EN： The preposition 'without' followed by a gerund ('-ing' form) functions as an adverbial adjunct of manner or attendant circumstance, expressing an action or condition that did not take place during or alongside the main event.
中文： 介词「without」后接动名词（V-ing），在此作为修饰主句谓语的伴随状语或方式状语，用来表达在主要动作发生时「未能／并未做到」的伴随情况或结果。
The delegates left the summit without reaching a consensus on emissions targets.
代表们离开了峰会，未能就减排目标达成共识。
EN： Prepositional stacking: English formal reporting frequently stacks prepositional phrases to specify location ('in Addis Ababa'), time ('on Friday'), and circumstances ('without agreeing on a firm timetable...'). The order typically flows from place to time to manner/condition, maintaining syntactic clarity.
中文： 介词短语的连续堆叠（Prepositional Stacking）：在正式英语新闻报道中，常借由串联多个介词短语来精确补充地点（in Addis Ababa）、时间（on Friday）及条件状况（without agreeing...）。通常按照「地点 → 时间 → 伴随情况」的自然层次排列，使句意清晰紧凑。
The committee convened a session in Geneva on Monday without issuing a formal statement.
委员会周一在日内瓦召开会议，但并未发表正式声明。
EN： The IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), established by UNEP and WMO, operates through plenary sessions where scientific conclusions and publication timetables require rigorous political consensus among member states. Holding meetings in Global South diplomatic hubs like Addis Ababa (capital of Ethiopia and seat of the African Union) underscores ongoing global debates about representation and equitable influence in international climate governance.
中文： 联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）由联合国环境署与世界气象组织共同创立，其工作时程与报告摘要需经所有会员国代表协商并达成高度共识。此次会议设于埃塞俄比亚首都、同时也是非洲联盟总部所在地的亚的斯亚贝巴，凸显了全球南方国家在国际气候治理与科学话语权上日益重要的政治角力。
EN： The preposition 'with' can introduce an absolute construction (with + object + complement/adverbial) to express attendant circumstances, reasons, or background timing.
中文： 介词「with」可引导独立结构（with + 受词 + 补语／副词短语），用来表示伴随状况、原因或时间背景，在此表示距离会议召开仅剩不到一个月的倒数情境。
With the deadline fast approaching, the team worked late into the night.
随着截止日期迅速逼近，团队工作到深夜。
EN： The causative/resultative verb pattern 'leave + object + object complement (adjective)' means to cause someone or something to remain in a specified state or condition.
中文： 动词「leave + 受词 + 受词补语（形容词）」结构，表示「使……处于某种状态」或「导致某事物悬而未决」。本句中「leaves the future... uncertain」即为此用法。
The sudden cancellation of funding leaves several research projects vulnerable.
资金的突然取消使得数项研究计划陷入岌岌可危的境地。
EN： In multilateral climate diplomacy under the UNFCCC, 'COP' stands for the 'Conference of the Parties'. Because these high-stakes negotiations rely heavily on consensus-driven reports from bodies like the IPCC, any procedural stalemate shortly before a COP summit creates severe diplomatic anxiety regarding the credibility and timeline of climate commitments.
中文： 在联合国气候变化纲要公约（UNFCCC）架构下，「COP」代表「缔约方会议（Conference of the Parties）」。这类高层级谈判极度依赖联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会等科学机构提供的共识报告；因此，在 COP 峰会前夕出现谈判僵局，往往会重挫各国制定减排目标的时间表与公信力。
EN： The past participle phrase 'joined by China and Kenya' functions as a non-restrictive participial modifier, providing supplementary descriptive information about the compound subject ('Saudi Arabia, Russia and India') without interrupting the main grammatical agreement.
中文： 过去分词短语「joined by China and Kenya」在此作为非限定分词修饰语，为复合主语（Saudi Arabia, Russia and India）提供补充说明，不影响主要句构的动词一致性。
The lead researcher, backed by an international team of analysts, presented the revolutionary data.
首席研究员在国际分析师团队的支持下，发表了这项革命性的数据。
EN： 'Contend that...' is an advanced reporting verb indicating a strong, assertive claim or stance in formal discourse, typically introducing a noun clause (content clause) functioning as the direct object.
中文： 「contend that...」为正式语域中常见的转述动词，表示提出坚决主张或论点，后方引导名词子句（that 子句）作为及物动词的受词。
Critics contended that the new policy failed to address fundamental economic disparities.
批评者坚称，这项新政策未能解决根本的经济差距问题。
EN： 'Thereby + present participle (-ing)' functions as an adverbial participial clause expressing consequence or result, equivalent to 'and by that means / as a result of which'.
中文： 「thereby + 现在分词（-ing）」结构引导表示结果的分词短语，相当于「and thereby...」或「从而/因此导致」，常见于正式学术与新闻论述。
The company automated key production lines, thereby reducing operational costs substantially.
该公司将主要生产线自动化，从而大幅降低了运营成本。
EN： In international climate negotiations under the UN and the IPCC, developing and fossil-fuel-reliant emerging economies (such as Saudi Arabia, Russia, India, and China) frequently argue that Western or developed nations exert disproportionate influence over scientific literature and peer-reviewed journals, leading to a Global North bias in global policy evaluations.
中文： 在联合国与联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）的国际气候谈判中，以沙特阿拉伯、俄罗斯、印度与中国等为代表的开发中或依赖化石能源之经济体，常质疑西方发达国家在科学文献与同行评审机制中握有不成比例的话语权，进而指责气候政策评估存在「全球北方（Global North）」的偏见。
EN： Mandative Subjunctive: Verbs of demand, recommendation, or insistence (e.g., insist, demand, recommend) followed by a 'that'-clause take the subjunctive mood, which uses the base form of the verb regardless of tense or subject number. In passive constructions, it takes the form 'be + past participle' (e.g., 'publication be postponed' instead of 'is postponed' or 'was postponed').
中文： 祈使虚拟语气（Mandative Subjunctive）：表示要求、命令、坚持或建议的动词（如 insist、demand、recommend）接 that 从句时，从句的动词需使用原形动词（be 或原形），不受主语单复数或主句时态影响。在被动语态中呈现为「be + 过去分词」，例如此处的「publication be postponed」（而非 is 或 was postponed）。
The committee insisted that the audit be conducted by an independent firm.
委员会坚持该审计工作必须由一家独立机构进行。
EN： Preposition 'despite' + Perfect Gerund with Accusative/Genitive Subject: The preposition 'despite' introduces concession and takes a noun phrase or gerund. Here, it is followed by a perfect gerund ('having appeared') to indicate that the action occurred before the main clause's action. 'The last assessment' functions as the subject of the gerund phrase.
中文： 介词 despite 引导的动名词完成式（含逻辑主语）：despite 表示让步转折，后方须接名词或动名词。此处使用完成式动名词「having appeared」，用以强调该评估报告的「发布」发生在主句动作之前；而「the last assessment」则作为此动名词短语的逻辑主语。
Despite the project having faced severe delays, the team managed to deliver exceptional results.
尽管该项目曾面临严重的延误，团队仍成功交付了出色的成果。
EN： In international climate governance, the timing of IPCC assessment reports is deeply political. Delaying the report beyond 2028 means scientific input would miss the Paris Agreement's second global stocktake and the submission of new Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) at Cop33, significantly weakening international scrutiny on major fossil fuel producers and developing powerhouses.
中文： 在国际气候治理中，联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）综合评估报告的发布时程牵涉高度的地缘政治博弈。若延后至 2028 年之后发布，该科学评估将错过《巴黎协定》的第二次全球盘点，以及各国在第33届联合国气候变化大会（Cop33）提交新一轮国家自主贡献（NDCs）的时程，从而大幅减弱国际社会对产油国与排碳大国的科学审查力度。
EN： Inverted Conditional with 'Were': When expressing hypothetical or future conditional situations formally, the conjunction 'if' can be omitted and replaced by inverting the auxiliary verb 'were' with the subject ('were the timetable to slip' = 'if the timetable were to slip'). This structure belongs to the subjunctive mood and is typical of formal journalism and academic writing.
中文： 倒装虚拟条件句（Were 倒装）：在正式书面语中，表达对未来的假设或虚拟语气时，可省略连接词 'if'，并将助动词 'were' 移至主语前构成倒装（'were the timetable to slip' 等同于 'if the timetable were to slip'）。此结构常见于高阶新闻报道与学术文献，能显著提升语域的正式度与严谨度。
Were negotiations to collapse, both nations would face severe economic consequences.
谈判若破裂，两国都面临严重的经济后果。
EN： The Transitive Usage of 'Inform': While 'inform' commonly means 'to notify someone' (inform someone of something), in formal and academic English it frequently means 'to provide knowledge or evidence that shapes, guides, or serves as the basis for a decision, policy, or theory' (inform new emissions pledges).
中文： 动词「inform」的进阶及物用法：一般日常用语中 'inform' 多表示「通知某人」（inform sb of sth），但在正式与学术语境中，它常作为「为……提供依据、指导或塑造（决策、政策、理论）」之意（如 'inform new emissions pledges' 即为新减排承诺提供科学依据与指导）。
Extensive empirical research should inform future public health policies.
广泛的实证研究应当为未来的公共卫生政策提供指导依据。
EN： Reduced Adjective Phrase with 'Due': The phrase 'due at the Cop33 summit in late 2028' is a postpositive adjectival phrase modifying 'new emissions pledges'. 'Due' in this context functions as an adjective meaning 'expected, scheduled, or required to be submitted/completed'. It effectively acts as an elliptical relative clause ('which are due...').
中文： 形容词短语后置修饰（'due at...'）：短语 'due at the Cop33 summit in late 2028' 作为后置修饰语，修饰前面的名词短语 'new emissions pledges'。此处 'due' 为形容词，意为「预期到期／预定提交的」，相当于省略了关系代词及动词的从句（'which are due...'）。
Final budget proposals due by the end of next month must be submitted electronically.
下个月底前应提交的最终预算提案必须以电子方式送交。
EN： Under the UN climate process (the Paris agreement mechanism), countries are required to submit increasingly ambitious Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs, or emissions pledges) every five years. The 2028 round coincides with the second Global Stocktake. If the IPCC report—the gold standard of climate science—is delayed past 2028, governments would negotiate and set these crucial national targets without updated, comprehensive scientific benchmarks.
中文： 在联合国气候谈判架构（《巴黎协定》机制）下，各国被要求每五年更新并提交更具雄心的「国家自主贡献」（NDCs，即减排承诺）。2028年底的第33届联合国气候变化大会（Cop33）正值第二轮全球盘点与承诺缴交期。若联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）的权威科学报告延至2029年以后，全球各国将在缺乏最新科学数据支撑的情况下制定国家政策，这被视为对全球气候治理的一大挫败。
EN： Negative inversion occurs when a negative or restrictive adverbial phrase (e.g., 'Not only') begins a clause. In such cases, subject-auxiliary inversion is mandatory, placing the auxiliary verb 'does' before the subject '2028'.
中文： 否定倒装句（Negative Inversion）：当否定或具限制意义的副词短语（如「Not only」）置于句首时，句子必须进行倒装，将助动词（此处为 does）置于主语（2028）之前。
Not only did she complete the marathon, but she also broke the national record.
她不仅完成了马拉松，还打破了全国纪录。
EN： The correlative conjunction 'Not only..., but (also)...' joins two parallel clauses, emphasizing that both aspects are true and giving extra prominence to the second clause.
中文： 对等连接词「Not only..., but (also)...」（不仅……而且……）用以连接两个对等的子句，不仅强调两项事实均成立，更进一步凸出后半部分的内容。
Not only is the technology cost-effective, but it also significantly reduces emissions.
这项技术不仅具成本效益，而且还大幅减少了排放量。
EN： 'Whether' introduces a noun clause functioning as the direct object of the transitive verb 'scrutinise', presenting an indirect question regarding the sufficiency of pledges.
中文： 由「whether」引导的名词子句作为及物动词「scrutinise」（仔细审视）的直接宾语，表达「是否……」的间接疑问语意。
Inspectors will evaluate whether the current safety measures comply with federal regulations.
督察人员将评估现行的安全措施是否符合联邦法规。
EN： Under the 2015 Paris Agreement, the 'Global Stocktake' (GST) is a critical five-year cyclical mechanism designed to assess collective progress toward meeting the treaty's long-term temperature targets. The first stocktake concluded at COP28 in 2023, making the upcoming 2028 review pivotal for ratcheting up national climate commitments (NDCs).
中文： 根据2015年《巴黎协定》，「全球盘点」（Global Stocktake, GST）是一项每五年进行一次的核心检视机制，旨在评估各国在实现长期温控目标上的集体进展。首次盘点于2023年的第28届联合国气候变化大会（COP28）完成，因此2028年的第二次盘点对于督促各国提高国家自主贡献（NDC）承诺至关重要。
EN： A noun clause introduced by 'Whether... or...' functions here as the subject of the entire sentence. When an entire clause acts as the subject, it takes a singular verb (here, 'remains'). This structure is commonly used in formal and analytical writing to present balanced alternatives or uncertainties.
中文： 由「Whether... or...」引导的名词子句在句中作整句话的主语。当整个子句充当主语时，主句动词须采用单数形式（本句中为「remains」）。此结构常见于正式与分析性文体中，用来客观陈述两种对立或并列的可能性与不确定性。
Whether the policy will succeed or fail depends entirely on public cooperation.
这项政策究竟会成功还是失败，完全取决于大众的配合。
EN： The linking verb 'remain' takes a noun phrase ('a matter of intense debate') as a subject complement, expressing a continuing state or unresolved status. 'A matter of [noun/adjective]' is an idiomatic academic/journalistic colocation used to characterize issues.
中文： 连缀动词「remain」在此接名词短语「a matter of intense debate」作为主语补语，表达某种持续存在或尚未定论的状态。「A matter of + 名词」为学术与新闻英文中常见的高阶搭配词，用于界定问题的性质。
The origin of the artifact remains a subject of ongoing investigation.
该文物的起源目前仍是一项持续调查中的课题。
EN： In climate diplomacy under the IPCC framework, scientific assessment and international politics are deeply intertwined. Developing nations and major fossil-fuel exporters frequently argue that research from developed Western institutions dominates IPCC literature, raising methodological questions that often overlap with strategic national economic interests.
中文： 在联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）的气候外交框架下，科学评估与国际政治高度交织。发展中国家及化石燃料主要出口国常质疑发达国家的科研机构主导了报告内容；这种对「方法学与数据」的质疑，往往同时涉及各国在减排承诺与经济效益上的战略考量。
重要单词附有 IPA 发音、定义、例句和互动式测验。
在本文中： 關鍵的、具有決定性影響的
在本文中： 僵局、相持不下的局面
在本文中： 主張、堅稱
在本文中： 使產生偏差、歪曲
在本文中： 承諾、誓言（尤指減碳或政策承諾）
在本文中： 仔細審查、徹底檢驗
在本文中： 地緣政治的
片语包含类型标示、双语定义、用法说明和例句。
A definite, fixed schedule or timeline that is unlikely to change
明确的时间表
A periodic review mechanism established under the Paris Agreement to assess the world's collective progress toward climate goals
全球盘点
A subject or issue that causes strong disagreement and serious discussion
争论激烈的事情