EN： In news headlines, the simple present tense (e.g., 'Sue') is frequently used to describe recent past events or ongoing legal actions, creating a sense of immediacy.
中文： 新闻标题常使用「现在简单式」（如 Sue）来叙述最近发生或正在进行的事件，以营造即时感与生动度。
Government announces new policies to support small businesses.
政府宣布新政策以支持小型企业。
EN： The infinitive phrase 'to Stop Law' functions as an adverbial of purpose (infinitive of purpose), explaining the intention or reason behind the main action 'sue'.
中文： 不定词片语「to Stop Law」在此充当「目的状语」，用来修饰主要动词 sue，说明起诉的具体目的。
He called a meeting to discuss the budget cuts.
他召集了一次会议来讨论预算削减。
EN： In the United States, individual states like California often pass pioneering regulations on tech companies and child safety. When tech companies believe state laws infringe upon federal protections—such as First Amendment free speech rights—they frequently file lawsuits directly against state officials or state governments to halt enforcement.
中文： 在美国，像加州这样的州经常率先推行针对科技公司与儿童安全的前瞻性法规。当科技巨头认为州法律侵害了联邦宪法保障（如第一修正案的言论自由）时，往往会主动对州政府或州官员提起诉讼，以暂缓或阻止法规生效。
EN： The Present Perfect tense ('have + past participle') is used here to report recent news or actions that have a direct impact or relevance to the present moment.
中文： 现在完成时（have + 过去分词）在此用于报道近期发生的新闻事件，强调该行动对当前现状所产生的影响与关联性。
Several environmental groups have filed a lawsuit against the factory.
数个环保团体已对该工厂提起诉讼。
EN： The infinitive of purpose ('to + verb', here 'to stop') explains the reason or objective behind the main clause action ('have taken legal action').
中文： 不定式表示目的（to + 原形动词，此处为 'to stop'），用来说明主要子句动作（'have taken legal action'）的目的或原因。
They hired an attorney to protect their copyright.
他们聘请了一位律师来保护他们的版权。
EN： In the United States, states like California often pass pioneering regulations on tech companies and consumer safety before the federal government does. When corporations disagree with state legislation, their primary recourse is taking legal action in federal courts, frequently citing constitutional protections like the First Amendment.
中文： 在美国，像加州这样的州政府常在联邦政府之前率先通过针对科技公司或消费者安全的前瞻性法规。当企业对州立法持反对意见时，主要途径是向联邦法院提起诉讼，并经常引用宪法第一修正案等言论自由条款进行抗辩。
EN： The passive structure 'be designed to + infinitive' means that something was created or intended for a specific purpose.
中文： 「be designed to + 原形动词」为被动结构，表示「旨在……」或「被设计用来达到某种目的」。
The program was designed to help beginners learn coding quickly.
该计划旨在帮助初学者快速学习写程序。
EN： The relative clause 'who are under sixteen years old' uses the relative pronoun 'who' to provide essential defining information about 'children'.
中文： 关系从句「who are under sixteen years old」使用关系代词「who」来引导，用以修饰并明确限定先行词「children（儿童）」。
Students who are interested in science can join the club.
对科学感兴趣的学生可以加入该社团。
EN： In US state and federal legislation, age thresholds like 'under sixteen' or 'under thirteen' (such as in COPPA) are standard benchmarks used to define minors for distinct digital privacy and consumer safety protections.
中文： 在美国各州及联邦法规中，像“未满十六岁”或“未满十三岁”（如《儿童在线隐私保护法》COPPA）是常见的法定年龄门槛，专门用来针对未成年人制定数字隐私与使用安全的保护措施。
EN： A non-defining relative clause is introduced by commas and 'which', providing extra, non-essential information about a noun. If removed, the main sentence still makes complete sense.
中文： 非限制性定语从句：由逗号和“which”引导，对先行词作补充说明。即使省略该从句，主句的意思依然完整明确。
The proposal, which was introduced last month, aims to improve public health.
这项于上个月提出的提案，旨在改善公共卫生。
EN： The phrasal verb 'lead to' followed by a noun or gerund means 'to result in' or 'to cause something to happen'.
中文： 短语动词“lead to”后接名词或动名词，表示“导致”、“引起”某种结果。
Poor sleep habits can lead to serious health problems.
不良的睡眠习惯可能会导致严重的健康问题。
EN： In the United States legislative process, state-level proposed legislation is often named by the chamber where it originated. In California, 'Assembly Bill' (often abbreviated AB) signifies a bill introduced in the California State Assembly, the lower house of the state legislature.
中文： 在美国立法体系中，州层级的提案通常依提出该案的议院命名。在加州，「Assembly Bill」（常简写为 AB）指由加州州众议院（下议院）所提出的法案。
EN： The verb 'offer' is a ditransitive verb that can take two objects: an indirect object (the receiver, e.g., 'minors') followed by a direct object (the thing given, e.g., 'personal recommendations'). The pattern is: offer + [indirect object] + [direct object].
中文： 动词「offer」（提供）为双宾动词（ditransitive verb），接续两个宾语：间接宾语（接受者，如 minors）及直接宾语（提供的事物，如 personal recommendations）。常见句型结构为：offer + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语。
The company offers employees free language courses.
这家公司向员工提供免费的语言课程。
EN： The coordinating conjunction 'or' connects two parallel verb phrases sharing the modal auxiliary 'cannot': (1) 'offer minors personal recommendations' and (2) 'play videos automatically through autoplay'.
中文： 对等连接词「or」在此连接两个平行对称的动词短语，两者共享情态助动词「cannot」：(1)「offer minors personal recommendations」与 (2)「play videos automatically through autoplay」。
Visitors cannot take photographs or touch the exhibits.
参观者不能拍照，也不能触碰展品。
EN： Features such as algorithmic recommendations and autoplay are often referred to by tech ethicists as 'dark patterns' or addictive design loops. In legal and tech discussions in the US, 'autoplay' specifically denotes the mechanism where a new video or clip begins without the user clicking or giving explicit consent, a major target in child protection legislation.
中文： 算法个性化推荐与自动播放（autoplay）常被科技伦理学家视为易致成瘾的设计机制（addictive design loop）。在美国科技法律与政策讨论中，「autoplay」特指用户未点击或未给予明确许可前、系统便自行连续播放下一支影片的功能，这正是各州针对未成年人保护立法时的首要监管标的。
EN： The verb 'require' commonly follows the pattern 'require + object + to-infinitive', meaning to demand that someone do something by rule or law.
中文： 动词「require」常用结构为「require + 宾语 + 不定词（to V）」，意思是依规定或法律要求某人执行某项动作。
The school requires all students to wear uniforms.
学校要求所有学生穿着制服。
EN： The clause 'that include such features' is a restrictive relative clause modifying the noun 'accounts'. The relative pronoun 'that' serves as the subject within the relative clause.
中文： 子句「that include such features」为限定关系子句，修饰先行词名词「accounts」。关系代词「that」在关系子句中担任主语。
He deleted the apps that took up too much storage.
他删除了那些占用过多存储空间的应用程序。
EN： In the United States, digital privacy and safety regulations for children (such as COPPA at the federal level and California's Age-Appropriate Design Code Act) often place heavy compliance duties directly on tech platforms, including mandatory data deletion and disabling algorithmic recommendations for minors.
中文： 在美国，针对儿童的数字隐私与安全法规（例如联邦层面的《儿童在线隐私保护法》COPPA 以及加州的法案）通常会将合规责任直接加诸于科技平台身上，包括强制删除特定数据以及对未成年人停用算法推荐等功能。
EN： The conjunction 'because' introduces an adverbial clause of reason, explaining why Governor Newsom signed the law.
中文： 从属连词「because」引导原因状语从句，用来解释加文·纽森州长签署该法案的原因。
She stayed late at work because she had to finish the urgent report.
她加班到很晚，因为她必须完成那份紧急报告。
EN： The idiom 'come first' means to be more important than anything else. Notice that the noun clause after 'believes' omits 'that'.
中文： 短语「come first」意思是「最重要、放在首位」。此外，动词「believes」后面省略了引导名词从句的连接词「that」。
In our family, honesty always comes first.
在我们家，诚实永远是第一位的。
EN： In the United States, state governors have the executive power to sign bills passed by state legislatures into law, or veto them. Gavin Newsom is the 40th Governor of California.
中文： 在美国，各州州长拥有行政权力将州议会通过的法案签署成法律（或行使否决权）。加文·纽森为现任第40任加州州长。
EN： The verb phrase 'replace A with B' means to put something or someone new in the place of another. Here, 'the judgment of parents' (A) is being superseded by 'the state's own choices' (B).
中文： 动词短语「replace A with B」意为「以 B 取代 A」。在本句中，A 为「父母的判断」，被 B「州政府自己的选择」所取代。
The school replaced old textbooks with digital tablets.
学校用平板电脑取代了旧教科书。
EN： In indirect speech, the conjunction 'that' is frequently omitted after reporting verbs like 'said'. The clause 'the law replaces...' functions as the direct object of 'said'.
中文： 在间接引语中，转述动词（如 said、think 等）后引导名词子句的连接词「that」常被省略。本句中「the law replaces...」即為省略 that 的名詞子句，作為 said 的受詞。
He said the meeting was canceled.
他说会议取消了。
EN： In American legal and political discourse, debates over parental rights versus government regulation are common. Companies often frame their arguments around 'parental authority' and constitutional speech rights to gain public sympathy and build a stronger legal defense against state-level intervention.
中文： 在美国法律与政治论述中，“父母监护权与自主权”常被用来对抗“政府过度监管”。科技公司在此诉讼中特别强调法律剥夺了“父母的判断”，是一种诉诸家庭自主与言论自由的常见法律抗辩策略。
EN： The reporting verb 'argue' is followed by a 'that'-clause functioning as the direct object, explaining the claim or reason being put forward.
中文： 转述动词（Reporting Verb）“argue”后面接由“that”引导的名词从句作为宾语，用来说明所提出的论点或理由。
Lawyers argued that the new policy was unconstitutional.
律师们主张这项新政策违宪。
EN： In formal or legal contexts, 'break' is used to mean 'to violate' or 'to infringe upon' rights, rules, or protections.
中文： 在正式或法律语境中，“break”常用来表示“违反”或“侵犯”权利、法规或保障条款（相当于 violate 或 infringe upon）。
The company breaks copyright protections by sharing the music without permission.
该公司未经许可分享该音乐，违反了版权保护。
EN： The phrase 'free speech protections in the United States Constitution' refers directly to the First Amendment, which protects freedom of speech and expression. Tech companies frequently cite the First Amendment when challenging state-level digital regulations, arguing that automated algorithms and content moderation policies are protected forms of editorial speech.
中文： 「美国宪法中的言论自由保障」主要指宪法第一修正案（First Amendment）。在美国法律实践中，科技巨头经常以第一修正案为依据挑战各州的数字监管法律，主张平台推荐算法与内容呈现方式属于受宪法保护的言论或编辑自由。
EN： In indirect speech (reported speech), the conjunction 'that' introducing a noun clause acting as the object of reporting verbs like 'said' is frequently omitted, especially in journalistic English.
中文： 在间接引语（转述语）中，接在 said 等转述动词后面的名词子句连接词「that」常被省略，这在新闻英语中尤为普遍。
The spokesperson said they were preparing an official response.
发言人表示他们正在准备官方回应。
EN： Apposition occurs when two noun phrases are placed side-by-side to describe the same entity. Here, 'Rob Bonta' is set off by commas as an appositive identifying 'California's attorney general'.
中文： 同位语是指将两个名词短语并列以补充说明同一对象。在本句中，「Rob Bonta」前后以逗号隔开，作为「California's attorney general」的同位语，明确指出其身份姓名。
Our team leader, David Smith, organized the entire project.
我们的团队负责人戴维·史密斯组织了整个项目。
EN： In the United States, each state has an 'attorney general' who serves as the top legal advisor and law enforcement officer of that state government. Their office represents the state in significant legal challenges and lawsuits.
中文： 在美国各州，「attorney general」（通常译为州检察长或州司法部长）是该州最高的法律顾问兼首席执法官员，其办公室负责代表州政府参与重大诉讼与法律案件的抗辩。
EN： The phrase 'be committed to' is followed by a gerund (verb-ing) or a noun phrase, meaning to be dedicated or obligated to doing something. Here, 'to' acts as a preposition, not an infinitive marker, so it requires 'defending' instead of 'defend'.
中文： 短语「be committed to」后面必须接动名词（V-ing）或名词短语，意思是「致力于、承诺要做某事」。在此结构中，「to」为介词而非不定式标记，因此后面要接动名词「defending」而非原形动词「defend」。
Our team is committed to improving customer satisfaction.
我们的团队致力于提升客户满意度。
EN： The infinitive of purpose ('to protect kids online') is used to express the intention or objective behind an action. Here, it explains the purpose of the laws or the act of defending them.
中文： 不定词表示目的（to protect kids online）用来说明某个行动背后的意图或目的。在此处用来说明这些法律或是捍卫行动是为了达到「保护儿童线上安全」的目标。
The school introduced new rules to reduce bullying.
学校实施新规定以减少霸凌现象。
EN： In American political and legal rhetoric, the term 'commonsense laws' is strategically used to frame controversial or challenged regulations as practical, non-ideological, and widely supported by ordinary citizens.
中文： 在美国政治与法律论述中，「常识性法律」（commonsense laws）是一个常见的修辞手法，旨在将具争议或面临法律挑战的法规模塑造成符合常理、务实且普受民众认同的基本规范。
重要单词附有 IPA 发音、定义、例句和互动式测验。
在本文中： 對……提起訴訟、控告
在本文中： 成癮、沉溺
在本文中： 規章、法規
在本文中： 難以克制的、強迫性的
在本文中： 未成年人
在本文中： 判斷力、決策
在本文中： 訴訟案件
在本文中： 憲法
在本文中： 堅定致力於……的
在本文中： 合乎常理的、明智的
片语包含类型标示、双语定义、用法说明和例句。
to start a lawsuit or legal process against someone
采取法律行动、提起诉讼
to be considered more important than anything else
摆在第一位、最重要
the right to express any opinions without censorship or restraint
言论自由
to be dedicated to a particular cause, action, or belief
致力于、坚定支持