EN： Imperative sentences are used to give commands, instructions, or make requests. They begin with the base form of the verb (bare infinitive) and the subject 'you' is omitted because it is implied.
中文： 祈使句用于表达命令、指示或请求。句子以动词原形（不带 to 的不定式）开头，并省略了主语「you」（你/你们），因为主语在语境中是显而易见的。
Listen to the music playing in the background.
听听背景播放的音乐。
EN： Present participle phrases (verb-ing) can function as adjectives to modify a preceding noun. In this sentence, 'waiting at the bus stop' is a participle phrase modifying the noun 'people', describing an ongoing action. It is a shortened form of the relative clause 'who are waiting at the bus stop'.
中文： 现在分词短语（动词-ing）可以作为形容词，用来修饰前面的名词。在本句中，「waiting at the bus stop」是一个分词短语，修饰名词「people」（人们），用以描述正在进行的动作。这其实是关系从句「who are waiting at the bus stop」的简化形式。
The girl reading a book under the tree is my sister.
在树下看书的那个女孩是我妹妹。
EN： The verb 'see' is a sensory verb (verb of perception). It can be followed by an object and a present participle (V-ing) to describe an action that is ongoing or in progress at the moment of observation.
中文： 感官动词「see」（看见）后面可以接宾语和现在分词（V-ing），用来描述在观察的当下，该动作正在进行或持续发生。
I heard her singing in the shower.
我听见她正在浴室里唱歌。
EN： The present participle phrase 'playing the guitar over there' acts as an adjective modifying the noun 'boy'. It describes what the boy is doing.
中文： 现在分词短语「playing the guitar over there」在此作为形容词修饰名词「boy」（男孩），用来描述该男孩正在进行的动作。
The girl standing by the door is my sister.
站在门口的那位女孩是我妹妹。
EN： Present Participle as an Adjective Phrase: The present participle '-ing' form (selling) can be used as an adjective phrase to modify a noun (The shop). It is a shortened form of a relative clause (The shop which sells flowers...).
中文： 现在分词当形容词短语：现在分词「-ing」形式（selling）可用作形容词短语来修饰名词（The shop）。这是关系从句（The shop which sells flowers...）的简化形式。
The girl playing the piano is my sister.
正在弹钢琴的那个女孩是我妹妹。
EN： Linking Verb 'look': The verb 'look' is a linking verb (copula) used to describe appearance. It must be followed by an adjective (lovely) rather than an adverb to describe the subject.
中文： 连系动词「look」：动词「look」是一个连系动词，用于描述外观。后面必须接形容词（lovely）而非副词来修饰主语。
The cake smells delicious and looks beautiful.
这蛋糕闻起来很香，看起来也很漂亮。
EN： Passive Participle Clauses: The past participle 'designed' is used as an adjective to modify the noun 'building'. It is a shortened form of the relative clause 'which was designed by...'. This structure is common in English to make sentences more concise.
中文： 过去分词短语修饰名词：过去分词「designed」（被设计）在此作形容词使用，用来修饰前面的名词「building」（建筑物）。这其实是关系从句「which was designed by...」的简化结构。在英文中，这种简化结构非常常用，能让句子更为精简。
This is the book written by my favorite author.
这就是由我最喜爱的作家所撰写的书。
EN： The Agent with 'by': In passive structures, 'by' is used to introduce the agent (the person or thing that performs the action). Here, 'by a local artist' tells us who did the designing.
中文： 介词「by」引导施动者：在被动语态或过去分词修饰的结构中，介词「by」用来引导动作的执行者（施动者）。在此处，「by a local artist」告诉我们是谁进行了设计的动作。
The cake made by my sister was delicious.
我姐姐做的蛋糕非常好吃。
EN： The past participle phrase 'filled with...' is used as an adjective phrase to modify the preceding noun 'The street'. It is a shortened form of the relative clause 'which is filled with...'.
中文： 过去分词短语「filled with...」（装满／充满……）在此作形容词短语，用来修饰前面的名词「The street」（街道）。这是一种关系从句的简化结构，省略了「which is」。
The cup filled with hot water is on the table.
装满热水的杯子在桌子上。
EN： The subject-verb agreement here requires the singular verb 'is' because the core subject of the sentence is the singular noun 'The street', not the plural noun 'lights' inside the modifying phrase.
中文： 主谓一致。此处必须使用单数动词「is」，因为本句的核心主语是单数名词「The street」（街道），而非修饰短语中的复数名词「lights」（灯饰）。
The box of chocolates is for you.
那盒巧克力是要给你的。
EN： Present Participle as an Adjective Phrase: The present participle '-ing' form (coming) can be used as an adjective phrase to modify a noun (the smell) that performs the action. It is a shortened form of a relative clause (which is coming).
中文： 现在分词当形容词短语：现在分词「-ing」形式（coming）可用作形容词短语，用来修饰主动发出该动作的名词（the smell）。这是一种关系从句（which is coming）的简化结构。
Do you hear the rain beating against the window?
你听见雨水拍打窗户的声音吗？
EN： Prepositional Phrase of Origin: The preposition 'from' is used to indicate the source or origin of something, in this case, where the smell is originating (the bakery).
中文： 表示来源的介词短语：介词「from」用来表示事物的来源或起点，在此处指气味传来的源头（the bakery，面包店）。
I received a beautiful postcard from Japan.
我收到了一张来自日本的美丽明信片。
EN： Present Participle (-ing) as an Adjective Phrase: The present participle 'wearing' starts a participle phrase ('wearing a red hat') that modifies the noun 'The man'. It functions like a relative clause ('who is wearing a red hat') but is more concise.
中文： 现在分词（-ing）作形容词短语：现在分词「wearing」引导一个分词短语「wearing a red hat」，用来修饰名词「The man」（那个男人）。其功能相当于关系从句「who is wearing a red hat」，但表达更为简洁。
The girl playing the piano is my sister.
正在弹钢琴的那个女孩是我的妹妹。
EN： Subject-Verb Agreement with Modifiers: When a subject is followed by a modifying phrase (like 'wearing a red hat'), the verb must agree with the main subject ('The man', which is singular), not the noun inside the modifier ('hat'). Therefore, the singular verb 'is' is used.
中文： 带有修饰语的主语单复数一致：当主语后面接有修饰短语（如「wearing a red hat」）时，动词必须与主要主语（单数的「The man」）保持一致，而非修饰语中的名词（hat）。因此，此处使用单数动词「is」。
The books on the table are mine.
桌上的那些书是我的。（主语为复数 books，故动词用 are）
EN： The past participle phrase 'written for teenagers' is used as an adjective phrase to modify the noun 'books'. It is a reduced relative clause, shortened from 'which/that were written for teenagers'.
中文： 过去分词短语「written for teenagers」在此作形容词短语使用，用来修饰前面的名词「books」（书）。这是一种简化的关系从句，由「which/that were written for teenagers」省略关系代词与be动词而来。
This is the letter sent by my friend.
这是我朋友寄来的信。
EN： 'Those' is a demonstrative pronoun used to point to plural things that are relatively far from the speaker in distance or time.
中文： 「Those」（那些）是指示代词，用来指代在空间或时间上距离说话者较远的复数事物。
Those are the cars imported from Germany.
那些是从德国进口的汽车。
EN： Present Participle Phrases: The present participle (verb-ing) phrase 'running in the park' is used as an adjective to modify the noun 'The dog'. It describes an ongoing action of the subject and is a shortened form of the relative clause 'which is running in the park'.
中文： 现在分词短语：现在分词（动词-ing）短语「running in the park」在此作为形容词使用，用来修饰名词「The dog」（那只狗）。它描述了主语正在进行的动作，是关系从句「which is running in the park」的简化形式。
The girl playing the piano is my sister.
正在弹钢琴的那个女孩是我妹妹。
EN： Linking Verb 'look': The verb 'looks' is a linking verb (copula) that connects the subject 'The dog' with the subject complement 'happy' (an adjective). It describes the appearance or state of the subject.
中文： 系动词「look」：动词「looks」是一个系动词，用来连接主语「The dog」与主语补语「happy」（形容词），用以描述主语的外观或状态。
The cake smells delicious.
这蛋糕闻起来很美味。
EN： The past participle phrase 'surrounded by...' is used as an adjective phrase to modify the preceding noun 'A café'. It is a reduced relative clause, shortened from 'A café which is surrounded by...'.
中文： 过去分词短语「surrounded by...」（被……环绕）在此作形容词短语，用来修饰前面的名词「A café」（一间咖啡馆）。这是一种简化的关系从句，由「A café which is surrounded by...」省略关系代词与be动词而来。
The house built of wood is very warm.
那栋用木头建造的房子非常温暖。
EN： The word 'so' is an adverb used before adjectives or adverbs to add emphasis, meaning 'to such a great degree' or 'extremely'.
中文： 副词「so」置于形容词或副词之前，用于加强语气，表示「如此地」或「非常」。
The music playing in the room is so beautiful.
房间里播放的音乐是如此地优美。
EN： Present Participle Clauses (V-ing) as Adjective Phrases: A present participle phrase can be used to modify a noun, acting like a shortened relative clause (which is/are + V-ing). It describes an ongoing action or state of the noun.
中文： 现在分词短语（V-ing）作形容词修饰名词：现在分词短语可用于修饰名词，功能相当于简化的关系从句（which is/are + V-ing），用来描述该名词正在进行的动作或状态。
The girl playing the piano is my sister.
正在弹钢琴的那个女孩是我妹妹。
EN： Subject-Verb Agreement with Modifiers: When a long modifying phrase (like 'hanging on the wall') comes between the subject ('The painting') and the verb ('is'), the verb must still agree with the singular subject, not the noun in the modifier ('the wall').
中文： 主谓一致（含修饰语）：当长修饰语（如 'hanging on the wall'）介于主语（'The painting'）与动词（'is'）之间时，动词仍必须与单数主语保持一致，而非与修饰语中的名词（'the wall'）一致。
The books on the table are mine.
桌上的那些书是我的。
EN： The adjective phrase 'full of...' is used to modify the preceding noun 'city'. It acts as a post-modifier (an adjective phrase placed after the noun it describes), which is a shortened form of the relative clause 'which is full of...'.
中文： 形容词短语「full of...」（充满……的）用来修饰前面的名词「city」。这是一种「后置修饰语」（放在所修饰名词后面的形容词短语），实际上是关系从句「which is full of...」的省略简化版。
A room full of people is usually very noisy.
充满人的房间通常非常吵闹。
EN： The verb 'feel' is a linking verb (copular verb) that is followed by an adjective (subject complement) to describe the subject's state. In this case, 'boring' is a present participle (-ing) used as an adjective meaning 'causing boredom'.
中文： 动词「feel」（感觉起来）是一个连系动词，后面接形容词（主语补语）来描述主语的状态。在此处，「boring」是现在分词（-ing）转作形容词，意思是「令人感到无聊的」。
This movie never feels boring, no matter how many times I watch it.
这部电影不管我看多少次，都永远不会让人觉得无聊。
EN： Participle Clauses (Present Participle): The sentence starts with a present participle clause ('Walking through my city') which functions as an adverbial clause of time or circumstance. It shares the same subject ('I') as the main clause. This structure is used to describe two actions happening at the same time or to provide background information.
中文： 分词从句（现在分词）：句子开头的「Walking through my city」是一个现在分词从句，用作时间或情境的状语从句。它的逻辑主语与主句的主语（I）相同。这种结构常用于描述同时发生的两个动作，或提供背景信息。
Walking along the beach, I found a beautiful shell.
沿着海滩散步时，我发现了一个美丽的贝壳。
EN： Adjective Order and Noun Modification: The noun 'scenes' is modified by two consecutive adjectives: 'countless' (a quantifier/limiting adjective indicating quantity) and 'interesting' (a descriptive adjective indicating opinion). In English, quantifiers or limiters usually precede descriptive adjectives.
中文： 形容词顺序与名词修饰：名词「scenes」由两个连续的形容词修饰：「countless」（表示数量的限定形容词）和「interesting」（表示观点的描绘性形容词）。在英语中，表示数量的词通常会置于描绘性形容词之前。
She has many wonderful ideas.
她有许多美妙的想法。
EN： The past participle phrase 'lined with old trees' acts as an adjective modifying the noun 'Streets'. This is a reduced relative clause (shortened from 'Streets which are lined with...').
中文： 过去分词短语「lined with old trees」在此作为形容词，修饰名词「Streets」（街道）。这是一种简化关系从句（由「Streets which are lined with...」简化而来）。
The books written by this author are very popular.
这位作家写的书非常受欢迎。
EN： The verb 'lead to' means to go in a particular direction or result in a certain place. In this sentence, 'Streets' is a plural subject, so the verb 'lead' is in its base form.
中文： 动词短语「lead to」表示通往某个方向或目的地。在此句子中，主语「Streets」为复数，因此动词「lead」使用原形动词。
This path leads to the beautiful beach.
这条小路通往美丽的海滩。
EN： Present Participle Phrases as Adjective Modifiers: A present participle phrase (verb-ing + other words) can be used to modify a noun. It functions like an adjective clause (relative clause) in an active voice. For example, 'People rushing to work' is equivalent to 'People who are rushing to work'.
中文： 现在分词短语作形容词修饰语：现在分词短语（动词-ing + 其他字词）可用于修饰名词，其功能相当于主动语态的关系从句（形容词从句）。例如 'People rushing to work' 等同于 'People who are rushing to work'。
The girl playing the piano is my sister.
正在弹钢琴的那个女孩是我妹妹。
EN： Subject-Verb Agreement with Plural Nouns: The subject of the sentence is 'People' (plural), which is modified by the participle phrase 'rushing to work'. Therefore, the main verb 'fill' must agree with the plural subject and remain in its base form (not 'fills').
中文： 复数名词的主谓一致：本句的主语是 'People'（复数），虽然中间夹着修饰语 'rushing to work'，但主要动词 'fill' 必须与复数主语一致，因此使用原形动词（而非单数动词 fills）。
EN： Present Participle Phrases as Adjectives: The present participle phrase 'selling hot buns' (verb-ing + object) is used as an adjective phrase to modify the preceding noun 'A woman'. It describes an ongoing action or a characteristic of the noun, functioning like a relative clause ('who sells hot buns').
中文： 现在分词短语作形容词：现在分词短语「selling hot buns」（动词-ing + 宾语）用作形容词短语，修饰前面的名词「A woman」（一位妇女）。它描述了该名词正在进行的动作或特征，功能相当于关系从句（who sells hot buns）。
The boy playing the guitar is my brother.
那个正在弹吉他的男孩是我的弟弟。
EN： Subject-Verb Agreement with Modifier: When a subject is followed by a modifying phrase (like 'selling hot buns'), the verb must still agree with the main singular subject ('A woman'), not the plural noun in the modifier ('buns'). Therefore, the singular verb 'smiles' is used.
中文： 含有修饰语的主语与动词一致性：当主语后面接有修饰短语（如「selling hot buns」）时，动词仍必须与主要单数主语（「A woman」）保持一致，而非与修饰语中的复数名词（「buns」）一致。因此，这里使用单数动词「smiles」。
The basket of apples smells fresh.
那篮苹果闻起来很新鲜。
EN： In English-speaking cultures, 'buns' can refer to various sweet or savory bread rolls. In Asian contexts, it is often used to translate steamed buns (like baozi or mantou). The scene depicts a warm, friendly community interaction, which is highly valued in local neighborhoods.
中文： 在英語系國家中，'buns' 可以指各種甜或鹹的小圓麵包。在亞洲情境中，它常用來翻譯蒸包或饅頭。此場景描繪了溫馨、友善的社區互動，這在當地的鄰里生活中非常受到重視。
EN： Past participle phrases (e.g., 'painted in bright colors') can be used as adjective phrases to modify a preceding noun. This is a reduced relative clause, shortened from 'which was painted in bright colors'.
中文： 过去分词短语（例如 'painted in bright colors'）可用作形容词短语，用来修饰前面的名词。这是一种简化的关系从句，由 'which was painted in bright colors' 省略而来。
The book written by the famous author became a bestseller.
那本由著名作家撰写的书成为了畅销书。
EN： The idiom 'catch someone's eye' means to attract someone's attention or interest because of being unusual, bright, or beautiful.
中文： 短语 'catch someone's eye' 意为「吸引某人的注意或目光」，通常是因为某物显得独特、鲜艳或美丽。
The red dress in the shop window caught her eye.
商店橱窗里的那件红色连衣裙吸引了她的目光。
EN： Present Participle as an Adjective Modifier: The present participle phrase 'laughing in the park' is used as an adjective to modify the noun 'Children'. It describes an ongoing or active action performed by the noun.
中文： 现在分词作形容词修饰语：现在分词短语「laughing in the park」用作形容词来修饰名词「Children」（孩子们）。它描述了该名词正在进行或主动进行的动作。
The girl playing the piano is my sister.
正在弹钢琴的女孩是我的妹妹。
EN： Causative Verb 'Make' with Bare Infinitive: The verb 'make' is a causative verb. When followed by an object and an objective complement, the complement takes the form of a bare infinitive (verb without 'to'), as in 'make the air feel alive'.
中文： 使役动词「make」搭配不带to的不定式：动词「make」是使役动词。当后面接宾语（受词）和宾语补足语（受词补足语）时，补足语要使用不带to的不定式（即动词原形），如「make the air feel alive」。
The sad movie made me cry.
那部悲伤的电影让我哭了。
EN： The past participle phrase 'surrounded by...' is used as an adjective phrase to modify the preceding noun 'a café'. It is a reduced relative clause, shortened from 'which is surrounded by...'.
中文： 过去分词短语「surrounded by...」（被……围绕）在此作形容词短语，用来修饰前面的名词「a café」（咖啡馆）。这是一种简化关系从句的用法，由「which is surrounded by...」省略而来。
The house surrounded by tall trees belongs to my uncle.
那栋被高大树木围绕的房子是我叔叔的。
EN： The verb 'pass' means to go past something or someone. In this context, it is a transitive verb followed directly by the object 'a café' without needing a preposition like 'by'.
中文： 动词「pass」在这里的意思是「路过」或「经过」。在此句中它作及物动词使用，后面直接接宾语（受词）「a café」，不需要加上介词如「by」。
I pass a beautiful park on my way to school every day.
我每天在上学路上都会路过一座美丽的公园。
EN： In many urban cultures, cafes with outdoor seating, floral decorations, and ambient music are popular spots for relaxation and socializing, representing a slow-paced, aesthetic lifestyle.
中文： 在許多城市文化中，擁有戶外座位、花卉裝飾和背景音樂的咖啡廳是放鬆與社交的熱門場所，代表了一種慢節奏且具美感的生活方式。
EN： Past Participle as an Adjective Phrase (Reduced Relative Clause): The phrase 'built a century ago' is a past participle phrase modifying the noun 'bridge'. It is a shortened form of the relative clause 'which was built a century ago'. This structure is used to describe a noun by indicating a passive action that happened to it.
中文： 过去分词作形容词短语（简化关系从句）：短语「built a century ago」是一个过去分词短语，用来修饰名词「bridge」（桥）。它是关系从句「which was built a century ago」的简化形式。这种结构用于通过指出名词所承受的被动动作来修饰该名词。
The novel written by the famous author became a bestseller.
那部由著名作家撰写的小说成了畅销书。
EN： Linking Verb 'stand' with Adjective Complement: The verb 'stand' is used here as a linking verb meaning 'to remain in a specified state'. It is followed by the adjective 'strong' (not the adverb 'strongly') to describe the subject 'the bridge' rather than the action of standing.
中文： 系动词「stand」搭配形容词补语：动词「stand」在此处用作系动词，意思是「保持某种特定状态」。其后接形容词「strong」（而非副词「strongly」），用来描述主语「the bridge」（桥）的状态，而不是描述站立的动作本身。
Despite the difficulties, she stands ready to help.
尽管面临困难，她依然随时准备提供帮助。
EN： Present Participle Phrases: The present participle phrase 'taking photos' functions as an adjective modifying the noun 'Tourists'. It is a shortened form of the relative clause 'who are taking photos'.
中文： 现在分词短语：现在分词短语「taking photos」在此作为形容词使用，用来修饰名词「Tourists」（游客）。这是一种简化自关系从句「who are taking photos」的结构。
The girl playing the piano is my sister.
正在弹钢琴的女孩是我的妹妹。
EN： Subject-Verb Agreement with Plural Nouns: The subject 'Tourists' is plural, so the verb 'gather' must also be in its plural form (without an '-s').
中文： 主语与动词的一致性（复数名词）：主语「Tourists」是复数名词，因此动词「gather」也必须使用复数形式（不加 -s）。
Students study in the library.
学生们在图书馆里读书。
EN： Present Participle Clauses (V-ing) as Adjective Phrases: The present participle phrase 'playing the violin' is used to modify the noun 'street performer'. It functions like a relative clause ('who is playing the violin') but is more concise, describing an ongoing action or state of the subject.
中文： 现在分词短语（V-ing）作形容词修饰语：现在分词短语「playing the violin」用来修饰名词「street performer」（街头艺人）。它的功能相当于关系从句（who is playing the violin），但更为简洁，用以描述主语正在进行的动作或状态。
The girl sitting by the window is my sister.
坐在窗边的那个女孩是我妹妹。
EN： Subject-Verb Agreement with Singular Nouns: The subject 'A street performer' is singular, so the verb 'draws' must take the third-person singular ending '-s' in the simple present tense.
中文： 单数名词的主谓一致：主语「A street performer」为单数，因此在一般现在时中，动词「draws」必须加上第三人称单数结尾「-s」。
The sun rises in the east.
太阳从东边升起。
EN： Street performance, also known as 'busking', is a vibrant part of urban culture in many English-speaking countries. Cities like London, New York, and Melbourne have designated spots and licensing systems for buskers, who contribute to the lively atmosphere of public squares and transit stations.
中文： 街頭表演（英文也常稱為 busking）在許多英語系國家的城市文化中佔有重要地位。像倫敦、紐約和墨爾本等城市，都為街頭藝人設有專門的表演區域和許可證制度，他們的表演為公共廣場和地鐵站增添了活潑的藝術氣息。
EN： Present Participle as an Adjective Modifier: The present participle (-ing form) 'moving' is used here as an adjective phrase 'moving around me' to modify the indefinite pronoun 'Everything'. It describes an ongoing action or state of the noun/pronoun it modifies.
中文： 现在分词作为形容词修饰语：这里的现在分词（-ing 形式）'moving' 与其后续字词组成形容词短语 'moving around me'，用来修饰不定代词 'Everything'。它描述了所修饰名词或代词正在进行的动作或状态。
The girl standing by the door is my sister.
站在门边的那个女孩是我姐姐。
EN： Subject-Verb Agreement with Indefinite Pronouns: Indefinite pronouns like 'everything', 'everyone', and 'something' are grammatically singular. Therefore, they require a singular verb (e.g., 'tells' instead of 'tell').
中文： 不定代词的主谓一致：像 'everything'（一切事物）、'everyone'（每个人）和 'something'（某事）这类的不定代词在语法上视为单数。因此，它们需要搭配单数动词（例如使用 'tells' 而非 'tell'）。
Everything in this room belongs to my grandfather.
这间房间里的一切东西都属于我祖父。
EN： The past participle phrase 'filled with...' is used as an adjective phrase to modify the preceding noun 'A city'. It is a reduced relative clause, shortened from 'A city which is filled with...'.
中文： 过去分词短语「filled with...」（充满……）在此作形容词短语，用来修饰前面的名词「A city」（城市）。这是一种简化的关系从句，由「A city which is filled with...」省略关系代词与 be 动词而来。
A room filled with books is my favorite place to study.
一间装满书的房间是我最喜欢读书的地方。
EN： The simple present tense is used here with the frequency adverb 'always' to express a general truth, permanent state, or habitual action.
中文： 此处使用一般现在时搭配频率副词「always」（总是），用来表示普遍的事实、常态或习惯性动作。
Good music always makes me feel relaxed.
好的音乐总是让我感到放松。
EN： Present Participle Clauses: The present participle '-ing' form (dancing) can be used as an adjective clause to modify a noun (the girl). It is a shortened form of a relative clause (who is dancing).
中文： 现在分词短语：现在分词「-ing」形式（dancing）可用作形容词从句来修饰名词（the girl）。这是关系从句（who is dancing）的简化形式。
Do you know the boy playing the piano?
你认识那个正在弹钢琴的男孩吗？
EN： Direct Address: When addressing someone directly by name (Emma) in a sentence, the name is set off with a comma. It can be placed at the beginning or the end of the sentence.
中文： 直接称呼语：在句子中直接称呼某人的名字（艾玛）时，名字前后需加上逗号。它可以放在句首或句尾。
Where are we going, Tom?
汤姆，我们要去哪里？
EN： The past participle phrase 'known for...' is used as an adjective phrase to modify the noun 'student'. It is a reduced relative clause, shortened from 'who is known for...'.
中文： 过去分词短语「known for...」（以……闻名）在此作形容词短语，用来修饰前面的名词「student」（学生）。这是一种简化的关系从句，由「who is known for...」省略关系代词与 be 动词而来。
He is a writer known for his humorous stories.
他是一位以幽默故事闻名的作家。
EN： The phrase 'be known for' is used to describe the reason why someone or something is famous or recognized.
中文： 短语「be known for」用于描述某人或某事因何而闻名或受到大众认可。
This city is known for its beautiful beaches.
这座城市以其美丽的沙滩而闻名。
EN： Past participle phrases (e.g., 'painted by...') can be used as adjective phrases to modify a preceding noun. This is a reduced relative clause (shortened from 'which was painted by...').
中文： 过去分词短语（例如「painted by...」）可用作形容词短语，用来修饰前面的名词。这是一种简化的关系从句（由「which was painted by...」简化而来）。
I bought the book written by a famous author.
我买了那本由著名作家写的书。
EN： The definite article 'the' is used before a specific noun (here, 'mural') that is clearly identified by the modifying phrase that follows it.
中文： 定冠词「the」用于特定的名词（此处为「mural」）之前，该名词由其后面的修饰短语明确界定。
She likes the coffee made by her brother.
她喜欢她哥哥泡的咖啡。
EN： In many English-speaking communities, local governments and community centers actively encourage teenagers to participate in creating public murals. This is seen as a positive way to engage youth, prevent vandalism, and beautify neighborhoods.
中文： 在許多英語系國家的社區中，地方政府和社區中心會積極鼓勵青少年參與公共壁畫的創作。這被視為引導青少年參與社區建設、防止塗鴉破壞並美化社區的積極方式。
EN： Present Participle Phrases: The present participle '-ing' form ('fixing the bike') can function as an adjective phrase to modify the noun before it ('the man'). This is a shortened form of the relative clause 'who is fixing the bike'.
中文： 现在分词短语：现在分词「-ing」形式（如 fixing the bike）可作为形容词短语，用来修饰前面的名词（如 the man）。这是关系从句「who is fixing the bike」的简化形式。
The girl playing the piano is my sister.
正在弹钢琴的那个女孩是我的妹妹。
EN： Subject-Verb Agreement with Modified Subjects: When a subject is followed by a modifying phrase (like 'fixing the bike'), the verb must agree with the main noun ('man', which is singular), not the noun inside the modifier ('bike'). Therefore, we use 'is' instead of 'are'.
中文： 受修饰主语的主谓一致：当主语后面接有修饰性短语（如 fixing the bike）时，动词必须与主要名词（单数的 man）保持一致，而非修饰语中的名词（bike）。因此，这里使用单数动词「is」而非复数的「are」。
The books on the table are mine.
桌上的那些书是我的。（主语为复数 books，故使用复数动词 are）
EN： Present Participle Phrases as Adjective Modifiers: A present participle phrase (verb-ing + object/modifier) can be used to modify a noun, acting like an adjective. It is a shortened form of a relative clause in the active voice (e.g., 'that shop which sells...' becomes 'that shop selling...').
中文： 现在分词短语作形容词修饰语：现在分词短语（动词-ing + 宾语/修饰语）可用于修饰名词，起形容词的作用。它是主动语态关系从句的简化形式（例如：「that shop which sells...」简化为「that shop selling...」）。
The girl playing the piano is my sister.
正在弹钢琴的那个女孩是我的妹妹。
EN： Possessive Pronouns: 'Favorite' can be used as a noun meaning 'the thing that is liked best,' often preceded by a possessive adjective (my, your, his, her, etc.) to indicate personal preference.
中文： 所有格代词与最爱：单词「favorite」可作为名词，表示「最喜爱的人或事物」，前面常接所有格形容词（my、your、his、her 等）以表示个人的偏好。
Of all the movies we watched, this one is my favorite.
在我们看过的所有电影中，这部是我的最爱。
EN： In many Western cities, independent record shops selling vinyl (old records) have experienced a major resurgence. They are not just retail spaces but cultural hubs for music lovers who appreciate the warm, analog sound of vinyl compared to digital streaming.
中文： 在許多西方城市中，販售黑膠唱片（old records）的獨立唱片行經歷了強勢復甦。它們不僅僅是零售空間，更是音樂愛好者的文化據點。與數位串流相比，人們更青睞黑膠唱片溫暖且具質感的類比音效。
EN： The present participle phrase 'playing now' is used as an adjective to modify the noun 'The song'. It is a reduced relative clause (short for 'which is playing now') that describes an ongoing action in the active voice.
中文： 现在分词短语「playing now」用作形容词，修饰名词「The song」（那首歌）。这是关系从句（原为「which is playing now」）的简化，用来描述一个正在进行的主动动作。
The dog barking outside is mine.
在外面叫的那只狗是我的。
EN： The word 'sounds' is a linking verb (sensory verb) that connects the subject to a subject complement (the adjective 'familiar'). It describes how something is perceived through hearing.
中文： 单词「sounds」是一个系动词（感官动词），用来连接主语与主语补语（形容词「familiar」），描述某物听起来给人的感觉。
Your plan sounds exciting.
你的计划听起来很令人兴奋。
EN： The past participle phrase 'filled with...' is used as an adjective modifier to describe the noun preceding it ('A garden'). It is a shortened form of the relative clause 'which is filled with...'.
中文： 过去分词短语「filled with...」（装满/充满……）在此作形容词修饰语，用来修饰它前方的名词（A garden）。这是关系从句「which is filled with...」的省略简化形式。
A cup filled with hot chocolate is on the table.
一杯装满热巧克力的小杯子在桌上。
EN： The linking verb 'smell' is followed by an adjective ('amazing') to describe the subject's characteristic or state, meaning 'to have a particular scent'.
中文： 系动词「smell」（闻起来）后面接形容词（amazing）作为主语补语，用来描述主语的特征或状态，表示「散发出某种气味」。
The freshly baked bread smells delicious.
刚烤好的面包闻起来很香。
EN： Present Participle Phrases: The present participle (verb-ing) phrase 'playing soccer' acts as an adjective modifying the noun 'The kids'. It is a shortened form of the relative clause 'who are playing soccer'.
中文： 现在分词短语：现在分词（动词-ing）短语「playing soccer」在此作为形容词，修饰名词「The kids」（孩子们）。这是关系从句「who are playing soccer」的简化形式。
The girl reading a book is my sister.
正在看书的那个女孩是我妹妹。
EN： Linking Verb 'look': The verb 'look' is a linking verb (copular verb) used to describe appearance. It is followed directly by an adjective ('happy'), not an adverb.
中文： 连系动词「look」：动词「look」在此作为连系动词，用来描述外观或看起来的状态。后面直接接形容词（happy），而非副词。
You look tired today.
你今天看起来很累。
EN： The past participle phrase 'lined with...' acts as an adjective modifying the noun 'A street'. It is a reduced relative clause (originally 'A street which is lined with...'). 'Line with' means to have something along the sides of.
中文： 过去分词短语「lined with...」（排满了…）在此作为形容词，用来修饰前面的名词「A street」（街道）。这是一种简化关系从句（原为 'A street which is lined with...'）。「line with」表示「沿着两旁排列、排满」。
The path lined with trees leads to the lake.
这条排满树木的小径通往湖泊。
EN： The verb 'feel' is a linking verb (copula) that connects the subject to a subject complement (an adjective) to describe the subject's state or the feeling it evokes.
中文： 动词「feel」（感觉起来）在此作为系动词，用来连接主语与主语补语（形容词），以描述主语的状态或其所带给人的感受。
The soft blanket feels warm and cozy.
这条柔软的毛毯感觉温暖又舒适。
EN： In many European and Western cities, streets lined with outdoor cafés are a central part of social life. This 'café culture' represents a relaxed lifestyle where people sit outside, socialize, and watch the world go by, evoking a sense of warmth and community.
中文： 在許多西方城市中，兩旁開滿戶外咖啡廳的街道是社交生活的核心。這種「咖啡廳文化」代表了一種悠閒的生活方式，人們坐在戶外、與朋友聊天、看著路人走過，傳遞出一種溫馨與社區凝聚感。
EN： The preposition 'like' is used here to mean 'similar to' or 'such as', introducing examples to specify the noun 'scenes'. It forms a prepositional phrase 'like these' that modifies the subject 'scenes'.
中文： 介词「like」在此处表示「像……一样」或「例如」，用来引导例子以具体说明名词「scenes」（景象）。它与后续字词组成介词短语「like these」，修饰主语「scenes」。
Stories like this inspire many people.
像这样的故事启发了许多人。
EN： The causative verb 'make' is used in the pattern 'make + object (noun) + object complement (adjective)'. This structure means to cause the object to be in a certain state or have a certain quality.
中文： 使役动词「make」在此处使用「make + 宾语（名词）+ 宾语补足语（形容词）」的句型。此结构表示使宾语处于某种状态或具有某种特质。
Warm colors make the room cozy.
温暖的颜色让房间变得温馨。
EN： In urban environments, especially in bustling Western cities, there is a strong appreciation for the 'vibe' or 'atmosphere' created by daily street life—such as street performers, local cafés, and diverse crowds. This sentence reflects a romanticized yet common sentiment of finding beauty in the chaotic harmony of city living.
中文： 在都市環境中，特別是在繁忙的西方城市，人們非常欣賞由日常街頭生活（如街頭藝人、在地咖啡館和多元人群）所營造的「氛圍」或「氣息」。這句話反映了一種浪漫化但很常見的情感：在城市生活的混亂和諧中尋找美感。
重要单词附有 IPA 发音、定义、例句和互动式测验。
在本文中： 设计（过去分词作形容词用，修饰建筑物）
在本文中： 被……环绕、围绕
在本文中： 宁静的、和平的
在本文中： 无数的、数不尽的
在本文中： 匆忙移动、奔忙
在本文中： 世纪（一百年）
在本文中： 表演者、艺人
在本文中： 赋予灵感、启发
在本文中： 壁画
在本文中： 熟练的、有技术的
片语包含类型标示、双语定义、用法说明和例句。
Full of something; containing a large amount of something.
充满、装满
To attract someone's attention.
吸引我的目光、引人注目
To attract a small group of people to gather and watch.
吸引一小群人聚集