EN： The Present Perfect Tense ('have resigned') is used here to describe an action that happened in the recent past but has a strong relevance or impact on the present situation.
中文： 现在完成时（have resigned）在此处用于描述在最近过去发生、但对现在状况具有强烈关联或影响的动作。
Several board members have resigned in protest of the new policy.
几位董事会成员已辞职以示对新政策的抗议。
EN： The phrase 'More than' is used as a quantifier meaning 'over' or 'exceeding' a specific number, functioning as a modifier for the subject '50 solicitors'.
中文： 短语“More than”用作数量词，意思是“超过”或“多于”某个特定数字，在此处作为主语“50 solicitors”的修饰语。
More than 100 people attended the seminar yesterday.
昨天有超过 100 人参加了研讨会。
EN： In Ireland and the UK, the legal profession is divided into 'solicitors' (who traditionally deal directly with clients, prepare cases, and handle general legal matters) and 'barristers' (who represent clients in higher courts). The 'criminal legal aid panel' refers to the list of private lawyers who are paid by the state to represent defendants who cannot afford their own legal representation.
中文： 在爱尔兰和英国，法律专业分为“solicitors”（事务律师，传统上直接与客户打交道、准备案件和处理一般法律事务）和“barristers”（诉讼律师，在高等法院代表客户辩护）。“criminal legal aid panel”（刑事法律援助小组）是指由国家出资、为无力负担律师费的被告提供辩护的私人律师名册。
EN： The subordinating conjunction 'after' is used to connect two clauses, showing that the action in the main clause ('The resignations happened') occurred subsequent to the action in the adverbial clause ('the Government introduced...').
中文： 从属连词“after”（在……之后）用于连接两个子句，表示主句的动作（辞职事件发生）是在状语从句的动作（政府引入……）之后发生的。
The guests left after the party ended.
派对结束后，客人们就离开了。
EN： The Simple Past Tense ('happened', 'introduced') is used to describe completed actions that took place at a specific time in the past.
中文： 简单过去时（如“happened”、“introduced”）用于描述在过去特定时间点已经完成的动作或发生的事件。
She started her new job last week.
她上周开始了她的新工作。
EN： The term 'flat fee' refers to a single fixed fee for a service, regardless of usage or the amount of time spent. In legal aid systems, flat fees are often controversial because lawyers argue they do not fairly compensate for complex cases that require many hours of work.
中文： “flat fee”指的是“单一费率”或“固定费用”，即不论服务的使用量或花费的时间多少，皆收取统一的费用。在法律援助制度中，固定费率往往具有争议，因为律师们认为这无法合理解释或补偿那些需要花费数十个小时处理的复杂案件。
EN： Passive Voice (is paid): Used when the action is more important than the agent performing it. It is formed with 'be' + past participle.
中文： 被动语态（is paid）：当动作本身比执行动作的主体更重要时使用。其结构为“be 动词 + 过去分词”。
The salary is paid to employees at the end of every month.
薪资会在每个月底支付给员工。
EN： Defining Relative Clause (who represent...): Introduced by the relative pronoun 'who' to define or give essential information about the preceding noun 'solicitors'.
中文： 限定性关系从句（who represent...）：由关系代词“who”引导，用来定义或提供关于先行词“solicitors（事务律师）”的必要信息。
We need to hire managers who speak fluent English.
我们需要雇用英文流利的经理。
EN： In legal systems like Ireland's, there is a distinction between 'solicitors' (who generally handle out-of-court legal work and represent clients in lower courts like district courts) and 'barristers' (who specialize in courtroom advocacy in higher courts). This sentence specifically mentions solicitors representing clients at district courts.
中文： 在爱尔兰等法律体系中，“solicitor（事务律师）”与“barrister（诉讼律师/大律师）”是有区别的。事务律师通常处理庭外法律事务，并在地区法院等较低级别的法院代表客户；而诉讼律师则专门在高级法院进行法庭辩护。本句特别提到在地区法院代表客户的事务律师。
EN： The verb 'stop' is followed by a gerund (verb-ing) when it means to cease performing an action. This is different from 'stop to do', which means to pause one activity in order to start another.
中文： 动词“stop”（停止）后面接动名词（V-ing）时，表示“停止正在进行的动作”。这与“stop to do”（停下手中工作去执行另一件事）的意思不同。
She stopped buying plastic bottles to protect the environment.
她停止购买塑料瓶以保护环境。
EN： The present perfect tense ('have/has + past participle') is used here to describe an action that happened in the recent past and has a strong relevance or result in the present.
中文： 现在完成时（have/has + 过去分词）在此处用于描述最近发生且对现在有重大影响或结果的动作。
Many workers have walked out of the factory in protest.
许多工人已经走出工厂以示抗议。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses (using 'which') add extra, non-essential information about a noun. They are separated from the main clause by commas, and 'which' cannot be replaced by 'that'.
中文： 非限定性关系从句（使用 'which'）用于对先行词进行补充说明，提供非必要的额外信息。这类从句与主句之间须用逗号隔开，且其中的关系代词 'which' 不能用 'that' 代替。
The new law, which was proposed last year, has finally been passed.
这项去年提出的新法律终于获得通过。
EN： The phrasal verb 'come into effect' means to start being applicable or active, especially regarding laws, rules, or systems.
中文： 短语动词 'come into effect' 意为“生效”或“开始实施”，通常用于法律、规则或制度等对象。
The new tax regulations will come into effect next month.
新的税收规定将于下个月生效。
EN： In parliamentary democracies like Ireland, government ministers (such as the Justice Minister) have the authority to introduce administrative changes or regulations, which can sometimes lead to significant public debate or protests from professional bodies like the Law Society.
中文： 在爱尔兰等议会民主制国家，政府部长（如司法部长）有权引入行政变革或法规，这有时会引发公众的广泛讨论，甚至遭到爱尔兰律师会等专业团体的抗议。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'According to' is used to state the source of information, indicating where the facts or opinions come from. It is typically followed by a noun or noun phrase.
中文： 介词短语“According to”（根据）用于说明信息来源，指出事实或意见的出处。其后通常接名词或名词短语。
According to the weather forecast, it will rain tomorrow.
根据天气预报，明天会下雨。
EN： The simple past tense of the verb 'to be' ('were' for plural subjects) is used here to describe a state or situation that existed at a specific time in the past ('on that date').
中文： 此处使用 be 动词的过去式“were”（用于复数主语），来描述过去特定时间（“on that date”，即在该日期）所存在的状态或情况。
Many students were in the library yesterday afternoon.
昨天下午有许多学生在图书馆里。
EN： In Ireland and the UK, the legal profession is divided into 'solicitors' and 'barristers'. Solicitors generally deal directly with clients, handle paperwork, and represent clients in lower courts (like district courts). The 'legal aid panel' refers to a list of private lawyers who are paid by the government to represent clients who cannot afford their own legal defense.
中文： 在爱尔兰和英国，法律专业人士分为“事务律师”（solicitors）和“诉讼律师”（barristers，又称大律师）。事务律师通常直接与客户打交道、处理文书工作，并在较低级别的法院（如区级法院）代表客户。而“法律援助名册”（legal aid panel）是指由政府支付费用、为无法负担律师费的客户提供法律辩护的私人律师名单。
EN： The Past Perfect Tense ('had' + past participle) is used to describe an action that was completed before a specific point in the past. In this sentence, 'had officially resigned' happened before the past time marker 'By Tuesday of this week'.
中文： 过去完成时（had + 过去分词）用于描述在过去某个特定时间点之前已经完成的动作。在本句中，“had officially resigned”（已正式辞职）发生在过去的时间标记“By Tuesday of this week”（截至本周二）之前。
By the time the meeting started, she had already finished the report.
在会议开始之前，她就已经完成了报告。
EN： The preposition 'by' is used to indicate a deadline or a point in time 'not later than'. When paired with a past time, it often triggers the use of the past perfect tense.
中文： 介词“by”用于表示不迟于某个截止日期或时间点。当与过去的时间连用时，通常会触发过去完成时的动词时态。
By 10 PM last night, all the guests had left.
截至昨晚十点，所有宾客都已经离开了。
EN： In legal contexts, a 'panel' refers to an official list of professionals (in this case, solicitors/lawyers) who are eligible and registered to provide specific services, such as state-funded legal aid. Resigning from the panel means they will no longer accept state-funded cases, which is a common form of protest among legal professionals against government fee cuts.
中文： 在法律背景中，“panel”（小组/名册）是指符合资格并登记提供特定服务（如政府资助的法律援助）的专业人士（在此指事务律师）的官方名册。从该名册中辞职意味着他们将不再接受政府资助的案件，这是法律专业人士抗议政府削减费用的一种常见形式。
EN： Present Perfect Tense (has opposed): Used here to describe an action that happened in the past but has strong relevance to the current situation. It is formed with 'have/has' + past participle.
中文： 现在完成时（has opposed）：在此用于描述过去发生但与现状有强烈关联的动作。其结构为“have/has”+ 过去分词。
The government has proposed a new law to protect the environment.
政府已经提出了一项保护环境的新法律。
EN： Adverbial Clause of Reason (because...): Introduced by the conjunction 'because' to explain the reason or cause for the action in the main clause.
中文： 原因副词从句（because...）：由连接词“because”引导，用来解释主句动作的原因或理由。
She decided to walk to work because the weather was beautiful.
她决定走路去上班，因为天气非常好。
EN： The Law Society of Ireland is the professional body for solicitors in Ireland. In common law jurisdictions like Ireland, the legal profession is often split between 'solicitors' (who deal directly with clients and handle general legal matters) and 'barristers' (who represent clients in higher courts).
中文： 爱尔兰律师会是爱尔兰事务律师（solicitors）的专业团体。在爱尔兰等普通法法系国家中，律师职业通常分为“事务律师”（直接与客户接触并处理一般法律事务）和“诉讼律师”（barristers，主要在法庭上代表客户辩护）。
EN： Apposition (同位語): A grammatical construction where two noun phrases are placed side-by-side to identify or explain the other. Here, 'the Law Society president' is an appositive that identifies who 'Rosemarie Loftus' is. It is set off by commas.
中文： 同位语：这是一种语法结构，将两个名词短语并列放置，用以说明或解释另一个名词。在此句中，“the Law Society president”（爱尔兰律师会会长）是一个同位语，用来标示“Rosemarie Loftus”（罗斯玛丽·洛夫特斯）的身分，前后用逗号隔开。
Mr. Green, the school principal, will give a speech tomorrow.
校长格林先生明天将发表讲话。
EN： Noun Clause as Direct Object (名詞子句作直接賓語): The conjunction 'that' introduces a noun clause ('that the new fee will create legal deserts') which functions as the direct object of the reporting verb 'warned'. 'That' can optionally be omitted in informal contexts.
中文： 名词性从句作直接宾语：连接词“that”引导一个名词性从句（“that the new fee will create legal deserts”），在句中作为传达动词“warned”（警告）的直接宾语。在非正式语境中，“that”通常可以省略。
She warned that the road was very slippery.
她警告说路面非常湿滑。
EN： The term 'legal deserts' is a metaphor analogous to 'food deserts'. It refers to geographic areas or communities where there is a severe shortage of lawyers, particularly those who provide affordable or free legal aid to low-income individuals. In this context, the Law Society of Ireland warns that low fees will discourage solicitors from taking on legal aid cases, leaving poor defendants without representation.
中文： “法律荒漠”（legal deserts）是一个比喻性词汇，类比于“食品荒漠”（food deserts）。它指的是那些严重缺乏律师（特别是为低收入人群提供负担得起或免费法律援助的律师）的地理区域或社区。在此背景下，爱尔兰律师会警告，过低的服务费将使事务律师不愿接手法律援助案件，从而导致贫困被告面临无人代表的困境。
EN： The relative adverb 'where' is used to introduce a relative clause (adjective clause) that modifies a noun of place (in this case, 'areas'). It functions as an adverbial of place within the relative clause, meaning 'in which'.
中文： 关系副词“where”用于引导关系从句（形容词性从句），用来修饰表示地点的名词（在此句中为“areas”）。它在关系从句中充当地方副词的角色，相当于“in which”（在该处）。
This is the town where I was born.
这是我出生的城镇。
EN： The relative clause 'who need it' uses the relative pronoun 'who' as the subject of the clause to modify the antecedent 'people'. Since 'people' is plural, the verb 'need' agrees with it in the plural form.
中文： 关系从句“who need it”使用关系代词“who”作为该从句的主语，用来修饰先行词“people”（人们）。因为“people”是复数，所以动词“need”也使用复数形式以达主谓一致。
The government should help families who live in poverty.
政府应该帮助生活在贫困中的家庭。
EN： In the UK and Ireland, the legal profession is split into 'solicitors' (who deal directly with clients, prepare cases, and handle general legal matters) and 'barristers' (who represent clients in higher courts). 'Legal aid' refers to government-funded legal services for those who cannot afford to pay, ensuring access to justice for all.
中文： 在英国和爱尔兰，法律专业人士分为“事务律师”（solicitors，直接与客户打交道、准备诉讼案卷并处理一般法律事务）和“诉讼律师”（barristers，在较高级别的法庭上代表客户辩护）。“法律援助”（legal aid）是指政府为无力支付律师费的人提供的资助，以确保所有人都能获得司法公正。
EN： The preposition 'under' is used here to mean 'governed by' or 'according to' a particular system, law, or agreement.
中文： 介词“under”在此处表示“在……制度下”或“根据”某个特定的系统、法律或协议。
Under the new rules, employees can work from home twice a week.
在新规则下，员工每周可以留在家中工作两次。
EN： The coordinating conjunction 'and' connects two parallel clauses sharing the same subject ('solicitors') and verb ('received'). In the second part, 'solicitors received' is omitted to avoid repetition.
中文： 并列连词“and”连接两个平行的子句，这两个子句共享相同的主语（solicitors）与动词（received）。在後半句中，省略了“solicitors received”以避免重复。
She bought a book for ten dollars and a pen for two dollars.
她花十美元买了一本书，花两美元买了一支笔。
EN： In common law jurisdictions like Ireland and the UK, the legal profession is split into 'solicitors' (who handle general legal matters and prepare cases) and 'barristers' (who represent clients in higher courts). This sentence refers to solicitors representing clients in the lower 'district courts' under the state-funded legal aid scheme.
中文： 在爱尔兰和英国等普通法法系国家，律师职业分为“事务律师”（solicitors，主要处理一般法律事务及准备案件）和“诉讼律师 / 大律师”（barristers，主要在高等法院代表当事人辩护）。本句所指的是在政府资助的法律援助计划下，在初级的“地区法院”代表当事人的事务律师。
EN： Noun clause as direct object: The conjunction 'that' introduces a noun clause ('that 81 percent of solicitors said...') which functions as the direct object of the transitive verb 'found'. In reporting verbs like 'find', 'say', or 'think', 'that' is often used to introduce the reported information.
中文： 名词性从句作为直接宾语：连接词“that”引导一个名词性从句（“that 81 percent of solicitors said...”），在句中作为及物动词“found”（发现）的直接宾语。在“find”（发现）、“say”（说）或“think”（认为）等汇报动词后，常用“that”来引导所报告的信息。
The study showed that regular exercise improves sleep quality.
研究显示，规律运动能改善睡眠质量。
EN： Second Conditional (Subjunctive Mood): The clause 'if the changes were made' uses the past simple tense ('were made') to express a hypothetical or unlikely condition in the present or future. The main clause uses 'would' + base verb ('would resign') to show the hypothetical result.
中文： 第二类条件句（虚拟语气）：从句“if the changes were made”使用一般过去时（“were made”）来表示对现在或未来而言，假设性或可能性较低的状况。主句则使用“would”+ 动词原形（“would resign”）来表示假设的结果。
If they offered me the job, I would accept it.
如果他们录用我，我会接受那份工作。
EN： In Ireland and the UK, 'solicitors' are lawyers who traditionally deal with most of the legal matters in court, prepare cases, and advise clients, whereas 'barristers' represent clients in the higher courts. 'Criminal legal aid' refers to state-funded legal representation for individuals who cannot afford to pay for a lawyer themselves, ensuring access to justice.
中文： 在爱尔兰和英国，“solicitor”（事务律师/律师）传统上主要负责处理大部分的庭外法律事务、准备诉讼案卷并向客户提供咨询；而“barrister”（诉讼律师）则主要负责在高等法院出庭辩护。“criminal legal aid”（刑事法律援助）是指由政府资助，为无力负担律师费用的个人提供法律代理的制度，以确保司法公正。
EN： Noun Clause as Direct Object: The conjunction 'that' introduces a noun clause ('that the changes will cause...') which functions as the direct object of the transitive verb 'predicted'. It reports the content of the prediction.
中文： 名词性从句作直接宾语：连接词“that”引导一个名词性从句（that the changes will cause...），在句中作为及物动词“predicted”（预测）的直接宾语，用来叙述预测的具体内容。
The economist predicted that inflation would decrease next year.
经济学家预测明年通货膨胀将会下降。
EN： Noun Prepositional Phrase: The prepositional phrase 'of solicitors' modifies the noun 'exodus', specifying who is departing, while 'from the scheme' indicates the source of the departure.
中文： 名词介词短语：介词短语“of solicitors”修饰名词“exodus”（集体离开），明确指出是谁在撤离，而“from the scheme”则指出撤离的来源（该计划）。
There was a sudden exodus of workers from the factory.
工人们突然集体离开了工厂。
EN： In Ireland and the UK, the legal profession is split into 'solicitors' (who deal directly with clients and handle general legal matters) and 'barristers' (who represent clients in higher courts). The 'Law Society of Ireland' is the professional body for solicitors in Ireland, representing their interests and regulating the profession.
中文： 在爱尔兰和英国，法律专业人士分为“事务律师”（solicitors，直接与客户打交道并处理一般法律事务）和“诉讼律师”（barristers，在较高法庭上代表客户辩护）。“爱尔兰律师会”（Law Society of Ireland）是爱尔兰事务律师的专业团体，代表其利益并负责行业监管。
重要单词附有 IPA 发音、定义、例句和互动式测验。
在本文中： 事务律师（主要负责提供法律咨询、准备法律文件，并在初级法院代表客户的律师）
在本文中： 辞职、退出（某个组织或职位）
在本文中： 代表（在法庭上作为某人的法律代理人）
在本文中： 抗议、反对
在本文中： 反对、对抗
在本文中： 出庭
在本文中： 民意调查、调查研究
在本文中： 预测、预言
在本文中： 大批离开、集体涌出
片语包含类型标示、双语定义、用法说明和例句。
Free legal advice or representation in court provided by the state for people who cannot afford to pay for it.
法律援助
A single fixed fee for a service, regardless of the amount of time or work involved.
单一固定费用、均一收费
To begin to apply or be used; to become active (especially of a law, rule, or system).
生效、开始实施
An area where there are not enough lawyers or legal services available to meet the needs of the local population.
法律沙漠（指缺乏法律服务的地区）