EN: The suffix '-prone' is added to nouns to form adjectives meaning 'likely to suffer from' or 'tending to experience' something negative.
Bahasa Indonesia: Akhiran "-prone" ditambahkan pada kata benda untuk membentuk kata sifat yang berarti "rentan terhadap" atau "cenderung mengalami" situasi (negatif) tertentu.
This area is accident-prone during the rainy season.
Area ini rentan terhadap kecelakaan selama musim hujan.
EN: The 'to-infinitive' (to + verb) is used here as an adverbial of purpose, explaining why the school got the new playground.
Bahasa Indonesia: "Infinitif" (to + kata kerja) di sini digunakan sebagai keterangan tujuan, menjelaskan alasan atau tujuan sekolah mendapatkan taman bermain baru.
She saved money to buy a new laptop.
Dia menabung untuk membeli laptop baru.
EN: In the UK, many older school buildings, especially in London, face infrastructure challenges due to climate change and urban density. 'Climate-adapted' spaces often refer to Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS) which use nature to manage rainwater, a growing trend in British urban planning.
EN: The Present Perfect Tense (has + past participle) is used here to describe a completed action that has a significant result in the present. It emphasizes the transformation that has occurred.
Bahasa Indonesia: Present Perfect Tense (has + past participle) digunakan di sini untuk menggambarkan tindakan yang telah selesai dan memiliki dampak signifikan pada saat ini. Ini menekankan perubahan yang telah terjadi.
The city has built a new park to reduce air pollution.
Kota ini telah membangun taman baru untuk mengurangi polusi udara.
EN: The phrasal verb 'transform A into B' means to completely change the appearance, form, or character of something into something else.
Bahasa Indonesia: Frasa kerja "transform A into B" berarti mengubah sepenuhnya penampilan, bentuk, atau sifat sesuatu menjadi hal lain.
The artist transformed the old garage into a beautiful studio.
Seniman itu mengubah garasi tua menjadi studio yang indah.
EN: In the UK, many older schools in cities like London face infrastructure challenges due to Victorian-era drainage systems and increasing extreme weather events. 'Climate-adapted' spaces are part of a growing movement to use 'Sustainable Drainage Systems' (SuDS) in urban planning.
EN: The phrase 'used to' is used to describe habits or states that existed in the past but no longer exist now. It is followed by the base form of the verb.
Bahasa Indonesia: "Used to" digunakan untuk menggambarkan kebiasaan atau keadaan yang ada di masa lalu, tetapi sekarang tidak lagi terjadi. Ini diikuti oleh bentuk dasar kata kerja.
The students used to play on the old tarmac before the renovation.
Sebelum renovasi, para siswa dulu bermain di aspal tua.
EN: The phrasal verb 'suffer from' is used to indicate that someone is experiencing something unpleasant, such as a physical illness or a persistent problem like flooding.
Bahasa Indonesia: Frasa kerja "suffer from" digunakan untuk menunjukkan bahwa seseorang sedang mengalami hal yang tidak menyenangkan, seperti penyakit fisik atau masalah yang berkelanjutan seperti banjir.
Many urban areas suffer from air pollution.
Banyak daerah perkotaan menderita akibat polusi udara.
EN: A 'Church of England school' is a state-funded school in England that has a formal link with the Church of England, often incorporating Christian values into its curriculum while following the national education standards.
EN: The conjunction 'because' is used to introduce a subordinate clause that provides the reason for the action or state described in the main clause.
Bahasa Indonesia: Konjungsi "because" digunakan untuk memperkenalkan klausa bawahan (anak kalimat) yang menjelaskan alasan dari tindakan atau keadaan yang dijelaskan dalam klausa utama.
The match was cancelled because it was raining heavily.
Pertandingan dibatalkan karena hujan turun sangat deras.
EN: The phrasal verb 'sit on' in this context means to be situated or located in a particular place or on a specific type of ground.
Bahasa Indonesia: Frasa kerja "sit on" dalam konteks ini berarti "terletak" atau "berada" di lokasi tertentu atau di atas dasar geologis tertentu.
The old castle sits on a hill overlooking the village.
Kastil kuno itu terletak di atas bukit yang menghadap ke desa.
EN: London's geology is famous for 'London Clay,' which is impermeable and often leads to drainage issues in low-lying areas like Barnet, especially during heavy rainfall exacerbated by climate change.
EN: The modal verb 'would' is used here to describe a past habit or a repeated action in the past, similar to 'used to'.
Bahasa Indonesia: Kata kerja modal "would" digunakan di sini untuk menggambarkan kebiasaan di masa lalu atau tindakan yang berulang di masa lalu, mirip dengan penggunaan "used to".
Every summer, we would go to the beach for a week.
Setiap musim panas, kami akan pergi ke pantai selama seminggu.
EN: The relative pronoun 'which' is used in a non-defining relative clause to refer back to the entire preceding clause ('Water would pool... and stay there...').
Bahasa Indonesia: Kata ganti relatif "which" digunakan dalam klausa relatif non-pembatas untuk merujuk pada situasi yang dijelaskan oleh seluruh klausa sebelumnya (yaitu air yang menggenang dan bertahan).
He passed the exam, which surprised everyone.
Dia lulus ujian, yang mengejutkan semua orang.
EN: Appositives are nouns or noun phrases that follow another noun to identify or explain it. Here, 'the school's headteacher' provides more information about 'Macci Dobie'.
Bahasa Indonesia: Apositif (Appositives) adalah kata benda atau frasa kata benda yang mengikuti kata benda lain untuk mengidentifikasi atau menjelaskan kata benda tersebut. Dalam kalimat ini, "the school's headteacher" memberikan informasi lebih lanjut tentang "Maggie Dobby".
Mr. Smith, my neighbor, is a doctor.
Tuan Smith, tetangga saya, adalah seorang dokter.
EN: Noun clauses starting with 'how' function as the object of a verb. In this sentence, 'how bad the situation was' is the object of the verb 'described'. Note that the word order follows a statement (Subject + Verb), not a question.
Bahasa Indonesia: Klausa kata benda yang dimulai dengan "how" berfungsi sebagai objek dari kata kerja. Dalam kalimat ini, "how bad the situation was" adalah objek dari kata kerja "described". Perhatikan bahwa urutan kata dalam klausa harus urutan kata pernyataan (subjek + kata kerja), bukan urutan kata pertanyaan.
She explained how the machine works.
Dia menjelaskan bagaimana mesin itu bekerja.
EN: In the UK, a 'headteacher' is the equivalent of a 'principal' in the US. The term is used for the person in charge of a primary or secondary school.
EN: The 'so + adjective + that' structure is used to express cause and effect, indicating that something is to such a degree that a particular result follows.
Bahasa Indonesia: Struktur "so + kata sifat + that" digunakan untuk mengekspresikan hubungan sebab-akibat, menunjukkan bahwa sesuatu mencapai tingkat tertentu sehingga menghasilkan hasil yang spesifik.
The music was so loud that I couldn't hear him speak.
Musiknya terlalu keras sehingga saya tidak bisa mendengar apa yang dia katakan.
EN: 'Had to' is the past tense of 'have to', used to express a necessity or obligation that existed in the past.
Bahasa Indonesia: "Had to" adalah bentuk lampau dari "have to", digunakan untuk mengekspresikan keharusan atau kewajiban di masa lalu (terpaksa).
We had to cancel the picnic because of the rain.
Karena hujan, kami terpaksa membatalkan piknik.
EN: In the UK, 'collecting' children from school is a daily routine for parents of primary school pupils, as children of that age are usually not allowed to leave the school premises alone.
EN: The passive voice 'was forced to' indicates that the subject (the school) had no choice due to external circumstances. It is formed by 'be' + past participle.
Bahasa Indonesia: Passive voice "was forced to" (terpaksa) menunjukkan bahwa subjek (Sekolah St John) tidak punya pilihan karena keadaan eksternal. Strukturnya adalah "be" + "past participle".
The flight was forced to land early due to a technical issue.
Karena masalah teknis, penerbangan itu terpaksa mendarat lebih awal.
EN: The conjunction 'because' introduces a subordinate clause that explains the reason for the action in the main clause.
Bahasa Indonesia: Konjungsi "because" (karena) memperkenalkan klausa bawahan yang menjelaskan alasan tindakan dalam klausa utama.
The game was cancelled because it was raining heavily.
Pertandingan dibatalkan karena hujan turun sangat deras.
EN: In the UK, 'dismiss' is the formal term used when a school day ends and pupils are allowed to leave. 'Exits' refers to the various gates or doorways of the school grounds, which are often managed strictly for safety.
EN: The past participle 'named' is used here as a reduced relative clause (short for 'who was named') to modify the noun 'parent governor'. It functions like an adjective to provide more information about the person.
Bahasa Indonesia: Partisip lampau "named" digunakan di sini sebagai klausa relatif yang disederhanakan (aslinya "who was named"), untuk memodifikasi kata benda "parent governor" (anggota dewan sekolah dari orang tua). Fungsinya mirip kata sifat, memberikan informasi lebih lanjut tentang orang tersebut.
A boy named Jack found the lost wallet.
Seorang anak laki-laki bernama Jack menemukan dompet yang hilang.
EN: The idiom 'take the lead' means to be the first to start doing something or to take control of a situation to guide others.
Bahasa Indonesia: Frasa "take the lead" berarti "memimpin" atau "unggul", merujuk pada menjadi yang pertama memulai sesuatu, atau mengambil kendali dalam situasi tertentu untuk memandu orang lain.
Our company decided to take the lead in reducing plastic waste.
Perusahaan kami memutuskan untuk mengambil langkah memimpin dalam mengurangi limbah plastik.
EN: In the UK, a 'parent governor' is a parent elected to the school's governing body. They play a crucial role in decision-making and representing the interests of parents in school management, reflecting the high level of community involvement in British schools.
EN: The conjunction 'Because' is used to introduce a subordinate clause that provides the reason for the action in the main clause. In formal writing, when the 'Because' clause comes first, it is followed by a comma.
Bahasa Indonesia: Konjungsi "Because" digunakan untuk memperkenalkan klausa bawahan yang memberikan alasan untuk tindakan dalam klausa utama. Dalam penulisan formal, ketika klausa yang dipimpin "Because" ditempatkan di awal kalimat, harus diikuti dengan koma.
Because it was raining, we decided to stay home.
Karena hujan, kami memutuskan untuk tinggal di rumah.
EN: The phrase 'be able to' is used to express ability or possibility, often implying that something was achieved despite challenges. In this sentence, 'was able to' indicates a successful outcome in the past.
Bahasa Indonesia: Frasa "be able to" digunakan untuk mengekspresikan kemampuan atau kemungkinan, sering kali menyiratkan bahwa sesuatu berhasil dicapai meskipun ada tantangan. Dalam kalimat ini, "was able to" menunjukkan hasil sukses di masa lalu.
After months of practice, she was able to run a marathon.
Setelah berbulan-bulan berlatih, dia akhirnya mampu menyelesaikan maraton.
EN: In the UK, schools in high-risk environmental areas can apply for specific government grants for 'climate adaptation'. This reflects the UK government's increasing focus on urban resilience against climate change, especially in historic cities like London where drainage can be an issue.
EN: The phrase 'enlist the help of someone' means to ask for and get help or support from a person or organization, often for a specific project or cause.
Bahasa Indonesia: Frasa "enlist the help of someone" berarti meminta dan mendapatkan bantuan atau dukungan dari seseorang atau organisasi, biasanya untuk proyek atau tujuan tertentu.
The local council enlisted the help of volunteers to clean up the park.
Dewan kota setempat meminta bantuan sukarelawan untuk membersihkan taman.
EN: A relative clause starting with 'that' is used here as an adjective to provide more information about the noun 'charity'. This is a defining relative clause.
Bahasa Indonesia: Di sini, klausa relatif yang dimulai dengan "that" digunakan sebagai kata sifat untuk memberikan informasi lebih lanjut tentang kata benda "charity" (organisasi amal). Ini disebut klausa relatif restriktif.
She works for a company that develops educational software.
Dia bekerja di perusahaan yang mengembangkan perangkat lunak pendidikan.
EN: The organization 'Trees for Cities' is a real UK-based charity. In urban planning, 'green spaces' are increasingly seen as essential infrastructure for climate resilience, not just for aesthetics.
EN: The verb 'help' can be followed by an object and then either a bare infinitive (verb without 'to') or a 'to-infinitive'. Both 'help schools adapt' and 'help schools to adapt' are grammatically correct, though the bare infinitive is more common in modern English.
Bahasa Indonesia: Kata kerja "help" (membantu) dapat diikuti oleh objek dan kemudian baik infinitif tanpa "to" (kata kerja dasar) atau infinitif dengan "to". Misalnya, "help schools adapt" dan "help schools to adapt" keduanya benar, tetapi dalam bahasa Inggris modern, penggunaan tanpa "to" lebih umum.
The teacher helps the students understand the lesson.
Guru membantu siswa memahami isi pelajaran.
EN: The verb 'adapt' is often followed by the preposition 'to' to indicate the thing or situation one is adjusting to. It is an intransitive use here, meaning 'to change behavior or ideas to deal with a new situation'.
Bahasa Indonesia: Kata kerja "adapt" (beradaptasi) biasanya diikuti oleh preposisi "to" untuk menunjukkan hal atau situasi yang harus diadaptasi. Di sini, ini adalah penggunaan intransitif, yang berarti "mengubah perilaku atau pemikiran untuk menghadapi situasi baru".
It takes time to adapt to a new environment.
Beradaptasi dengan lingkungan baru membutuhkan waktu.
EN: The 'climate crisis' is a term increasingly used by media and environmental organizations instead of 'climate change' to emphasize the urgency and severity of the global environmental situation.
EN: Appositives are nouns or noun phrases that follow another noun to provide additional information or identification. In this sentence, 'a landscape architect at Trees for Cities' identifies who Alfie Davies is.
Bahasa Indonesia: Apositif (Appositives) adalah kata benda atau frasa kata benda yang mengikuti kata benda lain untuk memberikan informasi tambahan atau penjelasan identitas. Dalam kalimat ini, "a landscape architect at Trees for Cities" menjelaskan identitas Alfie Davies.
Mr. Smith, my favorite teacher, is retiring next month.
Tuan Smith, guru favoritku, akan pensiun bulan depan.
EN: The past tense of the irregular verb 'lead' is 'led'. It is used here to describe a completed action in the past.
Bahasa Indonesia: Bentuk lampau dari kata kerja tidak beraturan "lead" (memimpin/membawa) adalah "led". Ini digunakan di sini untuk menggambarkan tindakan yang telah selesai di masa lalu.
She led the team to victory in last year's competition.
Dia memimpin timnya meraih kemenangan dalam kompetisi tahun lalu.
EN: Trees for Cities is a real UK-based charity that focuses on improving lives by planting trees in cities. In the UK, many schools are historically linked to the Church of England, which is why 'St John's Church of England school' includes a religious reference in its name, though they serve the general community.
EN: The sentence uses a 'that-clause' as a noun clause to function as the direct object of the verb 'explained'. This structure is commonly used to report what someone said or thought.
Bahasa Indonesia: Kalimat ini menggunakan "that-clause" sebagai klausa kata benda yang berfungsi sebagai objek langsung dari kata kerja "explained" (menjelaskan). Struktur ini sering digunakan untuk melaporkan ucapan atau pemikiran seseorang.
She said that the project was a success.
Dia berkata bahwa proyek itu sukses.
EN: The phrase 'had to' is the past tense of 'have to', indicating a necessity or obligation that existed in the past.
Bahasa Indonesia: Frasa "had to" adalah bentuk lampau dari "have to", menunjukkan keharusan atau kewajiban di masa lalu (harus).
We had to leave early because of the rain.
Karena hujan, kami harus pergi lebih awal saat itu.
EN: In the context of urban planning and school design in the UK, 'functional' often implies a balance between safety, durability, and the specific developmental needs of children, especially in climate-resilient projects led by charities like Trees for Cities.
EN: The phrase 'take something away from someone' is a phrasal verb meaning to remove something or deprive someone of something.
Bahasa Indonesia: Frasa "take something away from someone" adalah frasa kerja yang berarti mengambil sesuatu atau merampas sesuatu dari seseorang.
The teacher took the phone away from the student.
Guru menyita ponsel siswa tersebut.
EN: The relative clause 'they can use' modifies the pronoun 'something'. In English, the relative pronoun 'that' or 'which' is often omitted when it functions as the object of the clause.
Bahasa Indonesia: Klausa relatif "they can use" memodifikasi kata ganti "something". Dalam bahasa Inggris, ketika kata ganti relatif (seperti that atau which) berfungsi sebagai objek dalam klausa, biasanya dihilangkan.
This is the book I bought yesterday.
Ini adalah buku yang saya beli kemarin.
EN: In urban planning and school design, there is a strong emphasis on 'functional play'. This means that every element of a playground, even environmental features like rain gardens, should serve a purpose for the children's development and enjoyment.
EN: The First Conditional is used to talk about things which might happen in the future. It uses 'if' + present simple, followed by 'will' + base verb to show the likely result.
Bahasa Indonesia: First Conditional digunakan untuk membicarakan hal-hal yang mungkin terjadi di masa depan dan hasilnya. Strukturnya adalah "if + present simple", diikuti oleh "will + kata kerja dasar" untuk menunjukkan hasil yang mungkin.
If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home.
Jika besok hujan, kami akan tinggal di rumah.
EN: The phrasal verb 'look after' means to take care of or be responsible for something or someone.
Bahasa Indonesia: Frasa kerja "look after" berarti "merawat" atau "menjaga", merujuk pada tanggung jawab untuk memelihara atau menjaga seseorang atau sesuatu.
Please look after my plants while I am on holiday.
Tolong jaga tanaman saya selama saya berlibur.
EN: In educational design, there is a strong belief that 'ownership' leads to better maintenance. If students feel a space belongs to them and is useful, they are more likely to respect and care for it, reducing vandalism or neglect.
EN: The phrase 'with [something] in mind' is an idiomatic prepositional phrase used to indicate that a specific thought or purpose is being considered while performing an action.
Bahasa Indonesia: Frasa "with [something] in mind" adalah frasa preposisional idiomatik yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan bahwa saat melakukan suatu tindakan, seseorang sedang mempertimbangkan ide atau tujuan tertentu.
With the deadline in mind, she worked late into the night.
Dengan tenggat waktu di pikiran, dia bekerja hingga larut malam.
EN: The word 'that' introduces a relative clause (adjective clause) to provide more information about the noun 'stepping logs'. In this case, 'that' acts as the subject of the clause.
Bahasa Indonesia: Kata "that" memperkenalkan klausa relatif (klausa kata sifat) untuk memberikan informasi lebih lanjut tentang kata benda "stepping logs" (batang kayu pijakan). Dalam kasus ini, "that" berfungsi sebagai subjek dari klausa tersebut.
I bought a book that explains how to garden.
Saya membeli buku yang menjelaskan cara berkebun.
EN: A 'rain garden' is an environmentally friendly landscaping feature designed to manage stormwater runoff. It uses native plants and soil to soak up rain, preventing flooding in urban areas like London.
EN: The verb 'enjoy' is followed by a gerund (verb + -ing) when expressing an activity that someone likes doing.
Bahasa Indonesia: Kata kerja "enjoy" (menikmati/menyukai) diikuti oleh gerund (kata kerja + -ing) ketika mengekspresikan aktivitas yang disukai seseorang.
The students enjoy playing football after school.
Para siswa menikmati bermain sepak bola setelah sekolah.
EN: A relative clause starting with 'that' is used here to provide more information about the noun 'soil beds'. The verbs 'contain' and 'help' both refer back to the soil beds.
Bahasa Indonesia: Di sini, klausa relatif yang dimulai dengan "that" digunakan untuk memberikan informasi lebih lanjut tentang kata benda "soil beds" (bedeng tanah). Kata kerja "contain" (mengandung) dan "help" (membantu) keduanya merujuk pada bedeng tanah tersebut.
I bought a book that explains history and provides maps.
Saya membeli buku yang menjelaskan sejarah dan menyediakan peta.
EN: Rain gardens are a sustainable drainage system (SuDS) increasingly used in UK urban planning to manage surface water and prevent flooding in cities like London, which face challenges from heavy rainfall and non-porous surfaces.
EN: Present Perfect Passive: Formed using 'has/have + been + past participle'. It describes an action that started in the past and has a result in the present, focusing on the person or thing receiving the action.
Bahasa Indonesia: Present Perfect Passive: Dibentuk menggunakan "has/have + been + past participle". Ini digunakan untuk menggambarkan tindakan yang dimulai di masa lalu dan memiliki dampak pada saat ini, dengan menekankan penerima tindakan.
The new library has been opened by the principal.
Perpustakaan baru telah dibuka oleh kepala sekolah.
EN: The Passive Voice with 'by': In passive sentences, the 'agent' (the person or thing performing the action) is introduced using the preposition 'by'.
Bahasa Indonesia: Passive Voice dengan "by": Dalam kalimat pasif, "agen" (orang atau hal yang melakukan tindakan) biasanya diperkenalkan oleh preposisi "by".
The cake was eaten by the dog.
Kue itu dimakan oleh anjing.
EN: In British English, 'school community' refers not just to the students and teachers, but also to parents, governors, and local residents who are involved with the school's environment and activities.
EN: The sentence uses 'said' followed by an omitted 'that' to introduce a noun clause (reported speech). The present perfect tense 'have put' indicates that the action started in the past and has a result in the present.
Bahasa Indonesia: Kalimat ini menggunakan kata kerja "said" diikuti oleh "that" yang dihilangkan untuk memperkenalkan klausa kata benda (kalimat tidak langsung). Klausa tersebut menggunakan present perfect "have put", yang menunjukkan bahwa tindakan terjadi di masa lalu dan memiliki dampak pada saat ini.
The teacher said the students have finished their homework.
Guru berkata bahwa para siswa telah menyelesaikan pekerjaan rumah mereka.
EN: The phrasal verb 'put something up' means to increase the level or amount of something.
Bahasa Indonesia: Frasa kerja "put something up" di sini berarti meningkatkan tingkat atau jumlah sesuatu.
The store has put the prices up this month.
Toko ini menaikkan harga bulan ini.
EN: In British English, 'headteacher' is the standard term for the person in charge of a school, whereas in American English, 'principal' is more commonly used.
EN: The conjunction 'while' is used here to express two actions happening simultaneously. When followed by a present participle (-ing), it often implies that the subject of the main clause is performing both actions.
Bahasa Indonesia: Konjungsi "while" digunakan di sini untuk mengekspresikan dua tindakan yang terjadi secara bersamaan. Ketika diikuti oleh present participle (-ing), biasanya tersirat bahwa subjek dari klausa utama melakukan kedua tindakan tersebut secara bersamaan.
She listened to music while doing her homework.
Dia mendengarkan musik sambil mengerjakan pekerjaan rumah.
EN: The 'that' clause functions as a noun clause serving as the direct object of the verb 'shows'. It introduces a complete statement or fact that is being demonstrated.
Bahasa Indonesia: Klausa "that" berfungsi sebagai klausa kata benda yang menjadi objek langsung dari kata kerja "shows". Ini memperkenalkan pernyataan lengkap atau fakta yang dibuktikan.
Research shows that regular exercise improves mental health.
Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa olahraga teratur dapat meningkatkan kesehatan mental.
Kosakata utama dengan pengucapan IPA, definisi, contoh kalimat, dan kuis interaktif.
Dalam konteks: rentan banjir
Dalam konteks: mengubah total, mentransformasi
Dalam konteks: menyerap (cairan, gas, dll.)
Dalam konteks: fondasi (bangunan)
Dalam konteks: parah, ekstrem
Dalam konteks: membubarkan, memulangkan
Dalam konteks: infrastruktur, fasilitas umum
Dalam konteks: mendapatkan, meminta (bantuan atau dukungan)
Dalam konteks: fungsional, praktis
Dalam konteks: Praktis, layak dan dapat diterapkan.
Frasa dengan label jenis, definisi dwibahasa, catatan penggunaan, dan contoh kalimat.
A garden designed to absorb and filter rainwater runoff from hard surfaces.
Taman hujan
To take a position of leadership or control in a project or activity.
Memimpin, mengambil inisiatif, memelopori
Modified or designed to withstand the effects of climate change.
Beradaptasi dengan iklim
To take care of or be responsible for something or someone.
Merawat, memelihara
Land that is at or near sea level and often prone to flooding.
Daerah dataran rendah