EN： The conjunction 'As soon as' is used to show that one action happens immediately after another. It introduces a subordinate adverbial clause of time.
中文： 连接词「As soon as」（一……就……）用于表示一个动作在另一个动作之后立即发生。它引导一个时间状语从句。
As soon as the bell rang, the students left the classroom.
铃声一响，学生们就离开了教室。
EN： The Simple Past Tense ('ran', 'cheered') is used here because both actions were completed in the past.
中文： 这里使用一般过去时（「ran」、「cheered」），因为这两个动作都是在过去完成的。
When the music stopped, everyone clapped.
当音乐停止时，每个人都鼓掌了。
EN： The subordinating conjunction 'although' is used to introduce a concession clause, showing contrast. In English, we do not use 'but' in the main clause when 'although' is used to start the sentence.
中文： 从属连词「although」（虽然）用于引导让步状语从句，表示对比。在英文中，当句首使用了「although」时，主句中不能再使用「but」（但是）。
Although it was raining, we went for a walk.
虽然正在下雨，我们还是去散步了。
EN： The phrasal verb 'keep doing something' (using the past tense 'kept' here) means to continue doing an action without stopping.
中文： 短语动词「keep doing something」（此处用过去式「kept」）意为持续进行某个动作而不停歇。
She kept studying despite being very tired.
尽管非常疲倦，她仍继续读书。
EN： In STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) education and maker culture, failure is viewed as a natural and essential part of the learning and development process, rather than a negative outcome.
中文： 在 STEM（科學、技術、工程和數學）教育與創客文化中，失敗被視為學習與開發過程中自然且不可或缺的一部分，而非負面的結果。
EN： The subordinating conjunction 'while' is used to connect two actions happening at the same time. It introduces an adverbial clause of time. In this sentence, 'while the machine works' describes when the main action ('I record the data') takes place.
中文： 从属连词「while」（当……的时候）用于连接两个同时发生的动作，引导时间状语从句。在本句中，「while the machine works」描述了主要动作（「I record the data」）发生的时间点。
I listen to music while I study.
我读书时听音乐。
EN： The simple present tense is used here to describe a regular routine, habit, or general truth in a scientific or technical process. Both 'record' and 'works' are in the simple present tense to show a standard procedure.
中文： 此处用一般现在时来描述科学或技术流程中的常规、习惯或普遍事实。动词「record」与「works」都用一般现在时，以表示这是一个标准的操作步骤。
He checks the temperature while the liquid boils.
当液体沸腾时，他检查温度。
EN： The conjunction 'before' is used to introduce a subordinate adverbial clause of time, indicating that the action in the main clause happened prior to the action in the 'before' clause. When the 'before' clause comes first, it is separated from the main clause by a comma.
中文： 从属连词「before」（在……之前）用来引导时间状语从句，表示主句的动作发生在该从句动作之前。当「before」引导的从句放在句首时，与主句之间必须用逗号隔开。
Before we started the game, we read the rules.
在我们开始游戏之前，我们阅读了规则。
EN： The Simple Past Tense ('built', 'drew') is used to describe completed actions that occurred at a specific time in the past. 'Built' is the irregular past form of 'build', and 'drew' is the irregular past form of 'draw'.
中文： 一般过去时（如「built」、「drew」）用于描述在过去特定时间已经完成的动作。其中「built」是「build」（建造）的不规则过去式，「drew」是「draw」（画/绘制）的不规则过去式。
She drew a picture of her cat yesterday.
她昨天画了一张她猫的画像。
EN： The conjunction 'even though' is used to introduce a concession clause, expressing a fact that makes the main clause surprising or unexpected. Unlike Chinese, which often pairs 'although/even though' (雖然) with 'but' (但是), English grammar does not allow 'but' to be used in the main clause when 'even though' is present.
中文： 连接词「even though」（虽然、尽管）用于引导让步状语从句，表示某个事实使得主句的结果显得令人惊讶或出乎意料。中文常将「虽然」与「但是」连用，但在英文语法中，若从句开头使用了「even though」，主句绝对不能再用「but」。
Even though it was raining, they played soccer.
虽然下着雨，他们还是踢了足球。
EN： The verb 'take' is used here to express the amount of time required to complete an activity. The dummy subject 'it' is used as a placeholder, followed by 'took' (past tense of take) and the duration ('weeks').
中文： 动词「take」在此处用于表示完成某项活动所需的时间。形式主语「it」作为代词占位，后接「took」（take 的过去式）与时间长度（weeks，数周）。
It took hours to fix the computer.
修理这台电脑花了好几个小时。
EN： The subordinating conjunction 'while' is used to introduce an adverbial clause of time, indicating that two actions are happening at the same time. In this sentence, 'while' introduces the background action ('the battery charges') that occurs simultaneously with the main action ('we clean the parts').
中文： 从属连词「while」（当……的时候）用于引导时间状语从句，表示两个动作同时发生。在本句中，「while」引导背景动作（电池充电），该动作与主要动作（我们清理零件）同时进行。
While my sister cooks dinner, I set the table.
当我姐姐做晚饭时，我摆放餐具。
EN： The simple present tense is used here to describe a regular routine or a general procedure in a process. Both the action in the dependent clause ('charges') and the main clause ('clean') use the simple present to show this is a standard habit or sequence of events.
中文： 此处用一般现在时来描述一个常规的习惯或流程中的一般步骤。从句中的动作（charges）与主句中的动作（clean）都用一般现在时，以表示这是一个标准的习惯或事件顺序。
While the water boils, we chop the vegetables.
当水在烧开时，我们切蔬菜。
EN： The subordinating conjunction 'after' is used to introduce an adverbial clause of time, indicating that the action in the dependent clause ('we fixed the code') happened before the action in the main clause ('the app ran smoothly'). When the 'after' clause comes first, it is separated from the main clause by a comma.
中文： 从属连词「after」（在……之后）用于引导时间状语从句，表示从句中的动作（我们修改好代码）发生在主句的动作（应用程序运行顺畅）之前。当「after」引导的从句放在句首时，与主句之间需用逗号隔开。
After we finished the meeting, we went to lunch.
在我们开完会之后，我们去吃午餐。
EN： Adverbs of manner, such as 'smoothly', are used to describe how an action is performed. Here, 'smoothly' modifies the past tense verb 'ran' to show that the application functioned without any problems or interruptions.
中文： 方式副词（如「smoothly」，意为顺畅地）用于修饰动词，说明动作进行的方式。在此处，「smoothly」修饰过去式动词「ran」（运行），表示应用程序运作时没有任何问题或中断。
EN： In the tech and software development industry, 'fixing code' and resolving 'bugs' are daily routines. The word 'app' (short for application) is universally used in modern English to refer to software programs, especially on mobile devices or lightweight desktop applications.
中文： 在科技與軟體開發行業中，「修改程式碼」（fixing code）和解決「程式錯誤」（bugs）是日常工作的一部分。單字「app」（application 的簡稱）在現代英語中被廣泛使用，用來指代軟體程式，特別是行動裝置或輕量級的電腦應用程式。
EN： The conjunction 'until' is used to show that an action continues up to a specific point in time or until an event happens. In the subordinate clause introduced by 'until', we use the simple present tense (e.g., 'they make sense') to refer to future or general conditions.
中文： 连接词「until」（直到……为止）用于表示某个动作一直持续到特定时间点或某事件发生为止。在由「until」引导的从句中，我们用一般现在时（例如「they make sense」）来表示将来或一般性的状况。
We will wait here until the rain stops.
我们会在这里等，直到雨停为止。
EN： The idiom 'make sense' means to be intelligible, logical, or reasonable. It is commonly used in scientific and academic contexts to describe data, results, or explanations that are clear and correct.
中文： 短语「make sense」意思是「有道理、合乎逻辑、说得通」。在科学与学术情境中，常用来描述数据、结果或解释显得清晰且正确。
His explanation of the theory makes sense.
他对这个理论的解释很合乎逻辑。
EN： The conjunction phrase 'as soon as' is used to show that one action happens immediately after another. It introduces an adverbial clause of time.
中文： 连词短语“as soon as”用于表示一个动作在另一个动作之后立即发生，引导时间状语从句，中文常译为“一……就……”。
As soon as the bell rang, the students left the classroom.
铃声一响，学生们就离开了教室。
EN： The past simple tense is used here for both actions ('found' and 'solved') because both events were completed in the past, with one following the other in quick succession.
中文： 此处两个动作（「found」与「solved」）都用一般过去时，因为这两个事件都是在过去完成的，且一个紧接另一个发生。
When we arrived at the station, the train departed.
当我们到达车站时，火车就出发了。
EN： "Even though" is a subordinating conjunction used to introduce a concession clause. It emphasizes a strong contrast between two facts, meaning 'despite the fact that'. Unlike in Chinese, we do not use 'but' (but) in the main clause when 'even though' is used.
中文： “Even though”是引导让步状语从句的从属连词，用来强调两个事实之间的强烈对比，意为“虽然、尽管”。与中文语法不同的是，英语中既然使用了“even though”，主句就不能再使用“but”（但是）。
Even though it was raining, they played soccer.
虽然下着雨，他们还是踢了足球。
EN： The past simple tense is used here ("were", "did not stop") to describe completed actions or states in the past. The negative form in the past simple is constructed using "did not" (or "didn't") followed by the base form of the verb ("stop").
中文： 此处使用一般过去时（“were”、“did not stop”）来描述过去已完成的状况或动作。一般过去时的否定句结构为“did not”（或缩写 didn't）加上动词原形（“stop”）。
She did not watch the movie yesterday.
她昨天没有看那部电影。
EN： Adverbial clauses of time introduced by 'when'. In English, when referring to future or habitual actions in a time clause, we use the simple present tense ('ends'), while the main clause also uses the simple present tense ('write') to express a regular routine or general truth.
中文： 由「when」引导的时间状语从句。在英文中，当时间从句表示将来或习惯性动作时，从句中用一般现在时（如「ends」），而主句也用一般现在时（如「write」）来表示常态性的习惯或真理。
When the bell rings, the students leave the classroom.
当钟声响起时，学生们会离开教室。
EN： The use of comma with introductory adverbial clauses. When an adverbial clause (like 'When the experiment ends') comes before the main clause, a comma is required to separate them. If the main clause comes first, no comma is needed.
中文： 前置状语从句的逗号用法。当状语从句（如「When the experiment ends」）放在主句之前时，必须使用逗号将两者隔开。若主句在前，则不需要逗号。
We write a report when the experiment ends.
当实验结束时我们会写一份报告。（无逗号）
EN： In academic and scientific contexts, writing a report after an experiment is a standard professional practice. The use of the simple present tense ('ends', 'write') reflects a universal routine or standard operating procedure (SOP) in laboratory environments.
中文： 在學術與科學情境中，實驗結束後撰寫報告是標準的專業流程。此處使用現在簡單式（ends, write）反映了實驗室環境中一種普遍的常規或標準作業程序（SOP）。
EN： The subordinating conjunction 'though' is used to introduce a concession clause, meaning 'despite the fact that'. In English, we do not use 'but' in the main clause when 'though' or 'although' is used to start the sentence.
中文： 从属连词“though”（虽然）用于引导让步状语从句，表示“尽管事实是...”。在英语语法中，当句首使用了“though”或“although”时，后面的主句“不能”再使用“but”（但是）。
Though the road was steep, we reached the top.
虽然路很陡峭，我们还是到达了顶峰。
EN： The adverb 'truly' is used to emphasize the truth or sincerity of a statement, meaning 'really' or 'genuinely'. It is placed before the adjective it modifies.
中文： 副词“truly”用于强调陈述的真实性或真诚度，意思是“确实地”或“真正地”。它通常置于所修饰的形容词之前以达到强调效果。
The view from the mountain is truly beautiful.
从山上看到的景色确实非常美丽。
EN： Double Object Verbs (Dative Verbs): The verb 'teach' (past tense: 'taught') can take two objects: an indirect object (the person receiving the action, 'me') and a direct object (the thing being given or taught, 'the value of patience'). Structure: Subject + teach + Indirect Object + Direct Object.
中文： 双宾语动词（授与动词）：动词「teach」（过去式为「taught」）可以接两个宾语：间接宾语（接受动作的人，即「me」）与直接宾语（被给予或教授的事物，即「the value of patience」）。结构为：主语 + teach + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语。
My father taught me the basics of coding.
我父亲教了我编程的基础。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'of patience' acts as an adjective modifying the noun 'value'. It specifies what kind of value is being referred to.
中文： 介词短语「of patience」（耐心的）作为形容词使用，修饰名词「value」（价值），用来明确指出指的是哪一种价值。
He learned the importance of teamwork during the project.
他在项目过程中学到了团队合作的重要性。
EN： The subordinating conjunction 'before' is used to introduce an adverbial clause of time, indicating that the action in the main clause happened prior to the action in the dependent clause. When the 'before' clause comes first, it is separated from the main clause by a comma.
中文： 从属连词「before」（在……之前）用于引导时间状语从句，表示主句的动作发生在该时间点之前。当「before」引导的从句放在句首时，与主句之间需用逗号隔开。
Before we submitted the project, we checked it for errors.
在我们提交项目之前，我们检查了是否有错误。
EN： The verb 'spend' (past tense 'spent') is used to express using time or money on an activity. The pattern is 'spend + time/money + V-ing' (gerund), where the preposition 'in' or 'on' is omitted before the gerund.
中文： 动词「spend」（过去式为 spent）用于表示花费时间或金钱在某项活动上。常用句型为「spend + 时间/金钱 + V-ing（动名词）」，在动名词前面省略了介词 in 或 on。
They spent hours designing the website.
他们花了好几个小时设计这个网站。
EN： "As soon as" is a subordinating conjunction used to show that one action happens immediately after another. It introduces an adverbial clause of time.
中文： 「As soon as」是一个从属连词，用于表示一个动作在另一个动作之后立即发生。它引导一个时间状语从句，中文常译为「一……就……」
As soon as the bell rang, the students left the classroom.
铃声一响，学生们就离开了教室。
EN： The verb "begin" can be followed by either a gerund (V-ing) or an infinitive (to V) with little to no change in meaning. In this sentence, "began to appear" uses the infinitive form.
中文： 动词「begin」（开始）后面可以接动名词（V-ing）或不定式（to V），两者意思几乎没有什么差别。在本句中，「began to appear」用的是不定式形式。
It began to rain just as we arrived.
我们刚到，天就开始下雨了。
EN： The subordinating conjunction 'although' is used to introduce a concession clause, showing a contrast between two ideas. In English, we do not use 'but' in the main clause when 'although' is used to start the sentence.
中文： 从属连词“although”（虽然）用于引导让步状语从句，表示两个想法之间的对比。在英语语法中，当句首使用了“although”时，主句中“不可”再使用“but”（但是）。
Although it was raining, we went for a walk.
虽然正在下雨，我们还是去散步了。
EN： The verb pattern 'keep + -ing' (present participle) is used to express that an action continues to happen or is repeated multiple times. In this sentence, 'kept' is the past tense of 'keep'.
中文： 动词句型“keep + V-ing”（现在分词）用来表示某个动作持续发生或重复进行。在本句中，“kept”是“keep”的过去式，表示过去持续发生的动作。
She kept working despite being tired.
尽管疲惫，她仍继续工作。
EN： The conjunction 'while' is used to connect two actions happening at the same time in the past. It is often paired with the past simple tense (or past continuous) to describe parallel activities.
中文： 连词“while”（当……的时候）用于连接两个在过去同时发生的动作。它通常与一般过去时（或过去进行时）搭配，用来描述并行的活动。
I cooked dinner while my brother washed the dishes.
我煮晚餐时，我弟弟在洗碗。
EN： The pronoun 'another' is used here as a short form for 'another teammate' to avoid repetition, representing one more person from a group.
中文： 代词“another”（另一个）在此处用作“another teammate”（另一位队友）的简称以避免重复，代表群体中的另外一个人。
One student asked a question, and another took notes.
一位学生提问，而另一位做笔记。
EN： Adverbial clauses of time introduced by 'after' are used to show that one action happened after another. When both actions occurred in the past, we typically use the simple past tense in both the dependent clause and the main clause to show a sequence of events.
中文： 由连词“after (在……之后)”引导的时间状语从句，用来表示一个动作发生在另一个动作之后。当两个动作都发生在过去时，从句与主句通常都使用一般过去时，以呈现事件的先后顺序。
After we finished the meeting, we went to lunch.
在我们开完会之后，我们去吃了午餐。
EN： The determiner 'each' is used to refer to every individual member of a group of two or more, treated separately. It is always followed by a singular countable noun.
中文： 限定词“each (每一个)”用来指代两个或两个以上群体中的每一个个体（强调个别性）。后面必须接单数可数名词。
Each student received a new laptop.
每位学生都收到了一台新笔记本电脑。
EN： The concession conjunction 'even though' is used to introduce a clause containing a fact that makes the main clause surprising or unexpected. Unlike Chinese, which often pairs 'although/even though' with 'but', English does not use 'but' in the main clause when 'even though' is present.
中文： 让步连接词「even though」（虽然、尽管）用于引导一个表示既定事实的让步状语从句，使主句的结果显得令人惊讶或出乎意料。请注意，英文中「even though」与「but」不能同时出现在同一个句子中，这与中文「虽然……但是……」的双重搭配习惯不同。
Even though the weather was terrible, they completed the hike.
虽然天气很糟糕，他们还是完成了这次徒步旅行。
EN： The verb 'learn' is often paired with the preposition 'from' to indicate the source of knowledge, experience, or wisdom, especially when referring to mistakes, errors, or past experiences.
中文： 动词「learn」（学习、汲取教训）经常与介词「from」搭配使用，用来表示知识、经验或智慧的来源，特别是在指从错误、失败或过去的经验中学习时。
We can learn a lot from our failures.
我们可以从我们的失败中学到很多。
EN： In Western educational and professional cultures, especially in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) fields, failure and errors are highly valued as essential learning opportunities. Phrases like 'learn from error' or 'fail fast, learn faster' reflect a growth mindset that values the iterative process over immediate perfection.
中文： 在西方教育與職場文化中（特別是 STEM 科技與工程領域），「失敗與錯誤」被視為學習過程中不可或缺的寶貴機會。諸如「從錯誤中學習」或「快速失敗，快速學習」等說法，皆反映了重視「漸進式成長」而非「一次到位」的成長型思維（Growth Mindset）。
EN： Adverbial clauses of time introduced by 'when' are used to show that one action happens at the same time as, or immediately after, another action. In this sentence, 'when the robot finally moved' is the dependent clause that sets the time for the main action 'we cheered'.
中文： 由「when」（当……时）引导的时间状语从句，用于表示一个动作与另一个动作同时发生，或紧接在后发生。在本句中，「when the robot finally moved」是从句，为主要动作「we cheered」设定了时间背景。
When the bell rang, the students left the classroom.
当钟声响起时，学生们离开了教室。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'with joy' functions as an adverbial modifier of manner, describing 'how' the action of cheering was performed. 'With + abstract noun' is a common pattern to express the manner of an action (e.g., with ease, with patience).
中文： 介词短语「with joy」（高兴地）作为方式状语，描述欢呼（cheered）这个动作的「方式」。「With + 抽象名词」是表达动作方式的常用结构（例如：with ease 轻松地、with patience 耐心地）。
She accepted the award with pride.
她带着骄傲（自豪地）接受了这个奖项。
EN： The Past Perfect tense ('had' + past participle) is used to describe an action that happened before another action or a specific point in the past. In this sentence, 'had doubted' occurred before 'that moment' in the past.
中文： 过去完成时（had + 过去分词）用于描述在过去某个时间点或另一个过去动作之前就已经发生并持续或完成的动作。在本句中，“怀疑（had doubted）”发生在过去的“那一刻（that moment）”之前。
By the time the teacher arrived, we had finished the exercise.
在老师到达之前，我们就已经完成了练习。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'Until that moment' acts as a time adverbial, placed at the beginning of the sentence for emphasis, indicating the limit of the duration of the state of doubting.
中文： 介词短语“Until that moment（直到那一刻）”作为时间状语短语，置于句首以示强调，表示“怀疑”这一状态持续的终点界限。
Until yesterday, I had never heard of this technology.
直到昨天以前，我从未听说过这项技术。
EN： The subordinating conjunction 'Though' is used to introduce a concession clause (a contrast). In English, we do not use 'but' in the main clause when 'though' or 'although' is used to start the sentence.
中文： 从属连词「Though」（虽然）用于引导让步状语从句（表示对比）。在英文语法中，当句首使用了「though」或「although」时，主句中不能再重复使用「but」（但是）。
Though the weather was cold, we enjoyed our walk.
虽然天气很冷，我们依然玩得很开心。
EN： The verb 'feel' is a linking verb (copular verb) that describes a state or sensation. It is followed by an adjective (like 'amazing') rather than an adverb to describe the subject.
中文： 动词「feel」（感觉起来）是一个系动词（感官动词），用来描述状态或感觉。其后接形容词（如「amazing」）而非副词，用来修饰主语的状态。
The soft blanket felt cozy.
这条柔软的毯子摸起来很舒服。
EN： In English-speaking academic and professional cultures, acknowledging difficulties ('the work was hard') while emphasizing positive outcomes ('the result felt amazing') is a common and highly valued way to reflect on projects, showing resilience and growth mindset.
中文： 在英語系的學術與工作文化中，承認過程的艱辛（the work was hard）同時強調正向的成果（the result felt amazing）是一種非常常見且受推崇的專案反思方式，這展現了面對挫折的韌性與成長思維。
EN： The conjunction 'as soon as' is used to show that one action happens immediately after another. It introduces an adverbial clause of time.
中文： 从属连词“as soon as”用于表示一个动作在另一个动作之后立即发生，引导时间状语从句，中文常译为“一……就……”。
As soon as the bell rang, the students left the classroom.
铃声一响，学生们就离开了教室。
EN： The verb 'want' is followed by an infinitive ('to' + base verb) when expressing a desire to do an action. In this sentence, 'wanted to try' is in the past tense.
中文： 动词“want”（想要）后面接不定式（to + 动词原形）来表示想要进行的动作。在本句中，“wanted to try”使用的是过去式。
EN： The relative pronoun 'who' is used to introduce a relative clause (adjective clause) that describes the plural pronoun 'those' (meaning 'the people'). In this structure, 'who' acts as the subject of the relative clause.
中文： 关系代词“who”用于引导定语从句（形容词从句），用来修饰先行词“those”（意指“那些人”）。在此结构中，“who”在定语从句中担任主语的角色。
The school rewards those who work hard.
学校奖励那些努力学习的人。
EN： The linking verb 'stay' is used here to mean 'remain in a particular state'. It is followed by adjectives (patient and curious) acting as subject complements, rather than adverbs.
中文： 系动词“stay”在此处表示“保持某种状态”。其后须接形容词（patient 和 curious）作为主语补足语，而非副词。
Please stay calm during the test.
考试期间请保持冷静。
EN： The past simple question form with 'How'. We use 'How' + auxiliary verb 'did' + subject + base form of the main verb to ask about the method or manner in which an action was completed in the past.
中文： 用「How」引导的一般过去时疑问句。结构为「How」+ 助动词「did」+ 主语 + 主要动词的原形，用来询问过去完成某动作的方法或方式。
How did you solve the math problem?
你是怎么解开那道数学题的？
EN： Direct address (vocative case). When addressing someone directly by their name (like 'Emma') at the end of a sentence, a comma is placed before the name to separate it from the main clause.
中文： 直接呼语。在句子末尾直接称呼某人的名字（如「艾玛」）时，名字前必须加上逗号，以将其与主句隔开。
Where are you going, Tom?
你要去哪里，汤姆？
EN： In English-speaking collaborative environments, it is very common to address colleagues or classmates by their first names (like 'Emma') to build rapport and show friendliness, even when asking about work or project details.
中文： 在英語系國家的合作環境中，直接稱呼同事或同學的名字（如「艾瑪」）是非常普遍的現象，這能建立親近感並展現友善，即使在詢問工作或專案細節時也是如此。
EN： The conjunction 'as soon as' is used to show that one action happens immediately after another. It introduces an adverbial clause of time. In past tense contexts, both the time clause and the main clause typically use the simple past tense.
中文： 从属连词「as soon as」（一……就……）用于表示一个动作在另一个动作之后立即发生，引导时间状语从句。在过去时态的语境中，时间从句与主句通常都用一般过去时。
As soon as the bell rang, the students left the classroom.
铃声一响，学生们就离开了教室。
EN： The verb 'start' can be followed by a gerund (verb-ing) or an infinitive (to + verb) with little to no change in meaning. In this sentence, 'started building' uses the gerund form to describe the initiation of an activity.
中文： 动词「start」（开始）后面可以接动名词（V-ing）或不定式（to + V），两者意思几乎相同。在本句中，「started building」用动名词形式来描述开始进行某项活动。
EN： In maker culture and engineering (like robotics), 'planning' and 'building' are two key phases. Emma's statement highlights a common agile approach: transitioning quickly from design to hands-on prototyping to test ideas in the real world.
中文： 在創客文化與工程領域（如機器人項目）中，「規劃」與「建造」是兩個關鍵階段。艾瑪的話展示了一種常見的敏捷開發思維：迅速從設計階段過渡到動手製作原型，以便在實際操作中測試想法。
EN： The conjunction 'although' is used to introduce a subordinate clause of concession, showing a contrast with the main clause. Note that in English, we do not use 'but' in the main clause when 'although' is used.
中文： 连接词「although」（虽然）用于引导让步状语从句，表示与主句的对比。请注意，在英文中，当使用了「although」时，主句中不能再使用「but」（但是）。
Although it was raining, we went for a walk.
虽然下着雨，我们还是去散步了。
EN： The simple past tense (e.g., 'failed', 'tried') is used to describe completed actions that occurred at a specific time in the past.
中文： 一般过去时（例如「failed」和「tried」）用于描述在过去特定时间已经完成的动作。
She failed the exam last week, but she tried her best.
她上周考试没及格，但她已经尽力了。
EN： The subordinating conjunction 'while' is used to connect two actions happening at the same time. It introduces an adverbial clause of time (while my partner records data) that modifies the main clause (I test the code).
中文： 从属连词「while」（当……的时候）用于连接两个同时发生的动作。它引导一个时间状语从句（while my partner records data），用来修饰主句（I test the code）。
I listen to music while I study.
我读书时听音乐。
EN： Present Simple Tense for habitual actions. Both 'test' and 'records' are in the simple present tense because they describe a regular routine or a general truth in their workflow. Note that 'records' has an '-s' ending because 'my partner' is a third-person singular subject.
中文： 一般现在时用于表示习惯性动作。在此句子中，「test」和「records」都用一般现在时，因为它们描述了工作流程中的常规惯例或普遍事实。请注意，「records」词尾有「-s」，因为「my partner」（我的伙伴）是第三人称单数主语。
She writes the report while he analyzes the samples.
当他分析样品时，她撰写报告。
EN： In software development and STEM projects, pairing up to work where one person codes/tests and another manages data or reviews is a common collaborative practice known as 'pair programming' or teamwork. It emphasizes division of labor and mutual support.
中文： 在軟體開發和 STEM 專案中，一人編寫/測試代碼，另一人管理數據或進行審查，是一種常見的協作模式（類似「結對編程」或團隊合作）。這強調了分工合作與互相支持的團隊精神。
EN： The conjunction 'even though' is used to introduce a concession clause, meaning 'despite the fact that'. It is stronger than 'although' and emphasizes the contrast between the obstacle and the result. Note that in English, we do not use 'but' in the main clause when 'even though' is used.
中文： 连接词「even though」用于引导让步状语从句，表示「虽然、尽管」。它的语气比「although」更强，强调障碍与结果之间的对比。请注意，英文中既然使用了「even though」，主句就不能再使用「but」（但是）。
Even though it was raining, they played soccer.
虽然下着雨，他们还是踢了足球。
EN： The adverb 'never' is used for strong negation, meaning 'not at any time'. In the past simple tense, it directly precedes the past tense verb (e.g., 'never quit') to emphasize that the action did not happen at all in the past.
中文： 副词「never」用于表示强烈的否定，意思是「从未、绝不」。在过去时中，它直接放在过去式动词前面（例如「never quit」），以强调该动作在过去完全没有发生过。
She never lost hope during the difficult times.
在艰难的时期，她从未失去希望。
EN： In English-speaking cultures, particularly in academic and professional settings like robotics or engineering, 'never quitting' and showing resilience (often referred to as 'grit') is highly valued. Sharing stories of overcoming failures is a common way to build rapport and inspire others.
中文： 在英語系國家的文化中，特別是在機器人或工程等學術與專業領域，「永不放棄」並展現韌性（通常被稱為 'grit'）是備受推崇的特質。分享克服失敗的故事是建立人際關係和激勵他人非常常見的方式。
EN： Adverbial clauses of time are introduced by conjunctions like 'before'. When the adverbial clause comes first, it is separated from the main clause by a comma. In these clauses, the simple present tense is used to refer to future time.
中文： 时间状语从句由「before」（在……之前）等连接词引导。当状语从句放在句首时，须用逗号与主句隔开。在此类从句中，通常用一般现在时来表示将来发生的动作。
Before we leave, we lock the door.
在我们离开之前，我们会锁门。
EN： The adverb 'twice' means 'two times'. It is an adverb of frequency/number that typically modifies the verb and is placed at the end of the clause.
中文： 副词「twice」意思是「两次」。它是一个表示频率或次数的副词，通常用来修饰动词，并置于从句的末尾。
He checked the answers twice.
他把答案检查了两次。
EN： In academic and professional settings, double-checking work before a presentation or submission is a highly valued habit. The phrase 'check everything twice' reflects a meticulous work ethic and the common idiom 'measure twice, cut once'.
中文： 在學術與專業工作環境中，在簡報或提交成果前進行二次檢查（double-check）是被高度重視的習慣。這句話反映了嚴謹的工作態度，類似於中文裡「三思而後行」或英文成語「measure twice, cut once」（深思熟慮後再動手）的精神。
EN： Adverbial clauses of time are introduced by subordinating conjunctions like 'after'. When the action in the 'after' clause happened before the action in the main clause, we use the past perfect tense (had + past participle) or the simple past tense if the sequence of events is clear. Here, 'fixed' is in the simple past, showing a clear sequence before 'ran'.
中文： 时间状语从句由从属连词（如 'after'）引导。当 'after' 从句中的动作发生在主句之前，且事件顺序很明确时，我们可以用一般过去时（如本句中的 'fixed'）来代替过去完成时，以表示动作的先后顺序。
After she finished her homework, she went to bed.
在她写完作业之后，她就去睡觉了。
EN： The adverb 'well' is used to modify the verb 'ran' (which means functioned or operated in this context). Unlike adjectives which modify nouns, adverbs describe how an action is performed.
中文： 副词 'well' 用于修饰动词 'ran'（在此情境中意指「运行」或「运作」）。与修饰名词的形容词不同，副词用来描述动作进行的方式。
EN： In software development and technology fields, 'bug' is a common slang term for an error or flaw in a computer program. 'Fixing a bug' or 'debugging' is a core part of a programmer's daily routine. The word 'app' is a widely accepted abbreviation for 'application' in modern tech-savvy English.
中文： 在軟體開發和科技領域中，'bug'（原意為昆蟲）是電腦程式中錯誤或缺陷的常用俗稱。「修復錯誤」（fixing a bug）或「除錯」（debugging）是程式設計師日常工作的核心部分。而 'app' 則是現代英語中對「應用程式」（application）非常通用的簡稱。
EN： Adverbial clause of time introduced by 'when'. This subordinate clause indicates the time at which the action in the main clause takes place. In this zero conditional-like structure, both clauses use the simple present tense to express a general truth or a regular occurrence.
中文： 由 'when'（当……时）引导的时间状语从句。此从句用来指示主句动作发生的时间点。在这种类似零条件句的结构中，两个从句都用一般现在时，用以表达普遍真理或规律发生的情况。
When the bell rings, the students leave the classroom.
当钟声响起时，学生们便离开教室。
EN： Linking verb 'feel' followed by an adjective. 'Feel' is a copular (linking) verb used to describe the subject's state of mind or physical sensation, and it must be followed by an adjective (such as 'proud') acting as a subject complement, rather than an adverb.
中文： 系动词 'feel'（感觉）后接形容词。'Feel' 是一个系动词，用于描述主语的心境或身体感受，其后必须接形容词（如 'proud'）作为主语补足语，而非副词。
We feel happy when we work together.
当我们一起工作时，我们感到很快乐。
EN： The conjunction 'until' is used to describe an action or state that continues up to a specific point in time. In this sentence, 'until' introduces an adverbial clause of time. Note that even though the action refers to the future, we use the simple present tense ('understand') in the time clause.
中文： 连词“until”（直到……为止）用于描述某个动作或状态一直持续到特定时间点。在本句中，“until”引导时间状语从句。请注意，虽然该动作指向未来，但在时间状语从句中需使用一般现在时（understand）。
Until the rain stops, we will stay indoors.
在雨停之前，我们会一直待在室内。
EN： The verb 'keep' followed by a gerund (verb-ing) is a common structure meaning to continue doing something without stopping, or to do something repeatedly.
中文： 动词“keep”后面接动名词（V-ing）是一个常见的结构，表示持续、不间断地做某事，或重复进行某个动作。
She kept working on the project all night.
她整晚都在持续进行那个项目。
EN： In scientific and engineering environments, asking 'why' repeatedly is highly valued. It reflects the 'First Principles' thinking and the scientific method, where curiosity and persistence are key to solving complex problems.
中文： 在科學與工程領域中，不斷追問「為什麼」是被高度推崇的精神。這反映了「第一性原理」思考與科學方法，其中好奇心與堅持是解決複雜問題的關鍵。
EN： The conjunction 'though' (or 'although') is used to introduce a subordinate clause of concession, showing a contrast. In English, we do not use 'but' in the main clause when 'though' is used in the subordinate clause.
中文： 连词“though”（或 although）用于引导表示让步的状语从句，用以展现对比。在英语中，当从句使用了“though”，主句就不能再使用“but”（但是）。
Though the road was steep, we reached the top.
虽然路很陡峭，我们还是到达了山顶。
EN： The phrase 'be worth it' is a common idiom meaning to be useful, helpful, or rewarding despite the effort, time, or money spent. 'It' acts as a placeholder or refers back to the activity.
中文： 短语“be worth it”是一个常见的习语，意思是尽管花费了努力、时间或金钱，事情仍然是值得的、有回报的。其中的“it”可作为代词，指代前面所提到的活动或事物。
The training was hard, but it was worth it.
训练很艰苦，但这是值得的。
重要单词附有 IPA 发音、定义、例句和互动式测验。
在本文中： 科学实验，为检验某种科学理论或假设而进行的操作与观察
在本文中： 值得的、有回报的，能给人带来满足感或价值的
在本文中： 机器人学，涉及机器人设计、制造与应用的技术科学
在本文中： 耐心、忍耐力，面对困难或延迟时保持冷静的能力
在本文中： 传感器，检测并响应物理输入（如光、热、运动）的装置
在本文中： 进步、进展，朝向目标前进的过程
在本文中： 怀疑、对…感到不确定（此处为过去分词作谓语）
在本文中： 好奇的，渴望学习或了解更多事物的
在本文中： 演示、发表，向他人展示或报告成果
片语包含类型标示、双语定义、用法说明和例句。
To stop trying to do something; to surrender or quit.
放弃、半途而废
To operate or progress without any problems, difficulties, or interruptions.
运作顺畅、进展顺利
To be intelligible, logical, or reasonable.
有道理、说得通、合乎逻辑