urgent policy reform.
该报告（于上周发表）强调了进行紧急政策改革的必要性。
EN： The verb 'identify' often uses the pattern 'identify A as B' to classify or recognize someone or something as having a particular role, identity, or characteristic.
中文： 动词 'identify' 常用 'identify A as B'（将 A 视为/认定为 B）的句型，用来归类或认定某人或某事具有特定的角色、身份或特征。
Most consumers identified high prices as the chief reason for not buying organic food.
大多数消费者将高昂的价格视为不购买有机食品的主要原因。
EN： The preposition 'to' in 'impediment to' is a preposition, not part of an infinitive, meaning it must be followed by a noun or a gerund (verb-ing).
中文： 在 'impediment to'（……的障碍）结构中，'to' 是介词而非不定式符号，因此其后必须接名词或动名词（V-ing）。
Lack of funding is a major impediment to implementing the new educational program.
资金缺乏是实施这项新教育计划的主要障碍。
EN： In Japan, bioethical discussions around reproductive technologies often involve deep-seated cultural concepts such as 'inochi no senbetsu' (selection of life). While public discourse in media frequently focuses on these ethical and philosophical concerns, this study highlights a pragmatic reality: the high cost of medical procedures (which are often not fully covered by national insurance) remains the most significant practical barrier for ordinary citizens.
中文： 在日本，围绕生殖技术的生物伦理讨论通常涉及根深蒂固的文化概念，例如“生命之选择”（inochi no senbetsu）。虽然媒体和公共舆论经常聚焦于这些伦理和哲学层面的担忧，但这项研究揭示了一个务实的现实：医疗程序的高昂费用（通常未纳入国民健康保险的完全给付范围）仍然是普通民众面临的最主要实际障碍。
EN： The verb 'rank' can be used intransitively followed by an ordinal number (e.g., 'ranked second') to indicate a position in a hierarchy or list, often accompanied by 'at' to specify the exact percentage or value.
中文： 动词“rank”可作不及物动词使用，后接序数（如“ranked second”）表示在阶层或列表中的排名，通常会搭配介词“at”来标示具体的百分比或数值。
The company's flagship smartphone ranked first in customer satisfaction at 92%.
该公司的旗舰智能手机以 92% 的客户满意度荣登第一。
EN： The conjunction 'while' is used here to introduce a contrast between two parallel facts or statistics in a formal register.
中文： 连词“while”在此处用于引导一个对比，在正式语体中用来呈现两个平行对照的事实或数据。
The marketing department requested a budget increase, while the sales team proposed a cost-cutting measure.
营销部门要求增加预算，而销售团队则提出了缩减开支的措施。
EN： The phrasal verb 'account for' means to form, comprise, or make up a specified amount or proportion of a total.
中文： 短语动词“account for”意为“占（特定比例或数量）”，常用于说明数据、比例或组成成分。
Renewable energy sources accounted for over 40% of the nation's electricity generation last year.
去年再生能源占了该国发电量的四成以上。
EN： In Japanese bioethical discussions, the term 'inochi no senbetsu' (selection of life) carries deep historical and moral weight, often associated with eugenics concerns. This background explains why the study measures 'guilt associated with selecting children' as a potential barrier, reflecting a cultural sensitivity toward reproductive technologies that is highly specific to Japan's regulatory and social landscape.
中文： 在日本的生命伦理讨论中，“命の选别”（生命筛选）一词带有深远的历史与道德包袱，常与优生学疑虑相联系。这一背景解释了为什么该研究会将“与筛选孩子相关的罪恶感”列为潜在障碍进行测量，反映出日本社会与法规环境对生殖技术所特有的文化敏感度。
EN： The use of 'that' as a conjunction introducing a noun clause acting as the direct object of the reporting verb 'emphasized'. This is a standard structure in academic and journalistic writing to report findings or assertions.
中文： 使用连接词“that”引导名词从句，作为报道动词“emphasized”（强调）的直接宾语。这是学术与新闻写作中，用来陈述研究发现或主张的标准结构。
The report indicated that global temperatures are rising faster than previously projected.
该报告指出，全球气温上升的速度比先前预测的还要快。
EN： The use of the demonstrative pronoun 'those' to avoid repetition of the plural noun 'thresholds'. It is followed by a past participle phrase ('established by...') acting as an adjective.
中文： 使用指示代词“those”来避免重复复数名词“thresholds”（门槛）。其后接过去分词短语（“established by...”）作为形容词修饰语。
The safety standards in this factory are much higher than those required by national law.
这间工厂的安全标准远高于国家法律所要求的标准。
EN： The comparative structure 'substantially broader than', where the adverb 'substantially' acts as a modifier to emphasize the significant degree of difference in the comparison.
中文： 比较级结构“substantially broader than”（显著宽于），其中副词“substantially”（大幅地、显著地）作为修饰语，用以强调比较对象之间极大的差异程度。
The new budget is substantially larger than the one we allocated last year.
新预算显著大于我们去年编列的预算。
EN： In Japan, bioethical discussions, particularly regarding reproductive technologies like preimplantation genetic testing (PGT), are highly sensitive and heavily regulated. The term 'inochi no senbetsu' (selection of life) reflects deep-seated cultural anxieties about eugenics and the moral status of the embryo. This study highlights a gap between rigid official regulations and the more pragmatic, economically-driven perspectives of the general public.
中文： 在日本，生命伦理讨论（特别是关于胚胎植入前遗传学诊断 PGT 等生殖技术）极具敏感性且受到严格监管。日语中的“命の选别”（生命筛选）一词，反映了日本社会对于优生学及胚胎道德地位的深层文化焦虑。本研究指出，官方僵化的法规限制与一般大众更具务实性、受经济因素驱动的观点之间，存在着显著的落差。
EN： The use of the sentence-modifying adverb 'Notably' at the beginning of a clause. It functions as a disjunct, expressing the writer's attitude or evaluation of the entire proposition that follows, rather than modifying a specific verb or adjective.
中文： 句首修饰副词“Notably”的用法。它作为“游离修饰语”（disjunct），用来表达作者对随后整个命题的态度或评价，而非修饰特定的动词或形容词。常用于学术或新闻写作中以引导读者注意关键发现。
Notably, the treatment showed no adverse side effects during the clinical trials.
值得注意的是，该疗法在临床试验期间并未显示出任何不良副作用。
EN： The use of a non-defining relative clause introduced by a present participle ('suggesting that...'). This structure acts as a sentential relative clause, where the participle phrase comments on or draws a logical conclusion from the entire preceding clause.
中文： 使用现在分词引导的非限定性关系从句（“suggesting that...”）。此结构起到了“句子关系从句”的作用，由分词短语对前面整个主句的内容进行评论或得出逻辑结论。
The company's profits fell by 30%, forcing them to downsize their workforce.
该公司的利润下降了30%，迫使他们缩减员工规模。
EN： The subjunctive mood with 'would be' in the subordinate clause. The modal 'would' is used here to express a hypothetical situation or a tentative prediction based on the evidence presented in the main clause.
中文： 从属子句中“would be”的虚拟语气用法。助动词“would”在此处用于表达一种假设情况，或基于主句所呈现的证据而做出的推测性预测（即“如果仅举办宣传活动，结果将会是不够的”）。
Without proper funding, the proposed research project would be impossible to complete.
若无充足的资金，这项拟议的研究计划将无法完成。
EN： In bioethical discussions, particularly in Japan, there is often a tension between promoting scientific literacy (awareness) and the actual ethical acceptance of reproductive technologies. This sentence highlights a common policy misconception: that simply educating the public (information campaigns) will lead to higher acceptance or utilization of controversial medical procedures, whereas the real barriers are often economic or deeply personal.
中文： 在生物伦理讨论中（特别是在日本），提高科学素养（认知）与大众对生殖技术的实际伦理接受度之间往往存在张力。本句强调了一个常见的政策误解：即认为仅仅教育大众（资讯宣传活动）就会提高对具争议性医疗程序的接受度或利用率，而实际上真正的阻碍往往是经济因素或深层的个人价值观。
EN： The relative pronoun 'that' introduces a defining relative clause modifying the noun phrase 'nuanced distinctions'. In formal and academic contexts, 'that' or 'which' is used to restrict the meaning of the preceding noun, with 'transcended' acting as the active verb within the clause.
中文： 关系代词“that”引导一个限定修饰名词短语“nuanced distinctions”（细微的区别）的关系从句。在正式与学术语境中，“that”或“which”用于限定先行词的意义，而“transcended”则作为该从句中的主动词。
The committee proposed innovative solutions that bypassed the bureaucratic obstacles of the current system.
委员会提出了避开现行体制官僚障碍的创新解决方案。
EN： The past participle phrase 'traditionally used in Japanese bioethical discourse' functions as an adjectival modifier describing 'the binary framework'. This is a reduced relative clause, equivalent to 'which is traditionally used...'.
中文： 过去分词短语“traditionally used in Japanese bioethical discourse”作为形容词修饰语，用来修饰“the binary framework”（二元框架）。这是一个简化的关系从句，等同于“which is traditionally used...”。
The methodology traditionally used in this laboratory requires meticulous attention to temperature control.
该实验室传统上使用的研究方法需要对温度控制给予极大的关注。
EN： The past participle 'known as...' is used as an appositive modifier to provide an alternative name or definition for the preceding noun phrase ('the binary framework...'). It is a concise way to introduce terminology without starting a new sentence.
中文： 过去分词“known as...”（被称为……）用作同位语修饰语，为前述的名词短语（“the binary framework...”）提供替代名称或定义。这是在不另起新句的情况下引入专业术语的简明方式。
They studied the atmospheric phenomenon known as the Aurora Borealis.
他们研究了被称为北极光的气象现象。
EN： The phrase 'inochi no senbetsu' (命の選別) is a highly charged term in Japanese bioethics. It translates literally to 'the selection of life' or 'sorting of lives' and carries strong historical and moral connotations, often associated with eugenics and the ethical dilemmas of modern reproductive technologies. By noting that participants 'transcended' this binary, the study highlights that public attitudes are more pragmatic and less ideologically rigid than traditional bioethical debates in Japan suggest.
中文： “inochi no senbetsu”（命の选别，意为“生命之选择”或“生命的筛选”）在日本生命伦理学中是一个具有强烈道德与历史包袱的词汇。它通常与优生学以及现代生殖技术的伦理困境联系在一起。研究指出受访者“超越”了这种二元对立框架，显示出日本大众的实际态度比传统生命伦理辩论所呈现的更具务实性，而非仅限于意识形态的争论。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'Among...' is placed at the beginning of the sentence for fronting (or topicalization). This structure is commonly used in formal and academic writing to establish the context or category first, creating a smooth transition from previous sentences.
中文： 介词短语“Among...”（在……之中）被置于句首作为“前置”（或主题化）。这种结构常用于正式与学术写作中，用以先建立背景或分类，使前一句与本句之间的过渡更加平滑。
Among the candidates interviewed, only two possessed the required managerial experience.
在接受面试的候选人中，只有两位具备所需的管理经验。
EN： The conjunction 'while' is used here to contrast two parallel statistics or facts. It functions as a coordinating conjunction of contrast, similar to 'whereas', and is essential for maintaining balance in academic reporting.
中文： 连词“while”在此处用于对比两个平行的数据或事实。它的功能是作为表示对比的并列连词，类似于“whereas”（然而），对于维持学术报告中的句型平衡至关重要。
The marketing department requested a budget increase, while the sales team proposed a cost-cutting measure.
营销部门要求增加预算，而销售团队则提出了缩减开支的措施。
EN： The verb 'register' is used intransitively here to mean 'to record or show a specified amount or value'. It is a highly formal alternative to 'stand at', 'be', or 'reach' when reporting statistics or measurements.
中文： 动词“register”在此处作不及物动词使用，意思是“记录或显示特定的数量或数值”。在报告数据或测量值时，它是“stand at”、“be”或“reach”的极正式替代词。
The temperature registered at an unprecedented 45 degrees Celsius during the peak of the heatwave.
在热浪袭击的最高峰，温度记录达到了前所未有的摄氏 45 度。
EN： The sentence touches upon 'children's right not to know their genetic information.' In modern bioethics, this concept is increasingly important. It balances parental autonomy in making reproductive decisions with the future child's right to open future options and privacy, reflecting a shift from purely parent-centric decisions to child-centric ethical considerations in medical genetics.
中文： 句子中提到了“儿童不了解其基因信息的权利”。在现代生命伦理学中，这个概念日益受到重视。它在父母做出生育决定时的自主权，与未来孩子拥有开放未来选择及隐私的权利之间取得平衡，反映了医学遗传学中，从纯粹以父母为中心的决定，转向以儿童为中心的伦理考量的转变。
EN： Inverted Conditional (Had/Were/Should inversion): In formal and literary English, the conditional conjunction 'if' can be omitted by inverting the subject and the auxiliary verb. For the second conditional (hypothetical present/future), 'were' is placed before the subject. If the verb is not 'to be', the structure 'Were + subject + to + infinitive' is used.
中文： 倒装条件句（Had/Were/Should 倒装）：在正式与书面英语中，可以通过将主语与助动词倒装来省略条件连词“if”。在第二类条件句（与现在/未来事实相反的假设）中，会将“were”置于主语之前。若主要动词不是“to be”，则使用“Were + 主语 + to + 动词原形”的结构。
Were they to accept our proposal, we would begin the project immediately.
倘若他们接受我们的提案，我们将立即启动该专案。
EN： Mixed/Second Conditional with Modal 'Might': The main clause uses 'might + infinitive' ('might expect') to express a tentative, hypothetical possibility in the present or future, corresponding to the inverted 'were to' condition. 'Might' conveys a lower degree of certainty than 'would'.
中文： 使用情态助动词“Might”的第二类条件句：主句使用“might + 动词原形”（might expect）来表达目前或未来暂定的、假设性的可能性，与倒装的“were to”条件句相呼应。“Might”所表达的确定程度比“would”更低，带有“或许、可能”的语气。
If you started training now, you might win the competition next month.
如果你现在开始训练，你下个月或许能赢得比赛。
EN： Objective Complement with Infinitive: The verb 'expect' can take an object followed by an infinitive ('expect + object + to-infinitive') to indicate what action the object is anticipated to perform.
中文： 宾语补足语搭配不定式：动词“expect”（预期）可接一个宾语，后接不定式（expect + 宾语 + to-不定式），用以表示预期该宾语会进行的动作。
The manager expects the team to complete the report by Friday.
经理预期团队会在周五前完成这份报告。
EN： The sentence reflects a highly academic and formal register common in peer-reviewed scientific and bioethical journals. The use of 'one' as an impersonal pronoun and the inverted conditional 'Were these...' are stylistic markers of high-level written English, designed to maintain objective distance and intellectual rigor.
中文： 此句子反映了同行评审科学与生物伦理学期刊中常见的高度学术与正式语体（register）。使用非人称代词“one”以及倒装条件句“Were these...”，是高阶书面英语的文体特征，旨在保持客观距离与学术严谨性。
EN： The adverb 'conversely' is a transition word used to introduce a statement that contrasts with or reverses a previous proposition. It is typically placed at the beginning of a sentence to signal a logical shift in perspective.
中文： 副词“conversely”（相反地）是一个转折词，用于引出与前述主张相反或呈现对比的陈述。它通常置于句首，用以标示逻辑视角的变化。
Some consumers prefer high-end luxury brands; conversely, others actively seek out budget-friendly alternatives.
有些消费者偏好高端奢侈品牌；相反地，其他人则积极寻找经济实惠的替代品。
EN： The infinitive phrase 'to undergo the procedure' acts as an adjectival modifier describing the noun phrase 'social pressure', specifying the exact nature or purpose of the pressure.
中文： 不定式短语“to undergo the procedure”在此作为形容词性修饰语，用于修饰名词短语“social pressure”（社会压力），明确指出该压力的具体性质或目的。
The decision to undergo the surgery was made after consulting multiple specialists.
接受该手术的决定是在咨询多位专家后做出的。
EN： The adverb 'whatsoever' is used after a negative noun phrase (in this case, 'no particular barriers') to add strong emphasis, equivalent to 'at all'.
中文： 副词“whatsoever”用于否定名词短语（在此为“no particular barriers”）之后，用于加强语气，相当于“at all”（丝毫、完全）。
She had no doubts whatsoever about her career choice.
她对自己的职业选择丝毫没有半点怀疑。
EN： In Japanese bioethical discourse, the concept of 'inochi no senbetsu' (selection of life) carries deep historical and moral weight, often leading to strong social and ethical resistance against reproductive technologies. However, this sentence highlights a pragmatic reality: despite the intense philosophical debates surrounding the 'selection of life' in the public sphere, actual Japanese individuals of reproductive age report very low levels of social pressure to either undergo or avoid these procedures, focusing instead on tangible economic barriers.
中文： 在日本的生命伦理讨论中，“生命之选择”（inochi no senbetsu）这一概念具有深远的历史与道德分量，往往导致社会对生殖技术产生强烈的伦理抵制。然而，本句揭示了一个务实的现状：尽管公共领域对“选择生命”有着激烈的哲学争论，但实际处于生育年龄的日本民众表示，无论是要求接受还是避免这些疗程的社会压力都非常低，他们更关注的是具体的经济障碍。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'Regarding...' is used as a sentence modifier (or frame marker) to introduce a new topic or refer to a subject that is about to be discussed. It is highly common in formal and academic registers to transition smoothly between different data points.
中文： 介词短语“Regarding...”（关于……）用作句子修饰语（或框架标记），用以引入新话题或提及即将讨论的主题。在正式和学术语体中非常常见，用于在不同的数据点之间进行平稳过渡。
Regarding the implementation timeline, the committee decided to postpone the launch until next quarter.
关于实施时间表，委员会决定将启动时间推迟到下一季。
EN： The adverb-adjective collocation 'strikingly even' uses the adverb 'strikingly' (meaning in a way that attracts attention or is highly unusual) to modify the adjective 'even' (meaning flat, equal, or well-balanced). This structure adds nuance and emphasis to the description of a statistical distribution.
中文： 副词与形容词的搭配“strikingly even”使用副词“strikingly”（意为引人注目地、极其不寻常地）来修饰形容词“even”（意为平均的、对等的）。这种结构为统计分布的描述增添了细微差别和强调语气。
The distribution of wealth in the region was strikingly uneven, prompting calls for policy reform.
该地区的财富分配不均得令人震惊，引发了政策改革的呼声。
EN： In academic and journalistic English, presenting data with words like 'strikingly even' highlights the researcher's analytical voice. Rather than just presenting raw numbers, the author guides the reader's interpretation of the statistics, which is a key feature of high-level (C1/C2) writing.
中文： 在学术和新闻英语中，使用“strikingly even”（惊人地均匀）等词汇来呈现数据，突显了研究者的分析视角。作者不仅仅是呈现原始数据，而是引导读者去解读这些统计数字，这是高阶（C1/C2等级）写作的一个关键特征。
EN： The use of 'each' as a post-nominal modifier to distribute a quantity or action individually to multiple subjects. It emphasizes that the percentage applies to both items separately, not combined.
中文： “each”作为名词后置修饰语的用法，用以将数量或动作个别分配给多个主词。这强调了该百分比分别适用于两个项目，而非两者合并的总和。
The two research departments each received a one-million-dollar grant.
这两个研究部门各获得了一百万美元的补助金。
EN： The conjunction 'whereas' is used to introduce a subordinate clause that contrasts with the main clause. It is highly formal and commonly used in academic and statistical reporting to compare two facts.
中文： 连接词“whereas”用于引导与主句形成对比的从属子句。此用法非常正式，常用于学术和统计报告中以比较两项事实。
Some countries invest heavily in renewable energy, whereas others remain dependent on fossil fuels.
有些国家大力投资再生能源，而其他国家则仍然依赖化石燃料。
EN： The phrase 'those surveyed' is a reduced relative clause, short for 'those who were surveyed'. The past participle 'surveyed' post-modifies the pronoun 'those'.
中文： 短语“those surveyed”是一个简化的关系子句，为“those who were surveyed”的省略形式。过去分词“surveyed”后置修饰代名词“those”。
Over half of those surveyed expressed concern about data privacy.
超过半数的受访者对数据隐私表示担忧。
EN： The reporting verb 'caution' followed by a 'that'-clause is used to issue a warning or express concern about a potential negative outcome. It is a formal alternative to 'warn' or 'advise'.
中文： 动词“caution”（警告/提醒）后接“that”引导的子句，用于对潜在的负面结果发出警告或表达担忧。这是比“warn”或“advise”更正式的学术与新闻体裁表达方式。
The economists cautioned that inflation might rise if interest rates are lowered too quickly.
经济学家警告说，如果降息过快，通货膨胀可能会上升。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'without + noun phrase' functions as a conditional clause (equivalent to 'if there were no...'), setting up the condition under which the main clause's outcome ('is likely to persist') will occur.
中文： 介词短语“without + 名词短语”在此处相当于条件子句（等同于“if there were no...”），为主要子句中预期会发生的结果（is likely to persist）设定了前提条件。
Without proper planning, the project is likely to fail.
如果没有妥善的规划，该项目很可能会失败。
EN： The semi-auxiliary phrase 'be likely to + infinitive' is used to express probability. It indicates a strong tendency or high chance of an action or state occurring, which is softer and more objective than 'will'.
中文： 半助动词短语“be likely to + 原形动词”用于表示可能性。它指出某个动作或状态发生的强烈倾向或极高概率，语气比直接使用“will”更为温和且客观。
The new policy is likely to improve the country's economic growth over the next decade.
新政策很可能在未来十年内促进该国的经济增长。
EN： In Japan, bioethical discussions often revolve around the concept of 'inochi no senbetsu' (selection of life), reflecting deep-seated cultural sensitivities regarding genetic modification and reproductive technologies. However, this study highlights a pragmatic shift: while philosophical and ethical debates dominate media and regulatory discourse, the general public's primary concern is highly practical—the prohibitive cost of medical procedures. This reveals a gap between elite bioethical debates and the economic realities faced by ordinary citizens.
中文： 在日本，生命伦理讨论通常围绕着“命の选别”（inochi no senbetsu，即选择生命）的概念展开，这反映了对于基因改造和生殖技术根深蒂固的文化敏感性。然而，这项研究指出了一个务实的转变：虽然哲学和伦理辩论主导了媒体和监管话语，但一般大众最关心的却是非常实际的问题——医疗程序的高昂费用。这揭示了精英阶层的伦理辩论与普通公民面临的经济现实之间的差距。
EN： The correlative conjunction 'not only... but also...' is used to connect and emphasize two coordinated clauses or phrases. In formal writing, the 'also' can sometimes be omitted, or 'as well' can be used at the end of the clause. It requires parallel grammatical structure after both parts.
中文： 相关连接词“not only... but also...”（不仅……而且……）用于连接并强调两个对等的子句或短语。在正式写作中，“also”有时可以省略，或在句尾改用“as well”。此结构要求在两个部分后面使用对等的语法结构。
The program aims to not only improve students' academic performance but also foster their social skills.
该计划的目的不仅在于提高学生的学业表现，还在于培养他们的社交技能。
EN： The relative pronoun 'that' introduces a restrictive relative clause ('that currently restrict...') modifying the noun phrase 'tangible economic barriers'. In this clause, 'that' functions as the subject.
中文： 关系代词“that”引导限制性关系子句（that currently restrict...），用来修饰名词短语“tangible economic barriers”（实质经济障碍）。在此子句中，“that”充当主语的角色。
We need to implement measures that directly address the root causes of inflation.
我们需要实施能直接解决通货膨胀根本原因的措施。
EN： The verb 'argue' is followed by a 'that'-clause functioning as the direct object, which expresses the opinion, claim, or thesis of the subject. This is a common structure in academic and argumentative writing to present a stance.
中文： 动词“argue”（主张、论证）后面接一个由“that”引导的从句作为直接宾语，用来表达主语的观点、主张或论点。这是学术和议论文写作中用来呈现立场的常用结构。
Many educators argue that standardized testing does not accurately measure a student's potential.
许多教育工作者主张，标准化考试无法准确衡量学生的潜力。
重要单词附有 IPA 发音、定义、例句和互动式测验。
在本文中： 单基因的（由单基因突变引起的疾病或特征）
在本文中： 阻碍、障碍物
在本文中： 界限、标准、门槛
在本文中： 普及率、流行程度
在本文中： 超越、超出…的范围
在本文中： 论述、探讨、对话
在本文中： （政府的）补助金、津贴
在本文中： 公平合理的、公正的
片语包含类型标示、双语定义、用法说明和例句。
A medical procedure used to analyze the genetics of an embryo prior to implantation in the uterus.
胚胎植入前基因检测
A branch of medicine that deals with the prevention, diagnosis, and management of reproductive problems.
生殖医学
A system of rules, laws, and regulations established by a government or authority to govern a specific activity.
监管框架、法规体系
Communication, discussion, or debate on issues of public interest or concern.
公共舆论、大众探讨