Smokeless Fuels Contain Ultrafine Particles That Get Embedded in Lungs, Study Shows
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EN: The sentence uses the Past Simple tense ('found') to describe a completed action or discovery that happened in the past.
The scientist found a solution to the puzzle.
EN: In many European countries, 'smokeless fuels' are promoted as an eco-friendly alternative to traditional coal to reduce visible air pollution (smog), though this study challenges that assumption.
EN: The word 'called' is used here to give a specific name or label to something. It acts like a shortcut for 'which are called'.
I have a dog called Buddy.
EN: Use 'so + adjective + that' to show a result. It means something is 'to such a degree' that a specific thing happens.
The coffee is so hot that I cannot drink it.
EN: Use 'be bad for' to describe something that has a negative effect on a person, place, or thing.
Eating too much sugar is bad for your teeth.
EN: Use 'at' to show a specific location or institution where someone works or studies.
She works at a hospital in London.
EN: The University of Galway is a major research institution in Ireland. In academic English, 'the study' refers to a specific piece of scientific research.
EN: Use the Past Simple tense (verb + ed) to describe actions that happened and finished in the past.
She cooked dinner and cleaned the kitchen.
EN: In many European countries, wood-burning stoves are common for heating homes, but new environmental rules are being introduced to reduce air pollution from these sources.
EN: Use 'compare A with B' to look for similarities or differences between two things.
I want to compare this phone with that one.
EN: In many European countries like Ireland, burning wood or coal in home stoves is a traditional way to stay warm, but modern environmental rules are changing what people are allowed to burn.
EN: Use 'less' to compare things that we cannot count (uncountable nouns) to show a smaller amount.
I drink less coffee than my brother.
EN: In many European countries, 'smokeless fuels' are promoted to reduce air pollution in cities, but as this study shows, 'less visible' does not always mean 'safer'.
EN: Use 'more' before a noun to show a larger amount of something compared to another thing.
I need more water.
EN: In many European countries, 'smokeless fuels' are promoted as environmentally friendly alternatives to coal, but this study challenges that perception.
EN: Use 'did not' (or 'didn't') followed by the base form of a verb to talk about things that did not happen in the past.
He did not finish his homework.
EN: In scientific contexts, 'expecting a result' refers to a hypothesis. When scientists say they 'did not expect' something, it highlights a significant discovery that challenges previous beliefs.
EN: The word 'that' is used to connect a main thought (We did not know) with the specific information being explained.
I think that it will rain today.
EN: In scientific contexts, 'could' is often used instead of 'will' to show that the result is based on current evidence and observations, rather than an absolute universal law.
EN: Use 'when' to join two actions that happen at the same time or one after another.
I was happy when I finished my homework.
EN: In scientific contexts, 'the data' is often treated as a collective noun in everyday speech, even though it is technically plural (singular: datum).
EN: Use 'for' followed by a period of time (like 'two months' or 'three hours') to show how long an action lasts.
I studied English for one hour.
EN: Use 'X times more than' to compare amounts and show how much larger one thing is compared to another.
This new car is three times more expensive than my old one.
EN: In many European countries, 'smokeless fuels' (like anthracite or manufactured briquettes) are promoted as eco-friendly alternatives to traditional coal to reduce visible air pollution, but this study highlights a hidden health risk.
EN: Use 'adjective + er + than' to compare two things.
This apple is sweeter than that one.
EN: The modal verb 'can' is used here to express possibility or the potential for something to happen.
Smoking can cause many health problems.
EN: Use 'because' to connect two complete sentences to explain the reason why something happens.
I study hard because I want to go to a good school.
EN: In many Western countries, wood-burning stoves are popular for home heating, but there is growing concern about their impact on air quality, leading to the promotion of 'smokeless' alternatives.
EN: The word 'also' is used to add new information to something already mentioned. It usually goes before the main action word (verb).
She also likes to play tennis.
EN: Dublin is the capital city of Ireland, while Birr is a much smaller, historic town. Comparing a large city with a small town helps scientists understand if air pollution is a problem everywhere or just in crowded areas.
EN: The word 'too' is used at the end of a sentence to mean 'also' or 'in addition'. It adds extra information to what was already mentioned.
I like apples and I like oranges too.
EN: The verb 'help' can be followed by an object and then another verb in its base form (without 'to') to show who is being helped and what they are doing.
This map will help you find the park.
EN: In many English-speaking countries, environmental studies directly influence public policy and government regulations, which is why the sentence links 'study' with 'governments making rules'.
EN: Use 'need to + verb' to talk about things that are necessary or important to do.
You need to drink more water.
EN: In many Western countries, there is a growing movement to ban wood-burning stoves in cities due to air quality concerns, even though they are traditionally seen as 'cozy' or 'natural'.
Key vocabulary words with IPA pronunciation, definitions, example sentences, and interactive quizzes.
Phrases with type tags, bilingual definitions, usage notes, and example sentences.
the degree to which the air is clean or polluted
risks or threats that are not easily noticed
to move far inside something
Extremely small particles (less than 0.1 micrometers) suspended in the air, often resulting from combustion.
Solid fuels (like anthracite or certain briquettes) that do not emit visible smoke when burned, often required by law in specific areas.
The electromagnetic radiation that is visible to the human eye, which travels in a wave-like pattern.