EN： Imperative sentences are used to give commands, instructions, or make requests. They start directly with the base form of the verb (bare infinitive), omitting the subject 'you' because it is understood.
中文： 祈使句用于给予命令、指示或提出请求。它们直接以动词原形（不带 to 的不定式）开头，省略了主语「you」（你/你们），因为主语在语境中是显而易见的。
Listen to the music playing in the background.
听着背景播放的音乐。
EN： Present participle phrases (verb-ing) can act as adjectives to modify a preceding noun. In this sentence, 'moving across the table' is a participle phrase modifying 'the robot', indicating an active, ongoing action.
中文： 现在分词短语（动词-ing）可以充当形容词，用来修饰前面的名词。在本句中，「moving across the table」是一个分词短语，修饰「the robot」（机器人），表示一个正在进行的主动动作。
Do you see the dog running in the park?
你看到那只在公园里奔跑的狗了吗？
EN： Past Participle as an Adjective Modifier: The past participle 'built' (from the verb 'build') is used here as an adjective phrase 'built by our club' to modify the noun 'machine'. It is a shortened form of the relative clause 'which was built by our club'.
中文： 过去分词作形容词修饰语：过去分词「built」（源自动词 build）在此处引导形容词短语「built by our club」，用来修饰名词「machine」（机器）。这是关系从句「which was built by our club」的简化形式。
This is the cake made by my sister.
这是我姐姐制作的蛋糕。
EN： Demonstrative Pronoun 'That': 'That' is used as a demonstrative pronoun to point to a specific singular thing that is physically or temporally distant from the speaker.
中文： 指示代词「That」：「That」用作指示代词，用来指代空间或时间上距离说话者较远的特定单数事物。
That is the car I want to buy.
那就是我想买的那辆车。
EN： Present Participle Phrases (V-ing) as Adjective Modifiers: The present participle phrase 'working here' is used as an adjective to modify the noun 'The students'. It describes an ongoing action or state of the subject. This phrase is a shortened form of the relative clause 'who are working here'.
中文： 现在分词短语（V-ing）作形容词修饰语：现在分词短语「working here」用作形容词，修饰名词「The students」（学生们），描述主语正在进行的动作或状态。这个短语是关系从句「who are working here」的简化形式。
The boy playing the piano is my brother.
正在弹钢琴的男孩是我的弟弟。
EN： Subject-Verb Agreement with Plural Nouns: When the subject of a sentence is a plural noun ('The students'), the verb must also be plural ('are'), even if there are singular words or phrases (like 'here') separating the subject and the verb.
中文： 复数名词的主谓一致：当句子的主语是复数名词（「The students」）时，动词也必须使用复数形式（「are」），即使主语和动词之间隔有单数单词或短语（如「here」）。
The books on the table are mine.
桌上的那些书是我的。
EN： The verb 'see' is a sensory verb (verb of perception). It can be followed by an object and a present participle (V-ing) to describe an action that is in progress or happening at the moment of perception.
中文： 动词「see」（看见）属於感官动词。後面可接宾语与现在分词（V-ing），用来描述感官察觉到某个动作正在进行或发生。
I heard someone knocking on the door.
我听到有人在敲门。
EN： The preposition 'near' is used to indicate short distance in space. It means 'close to' and is followed directly by a noun phrase acting as its object.
中文： 介词「near」用於表示空间上较短的距离，意思是「在...附近」，後面直接接名词短语作为其宾语。
EN： Past participle phrases (e.g., 'written last week') can be used as adjective phrases to modify a noun from behind. This is a shortened form of a relative clause ('which was written last week').
中文： 过去分词短语（例如「written last week」）可用作形容词短语，从後面修饰名词。这是关系从句（如「which was written last week」）的简化形式。
The letter sent yesterday arrived this morning.
昨天寄出的信今天早上寄达了。
EN： The adverb 'finally' is used to show that something happens after a long time or a lot of effort, typically placed before the main verb.
中文： 副词「finally」（终於）用於表示在一段很长的时间或付出许多努力之後，某事终於发生，通常置於主要动词之前。
After hours of searching, we finally found the keys.
经过几个小时的寻找，我们终於找到了钥匙。
EN： Present Participle Phrases as Adjectives: The present participle phrase 'holding the tablet' is used as an adjective to modify the noun 'The girl'. It is a shortened form of the relative clause 'who is holding the tablet'. This structure helps make sentences more concise by removing the relative pronoun and the verb 'be'.
中文： 现在分词短语作形容词：现在分词短语「holding the tablet」用作形容词，修饰名词「The girl」（那个女孩）。它是关系从句「who is holding the tablet」的简化形式。这种结构通过省略关系代词和 be 动词，使句子更加简洁。
The man standing by the door is my uncle.
站在门旁边的那个人是我叔叔。
EN： Subject-Verb Agreement with Modifiers: When a subject is followed by a modifying phrase (such as a participle phrase), the verb must agree with the main subject noun, not the noun inside the modifier. Here, the singular subject 'The girl' takes the singular verb 'is', despite the plural-sounding context or any intervening nouns like 'tablet'.
中文： 含有修饰语的主谓一致：当主语後面接有修饰性短语（如分词短语）时，动词必须与主要的主语名词保持一致，而不是与修饰语内的名词一致。在此处，单数主语「The girl」搭配单数动词「is」，不受修饰语中「tablet」等名词的干扰。
The students working in the lab are very creative.
在实验室里工作的学生们非常有创意。
EN： The past participle ('ordered') is used here as a reduced relative clause (short for 'which were ordered') to modify the noun 'parts'. It has a passive meaning, indicating that the parts received the action of being ordered.
中文： 过去分词（ordered）在此处用作简化关系从句（为 'which were ordered' 的省略），用来修饰名词 'parts'。它具有被动意义，表示这些零件是「被订购」的。
The books written by that author are very popular.
那位作家写的书非常受欢迎。
EN： 'Those' is a demonstrative pronoun used to point to plural things that are relatively far away from the speaker in distance or time.
中文： 「Those」是指示代词，用来指代在空间或时间上距离说话者相对较远的复数事物。
Those are the shoes I want to buy.
那些是我想要买的鞋子。
EN： Present Participle Phrases as Adjectives: The present participle (-ing form) 'showing' is used here to introduce a participle phrase ('showing the data') that modifies the noun 'the screen'. It functions like a relative clause ('which shows the data') but is more concise. It describes an active action being performed by the noun.
中文： 现在分词短语作形容词：这里的现在分词（-ing 形式）'showing' 用於引导分词短语（'showing the data'）来修饰名词 'the screen'（屏幕）。它的功能类似於关系从句（'which shows the data'），但更为简洁，用来描述该名词正在进行的积极动作。
The boy playing the piano is my brother.
弹钢琴的那个男孩是我弟弟。
EN： Subject-Verb Agreement with Modifiers: When a subject is followed by a modifying phrase (like 'showing the data'), the verb must still agree with the main subject noun ('the screen', which is singular), not the noun inside the modifier ('the data', which can be plural). Therefore, the singular verb 'is' is used.
中文： 含有修饰语的主谓一致：当主语後面接有修饰性短语（如 'showing the data'）时，动词仍必须与主要的主语名词（单数的 'the screen'）保持一致，而不是与修饰语内的名词（可能是复数的 'the data'）一致。因此，这里使用单数动词 'is'。
The box of chocolates is on the table.
那盒巧克力在桌上。
EN： Present Participle Phrases as Adjective Modifiers: A present participle phrase (verb-ing + object/modifier) can be used directly after a noun to describe what that noun is doing. It acts like a shortened relative clause (e.g., 'a printer making...' is short for 'a printer which is making...').
中文： 现在分词短语作形容词修饰语：现在分词短语（动词-ing + 宾语/修饰语）可以直接放在名词後面，用来描述该名词正在进行的动作。这相当於简化的关系从句（例如 'a printer making...' 是 'a printer which is making...' 的简化版）。
The boy playing the guitar is my brother.
那个正在弹吉他的男孩是我弟弟。
EN： Onomatopoeic Verbs: The verb 'hum' is an onomatopoeic word that mimics the continuous, low sound made by machines or bees. When describing a soft sound, it is often paired with the adverb 'softly'.
中文： 拟声动词：动词 'hum'（发出嗡嗡声）是一个拟声词，模仿机器或蜜蜂发出的持续低沉声音。在描述轻柔的声音时，它经常与副词 'softly'（轻柔地）搭配使用。
The refrigerator hums quietly in the kitchen.
冰箱在厨房里安静地发出嗡嗡声。
EN： Present participle phrases (V-ing) can be used as adjective phrases to modify the preceding noun. In this sentence, 'testing the sensor' modifies 'The team', functioning like a relative clause 'who are testing the sensor'.
中文： 现在分词短语（V-ing）可以用作形容词短语，用来修饰前面的名词。在本句中，「testing the sensor」（测试传感器）修饰「The team」（团队），其功能相当於关系从句「who are testing the sensor」。
The boy playing the guitar is my brother.
弹吉他的那个男孩是我弟弟。
EN： Linking verbs (such as 'look', 'seem', 'feel') are followed by adjectives to describe the state or appearance of the subject. Here, 'looks' is the linking verb, and 'excited' is the adjective functioning as the subject complement.
中文： 连系动词（如 'look'、'seem'、'feel'）後面接形容词，用来描述主语的状态或外观。在这里，「looks」是连系动词，「excited」是形容词，担任主语补语。
The cake smells delicious.
这蛋糕闻起来很美味。
EN： Past participle phrases (e.g., 'started in spring') can be used as adjective phrases to modify a noun. They have a passive meaning or indicate a completed action. In this sentence, 'started in spring' modifies 'The project'.
中文： 过去分词短语（例如 'started in spring'）可用作形容词短语来修饰名词，具有被动或已完成的含义。在本句中，'started in spring' 修饰主语 'The project'。
The book written by the famous author is a bestseller.
那位著名作家写的书非常畅销。
EN： The passive structure 'is now done' uses the linking verb 'is' with the past participle 'done' (acting as an adjective) to describe the current state of completion.
中文： 被动结构 'is now done' 使用系动词 'is' 搭配过去分词 'done'（在此作形容词用），用以描述目前「已完成」的状态。
My homework is finally done.
我的作业终于做完了。
EN： Past participle phrases (e.g., 'filled with...') can be used as adjective phrases to modify a preceding noun. 'Filled' is a past participle acting as a passive modifier, meaning 'which is filled'.
中文： 过去分词短语（例如「filled with...」）可用作形容词短语，用来修饰前面的名词。「filled」在此作为过去分词，具有被动修饰的意义，表示「被充满的」或「装满的」。
A library filled with books inspires students.
一间装满书籍的图书馆能激励学生。
EN： The simple present tense is used here for a general truth or a state that is currently true. Since the subject 'A workshop' is third-person singular, the verb 'inspire' takes the suffix '-s' to become 'inspires'.
中文： 此处使用一般现在时来表示普遍事实或目前的状态。由於主语「A workshop」是单数第三人称，因此动词「inspire」词尾需加「-s」变为「inspires」。
Nature inspires many artists.
大自然激发了许多艺术家的灵感。
EN： Present Participle Clause (V-ing clause) for simultaneous actions. When two actions happen at the same time and are done by the same subject, the first action can be shortened into a V-ing clause. Here, 'Stepping into...' is short for 'When I step into...'.
中文： 现在分词引导的状语从句（分词结构）。当两个动作由同一个主语同时或接连发生时，可将其中一个从句简化为 V-ing 开头的结构。在此处，'Stepping into...' 是 'When I step into...' 的简化版。
Walking down the street, I met an old friend.
走在街上时，我遇到了一位老朋友。
EN： The noun phrase 'a buzz of energy' uses 'a buzz of' metaphorically to describe a strong, exciting feeling or atmosphere of activity and excitement.
中文： 名词短语 'a buzz of energy'。这里隐喻式地使用 'a buzz of'（嗡嗡声/兴奋感）来形容一种强烈、令人兴奋的活力氛围或能量波动。
There was a buzz of excitement in the classroom before the field trip.
在户外教学开始前，教室里弥漫着一股兴奋的气氛。
EN： Present Participle Phrases as Adjective Modifiers: A present participle phrase (verb-ing + other words) can be used to modify a noun. It functions like a relative clause in active voice (e.g., 'Students who are working on projects...'). It is placed directly after the noun it modifies.
中文： 现在分词短语作形容词修饰语：现在分词短语（动词-ing + 其他单词）可用於修饰名词。其功能相当於主动语态的关系从句（例如 'Students who are working on projects...'）。它会直接放在所修饰的名词後面。
The girl playing the piano is my sister.
正在弹钢琴的女孩是我的妹妹。
EN： Subject-Verb Agreement with Modifiers: When a long modifier (like 'working on projects') separates the subject ('Students') from the verb ('fill'), the verb must still agree with the plural subject, not the singular noun in the modifier ('projects').
中文： 含有修饰语的主谓一致：当长修饰语（如 'working on projects'）将主语（'Students'）与动词（'fill'）隔开时，动词仍必须与复数主语保持一致，而不是与修饰语中的单数或复数名词（'projects'）一致。
The books left on the table belong to the library.
遗留在桌上的那些书是属於图书馆的。
EN： Past participle phrases (e.g., 'built by my team') can be used as adjective phrases to modify a noun. They have a passive meaning and are shortened from relative clauses (e.g., 'which was built by my team').
中文： 过去分词短语（例如「built by my team」）可用作形容词短语来修饰名词。它们具有被动意义，是由关系从句（例如「which was built by my team」）简化而来。
The laptop repaired by the technician works perfectly now.
由技术人员修理的那台笔记本电脑现在运行得很完美。
EN： Adverbs of manner (e.g., 'smoothly') describe how an action is performed. They are typically placed after the main verb or after the object if there is one.
中文： 方式副词（例如「smoothly」）用来描述动作进行的方式。它们通常放在主要动词之後，若有宾语则放在宾语之後。
The train stopped suddenly at the station.
火车在车站突然停了下来。
EN： Past Participle as a Post-modifier: The past participle phrase 'written over many weeks' is used as an adjective to modify the noun 'The code'. It describes what happened to the noun in a passive sense (the code was written).
中文： 过去分词作後置修饰语：过去分词短语「written over many weeks」在此当作形容词使用，用来修饰名词「The code」（代码）。它以被动的语义来描述该名词（代码是被写出来的）。
The letter sent yesterday arrived this morning.
昨天寄出的那封信今天早上寄达了。
EN： Subject-Verb Agreement with Modifier: When a long modifier (like 'written over many weeks') separates the subject ('The code') from the verb ('runs'), the verb must still agree with the singular subject.
中文： 含有修饰语的主谓一致：当长修饰语（如「written over many weeks」）将主语（「The code」，单数）与动词（「runs」）隔开时，动词仍必须与单数主语保持一致，使用单数动词形式 runs。
The book borrowed from the library belongs to me.
从图书馆借来的那本书是我的。
EN： The verb 'see' is a sensory verb (verb of perception). It can be followed by an object and a present participle (verb-ing) to describe an action that is in progress or happening at the moment of perception.
中文： 动词「see」（看见）属於感官动词。後面可接宾语与现在分词（V-ing），用来描述感官察觉到某个动作正在进行或发生。
I see a bird flying in the sky.
我看到一只鸟在天空飞翔。
EN： The present participle 'making' acts as an object complement, describing the ongoing action of the '3D printer'.
中文： 现在分词「making」在此作为宾语补足语，用来修饰并说明宾语「3D printer」当时正在进行的动作。
She heard someone knocking on the door.
她听到有人在敲门。
EN： Present Participle Phrases: The present participle phrase 'flying above us' is used as an adjective to modify the noun 'The drone'. It is a shortened form of the relative clause 'which is flying above us'.
中文： 现在分词短语：现在分词短语「flying above us」用作形容词，修饰名词「The drone」（无人机）。这是关系从句「which is flying above us」的简化形式。
The girl standing by the window is my sister.
站在窗户旁边的那个女孩是我妹妹。
EN： Passive Voice: The passive voice is formed with 'be + past participle' (is controlled). It is used here because the receiver of the action (the drone) is the subject of the sentence, and the doer (a phone) is introduced by the preposition 'by'.
中文： 被动语态：被动语态由「be 动词 + 过去分词」（is controlled）构成。这里使用被动语态是因为动作的接受者（无人机）是句子的主语，而动作的执行者（手机）则由介词「by」引导。
This book was written by a famous scientist.
这本书是由一位著名的科学家写的。
EN： Past participle phrases used as adjectives: The past participle 'shown' (from 'show') is used here as an adjective phrase 'shown on the big screen' to modify the noun 'data'. It has a passive meaning, indicating that the data is being displayed by something else.
中文： 过去分词短语作形容词用：过去分词「shown」（源自动词 show）在此引导形容词短语「shown on the big screen」，用来修饰名词「data」（数据）。此用法具有被动意味，表示数据是被显示在屏幕上的。
The car repaired by the mechanic runs smoothly.
由技工修理的那辆汽车运转得很顺畅。
EN： The verb 'help' followed by a bare infinitive: The verb 'help' can be followed by an object and then either a to-infinitive or a bare infinitive (verb in its base form). In 'helps us improve', 'improve' is a bare infinitive acting as the object complement.
中文： 动词「help」后接原形动词：动词「help」（帮助）后面接宾语（受词）后，其后的宾语补足语可用「to + 原形动词」或直接用「原形动词」（省略 to）。在「helps us improve」中，「improve」即为省略 to 的原形动词。
This map helps us find the way.
这张地图有助于我们找到路。
EN： Present Participle Phrases as Adjectives: The present participle phrase 'holding a soldering iron' functions as an adjective modifying the noun 'A girl'. It describes an ongoing action performed by the subject, acting as a shortened version of the relative clause 'who is holding a soldering iron'.
中文： 现在分词短语作形容词：现在分词短语「holding a soldering iron」（拿着烙铁）在此作形容词用，修饰名词「A girl」（一个女孩）。它描述了主语正在进行的动作，相当于关系从句「who is holding a soldering iron」的简化版。
The boy playing the guitar is my brother.
那个正在弹吉他的男孩是我的弟弟。
EN： Subject-Verb Agreement with Singular Nouns: The subject 'A girl' is a singular third-person noun, which requires the singular verb form 'fixes' (verb + -es) in the simple present tense.
中文： 单数名词的主谓一致：主语「A girl」是单数第三人称名词，因此在一般现在时中，动词必须使用单数形式「fixes」（动词词尾加 -es）。
The chef prepares a delicious meal.
这位厨师准备了一顿美味的佳肴。
EN： In modern STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) education, hands-on activities like soldering circuits are highly encouraged for all students. Highlighting a 'girl' performing these technical tasks reflects a progressive shift towards gender inclusivity in engineering and technology fields.
中文： 在現代 STEM（科學、技術、工程和數學）教育中，非常鼓勵所有學生進行動手實作，例如焊接電路。句子中特別提到「女孩」在進行這些技術性工作，反映了工程與科技領域中朝向性別包容性的進步趨勢。
EN： Present Participle Phrases: The present participle 'guiding' (verb-ing) is used here as an adjective phrase ('guiding us') to modify the noun 'The teacher'. It describes an active action being performed by the noun it modifies.
中文： 现在分词短语：这里的现在分词「guiding」（动词-ing）引导一个形容词短语（guiding us）来修饰名词「The teacher」（老师）。它用来描述被修饰名词正在进行的主动行为。
The boy playing the piano is my brother.
弹钢琴的那个男孩是我的弟弟。
EN： Compound Adjectives: 'Thoughtful' is an adjective meaning showing consideration or deep integration of thoughts. In English, adjectives always precede the nouns they modify, such as 'thoughtful questions'.
中文： 复合形容词与修饰：形容词「thoughtful」意为「深思熟虑的」或「发人深省的」。在英文中，形容词通常置於其所修饰的名词之前，例如「thoughtful questions」（发人深省的问题）。
She gave a thoughtful speech at the graduation.
她在毕业典礼上发表了一番发人深省的演讲。
EN： In Western educational settings, especially in science and project-based learning, teachers often act as 'guides on the side' rather than 'sages on the stage.' Asking 'thoughtful questions' is a key pedagogical strategy to encourage critical thinking and independent problem-solving among students.
中文： 在西方教育環境中（特別是科學和專題式學習中），教師通常扮演「身旁的引導者」而非「講台上的聖人」。提出「發人深省的問題」是一種關鍵的教學策略，旨在鼓勵學生進行批判性思考和獨立解決問題。
EN： Past participle phrases (e.g., 'shared here') can be used as adjective phrases to modify a noun (e.g., 'Ideas'). They have a passive meaning, indicating that the action was done to the noun.
中文： 过去分词短语（例如「shared here」）可用作形容词短语来修饰名词（例如「Ideas」）。它们具有被动意义，表示该动作是被施加在该名词上。
The books written by this author are very popular.
这位作家写的书非常受欢迎。
EN： The phrasal verb 'turn into' means to change or develop into something else, often used to describe a transformation.
中文： 短语动词「turn into」意为「变成」或「转化为」其他事物，常用于描述某种转变或发展。
With hard work, his dream turned into reality.
凭借努力，他的梦想变成了现实。
EN： The past participle phrase 'filled with...' is used as an adjective phrase modifying the preceding noun 'A space'. It is a reduced relative clause, shortened from 'A space which is filled with...'.
中文： 过去分词短语「filled with...」（充满……）在此作形容词短语，用来修饰前面的名词「A space」（空间）。这是一个简化关系从句，由「A space which is filled with...」简化而来。
A room filled with books is a treasure chest.
一个装满书的房间就像是一个宝藏箱。
EN： The causative verb 'make' is followed by an object ('learning') and an object complement (the adjective 'exciting') to describe the state or feeling caused by the subject.
中文： 使役动词「make」后面接宾语（learning）与宾语补足语（形容词 exciting），用来描述主语所带来的状态或感受。
This music makes me happy.
这音乐让我感到快乐。
EN： Present participle phrases (V-ing) can be used as adjective phrases to modify the preceding noun. In this sentence, 'waiting on the shelf' modifies 'Every tool'. It is a shortened form of the relative clause 'which is waiting on the shelf'.
中文： 现在分词短语（V-ing）可以用作形容词短语，用来修饰前面的名词。在本句中，「waiting on the shelf」修饰「Every tool」。这是关系从句「which is waiting on the shelf」的简化形式。
The boy playing the piano is my brother.
正在弹钢琴的那个男孩是我的弟弟。
EN： The subject 'Every tool' is grammatically singular, so it takes the singular verb 'invites'. The structure 'invite someone to do something' means to encourage or welcome someone to perform an action.
中文： 主语「Every tool」（每一个工具）在语法上是单数，因此搭配单数动词「invites」。结构「invite someone to do something」表示邀请或鼓励某人去做某事。
The warm weather invites us to go for a walk.
温暖的天气吸引著我们去散步。
EN： Present Continuous Tense in Questions: Used to ask about an action happening right now. It is formed with 'Wh- word + is/are + subject + verb-ing'.
中文： 现在进行时的疑问句：用於询问此时此刻正在发生的动作。其句型结构为「疑问词 + be 动词 (is/are) + 主语 + 现在分词 (V-ing)」。
What is she cooking in the kitchen?
她正在厨房里煮什么？
EN： Adverbial of Place 'over there': Used to point out a location that is relatively far from both the speaker and the listener, often accompanied by pointing.
中文： 地点副词「over there」（在那边）：用於指出距离说话者和听话者都相对较远的某个位置，通常伴随著指点的动作。
Who is standing over there by the door?
站在门口那边的那个人是谁？
EN： Present Continuous Tense (am/is/are + V-ing) is used to describe an action that is happening right now, at the moment of speaking.
中文： 现在进行时（am/is/are + 现在分词）用于描述此时此刻正在发生的动作。
She is writing an email to her teacher.
她正在写一封信给她的老师。
EN： Past Participle as a Post-modifier (Reduced Relative Clause): The past participle 'designed' is used directly after the noun 'robot' to describe it, functioning as a shortened version of 'which was designed'. It has a passive meaning.
中文： 过去分词作后置修饰语（简化关系从句）：过去分词「designed」直接放在名词「robot」后面进行修饰，相当于「which was designed」的省略，具有被动意义。
I like the model built by the younger team.
我喜欢由较年轻团队制作的模型。
EN： Past Participle as an Adjective (Reduced Relative Clause): The past participle phrase 'built by the younger team' modifies the noun 'model'. It is a shortened form of the relative clause 'which was built by the younger team', used to describe a passive action.
中文： 过去分词作形容词（简化关系从句）：过去分词短语「built by the younger team」用来修饰名词「model」（模型）。这是关系从句「which was built by the younger team」的简化形式，用来表示被动的动作。
I bought the book written by the famous author.
我买了那本由著名作家写的书。
EN： Comparative Adjectives: The word 'younger' is the comparative form of the adjective 'young'. It is used to compare two groups (the younger team versus the older or other team).
中文： 比较级形容词：单词「younger」是形容词「young」（年轻的）的比较级形式。在此处用於比较两个团队（较年轻的团队与另一个较年长或其他的团队）。
She prefers the smaller laptop for traveling.
旅行时她更喜欢那台较小的笔记本电脑。
EN： Present Participle Phrases: The present participle phrase 'running on that tablet' acts as an adjective modifying the noun 'The app'. It is a shortened form of the relative clause 'which is running on that tablet'.
中文： 现在分词短语：现在分词短语「running on that tablet」在此作为形容词，用来修饰名词「The app」（该应用程序）。这是一种简化关系从句（which is running on that tablet）的常见结构。
The man standing by the door is my uncle.
站在门口的那位男子是我叔叔。
EN： Subject-Verb Agreement with Modifiers: When a subject is followed by a modifying phrase (like 'running on that tablet'), the verb must still agree with the main subject ('The app', which is singular), not the noun in the modifier ('tablet'). Therefore, we use the singular verb 'tracks'.
中文： 修饰语与主谓一致：当主语後面接有修饰短语（如「running on that tablet」）时，动词仍必须与主要主语（单数的「The app」）保持一致，而非修饰语中的名词（tablet）。因此，动词使用单数动词「tracks」。
The book lying on those desks belongs to the teacher.
放在那些课桌上的书是老师的。
EN： Present Participle Phrases as Adjective Modifiers: A present participle phrase (verb-ing + other words) can be placed directly after a noun to describe what that noun is doing at the moment. It functions like a shortened relative clause (e.g., 'which is hovering').
中文： 现在分词短语作形容词修饰语：现在分词短语（动词-ing + 其他词语）可以直接放在名词后面，用来描述该名词当时正在进行的动作。其功能相当于简化的关系从句（例如：'which is hovering'）。
The dog barking outside belongs to my neighbor.
在外面吠叫的那只狗是我邻居的。
EN： Linking Verbs (Sensory Verbs): 'Look' is used as a linking verb here, meaning 'to appear' or 'to seem'. It must be followed by an adjective (e.g., 'brand new') rather than an adverb, to describe the subject.
中文： 系动词（感官动词）：「look」在此处用作系动词，意思是「看起来」或「似乎」。后面必须接形容词（例如：「brand new」）而非副词，用来修饰主语的状态。
The freshly baked bread smells delicious.
刚出炉的面包闻起来很香。
EN： The past participle 'ordered' is used as a reduced relative clause (short for 'which were ordered') to modify the noun 'sensors'. This is a passive construction showing that the sensors did not perform the action, but were the recipient of it.
中文： 过去分词「ordered」在此用作简化关系从句（省略了「which were ordered」），用来修饰名词「sensors」（传感器）。这是一种被动结构，表示传感器并非执行动作的主体，而是接受该动作的客体。
The books written by that author are very popular.
那位作家写的书非常受欢迎。
EN： The demonstrative pronoun 'Those' is used to point to plural nouns that are physically or temporally far from the speaker.
中文： 指示代词「Those」（那些）用於指代在空间或时间上距离说话者较远的复数名词。
Those are the tools we need for the class.
那些是我们上课需要的工具。
EN： Present Participle as an Adjective (Reduced Relative Clause): The present participle phrase 'making parts' is used to modify the noun 'A printer'. It is a shortened form of the relative clause 'which makes parts'. The present participle (-ing) is used because the noun performs the action actively.
中文： 现在分词作形容词（简化关系从句）：现在分词短语「making parts」用来修饰名词「A printer」（打印机）。这是关系从句「which makes parts」的简化形式。使用现在分词（-ing）是因为该名词主动执行该动作。
The boy playing the guitar is my brother.
正在弹吉他的那个男孩是我弟弟。
EN： Double Object Verb (Ditransitive Verb): The verb 'save' can take two objects: an indirect object (us) and a direct object (lots of time). The structure is 'save + someone + something', meaning to prevent someone from spending or wasting something.
中文： 双宾语动词（授与动词）：动词「save」可以接两个宾语：间接宾语（us）和直接宾语（lots of time）。结构为「save + 某人 + 某物」，意思是为某人省去或免除某事物的消耗。
This new software will save you a lot of trouble.
这款新软件将会为你省去许多麻烦。
EN： Present Participle Clauses: The present participle phrase 'testing the code' functions as an adjective clause modifying the noun 'the students'. It is a shortened form of the relative clause 'who are testing the code'.
中文： 现在分词短语：现在分词短语「testing the code」在此作为形容词从句，用来修饰名词「the students」（学生们）。这是关系从句「who are testing the code」的简化形式。
The girl playing the piano is my sister.
正在弹钢琴的女孩是我妹妹。
EN： Linking Verbs: 'Seem' is a linking verb (copula) that connects the subject with a subject complement (an adjective) to describe the subject's state or appearance.
中文： 连系动词：「seem」（似乎、看起来）是一个连系动词，用来连接主语与主语补语（形容词），以描述主语的状态或外观。
The team members seem happy with the results.
团队成员们看起来对结果感到满意。
EN： The adjective phrase 'full of energy' is used as a post-modifier (after the noun) to describe the noun 'A lab'. It is a shortened form of the relative clause 'which is full of energy'.
中文： 形容词短语「full of energy」（充满活力）用作後置修饰语（置於名词之後），用来修饰名词「A lab」（实验室）。这是关系从句「which is full of energy」的简化形式。
A classroom full of students is always noisy.
一个挤满学生的教室总是吵闹的。
EN： The causative verb 'make' is followed by an object and a bare infinitive (verb in its base form without 'to') to express causing someone to do something. In this sentence, 'makes us want' uses the base verb 'want'.
中文： 使役动词「make」後面接宾语和动词原形（不带 to 的动词原型），用来表示让某人做某事。在本句中，「makes us want」使用了动词原形「want」。
The funny movie makes me laugh.
这部好笑的电影让我大笑。
EN： Present participle phrases (Verb-ing) can be used as adjective phrases to modify the preceding noun. 'Waiting here' modifies 'Tools', functioning like a relative clause 'which are waiting here'.
中文： 现在分词短语（动词-ing）可用作形容词短语，用来修饰前面的名词。在此句中，「waiting here」修饰「Tools」，作用相当於关系从句「which are waiting here」。
The students working in the lab are very creative.
在实验室里工作的学生们非常有创意。
EN： The phrasal verb 'turn A into B' means to transform or change A into B.
中文： 短语动词「turn A into B」表示将 A 转化或改变为 B。
With hard work, they turned their dream into a successful business.
凭藉著努力，他们将梦想转化为成功的事业。
重要单词附有 IPA 发音、定义、例句和互动式测验。
在本文中： 专注的，注意力集中的
在本文中： 在国外，从国外
在本文中： 鼓舞，激发（灵感）
在本文中： 活力，干劲
在本文中： 改进，改善
在本文中： 深思的，引人深思的
在本文中： 好奇心
在本文中： 修理，修补
在本文中： （在空中）盘旋，悬停
在本文中： 有信心的，自信的
片语包含类型标示、双语定义、用法说明和例句。
A machine that creates three-dimensional solid objects from a digital file.
3D 打印机
A tool used for melting solder to join metal parts together, especially in electronics.
烙铁
A strong feeling of excitement, activity, and enthusiasm in a place.
充满活力与兴奋的氛围
To change or develop into something else.
转变成，成为