Becoming a Global Citizen (H5)
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EN: Parallel Structure with Adjectives: When listing multiple items or qualities, they should share the same grammatical form. Here, three adjectives ('curious', 'open', and 'kind') are linked by a comma and the coordinating conjunction 'and' to describe the subject.
The new teacher is energetic, patient, and creative.
EN: Direct Speech with Reporting Verb Inversion: In written English, when a direct quote comes first, the reporting verb ('says') can be placed before the subject ('Hana') for stylistic emphasis, especially in narrative or journalistic writing.
"We need to leave now," says John.
EN: The concept of a 'global citizen' (世界公民) has become increasingly popular in international education and social discourse. It emphasizes that an individual's identity transcends geographical or political borders, and that people have rights and responsibilities as members of the global community. The traits mentioned—curiosity, openness, and kindness—are considered core values of this mindset.
EN: The modal verb 'must' is used to express strong obligation or necessity. It is followed by the base form of the verb (bare infinitive) without 'to'.
We must protect our environment for future generations.
EN: Parallel structure (or parallelism) involves using the same pattern of words to show that two or more ideas have the same level of importance. Here, three infinitive phrases ('to listen, to share, and to care') are joined in a parallel list.
She loves to swim, to run, and to cycle.
EN: In English narrative writing, when quoting dialogue, the reporting verb ('says', 'said') often precedes the subject ('Sarah') when the subject is a proper noun. This is a stylistic choice that sounds natural and literary.
EN: The correlative conjunction 'both... and...' is used to join two parallel grammatical elements (nouns, adjectives, verbs, etc.), emphasizing that both elements are included or true.
To solve this problem, we need both time and effort.
EN: In direct speech, when the reporting verb (e.g., 'says') comes after the quoted sentence, subject-verb inversion can occur (e.g., 'says Emma'). However, if the subject is a pronoun, inversion is not used (e.g., 'she says').
"I am ready," says the teacher.
EN: In Western culture, 'an open mind' is highly valued as a key component of critical thinking and respectful communication. It implies a willingness to listen to new ideas and perspectives without immediate judgment, which is essential for global citizenship.
EN: The correlative conjunction 'either... or...' is used to present two choices or alternatives. It connects words, phrases, or clauses of equal grammatical rank (parallel structure). In this sentence, it connects two verb phrases: 'build walls' and 'open doors'.
You can either have tea or coffee.
EN: In direct speech, when the reporting verb (like 'says') comes after the quoted speech, the subject and verb can be inverted (e.g., 'says Ryan' or 'Ryan says'). This is a common stylistic choice in written English storytelling.
"I am ready," says John.
EN: The metaphor of 'building walls' versus 'opening doors' (or 'building bridges') is a common cultural idiom in English. 'Building walls' represents isolationism, division, and exclusion, while 'opening doors' represents hospitality, opportunity, and connection with others.
EN: The correlative conjunction 'not only... but also...' is used to connect and emphasize two related pieces of information. When connecting two subjects, the verb must agree with the subject closest to it (the second subject). Here, 'empathy' is a singular noun, so the verb 'matters' is singular.
Not only the teacher but also the students are excited about the field trip.
EN: The reporting verb 'says' is placed before the subject 'Leo' in direct speech. This inversion ('says Leo' instead of 'Leo says') is a common stylistic choice in written English narrative when the quote comes first.
"I will arrive tomorrow," says Mary.
EN: Parallel Structure in Lists: When listing items in a sentence, they should share the same grammatical form. In this sentence, 'honesty', 'courage', and 'fairness' are all abstract nouns, which creates a balanced and professional tone.
She loves reading, swimming, and hiking.
EN: Reporting Verbs with Direct Speech: When reporting what someone said, the reporting verb (e.g., 'says') and the speaker (e.g., 'Hana') can be placed after the direct quote. In written English, a comma is placed inside the closing quotation mark to separate the quote from the reporting clause.
"I will arrive tomorrow," says John.
EN: In global citizenship education, values like honesty, courage, and fairness are considered universal virtues. Expressing personal values clearly and respectfully is a key communication skill in multicultural environments.
EN: The correlative conjunction 'neither... nor...' is used to join two negative ideas or subjects. When connecting two subjects, the verb agrees with the subject closer to it (the second subject).
Neither the teacher nor the students were able to solve the puzzle.
EN: The modal verb 'should' is used to express obligation, duty, or correctness. In this sentence, it indicates that dividing us is not the right or desirable course of action.
We should respect different opinions in a discussion.
EN: In English literature and rhetoric, the inversion of the reporting verb (e.g., 'says Sarah' instead of 'Sarah says') is a common stylistic device used in storytelling and dialogue to keep the focus on the spoken words rather than the speaker.
EN: The preposition 'by' is used to indicate the method or means of achieving something, and it must be followed by a gerund (verb-ing) or a noun.
You can improve your English by practicing every day.
EN: Parallel structure (parallelism) requires that items in a series or list use the same grammatical form. Here, three gerunds ('reading', 'traveling', and 'listening') are linked by the coordinating conjunction 'and'.
EN: The phrasal verb 'speak up' means to express one's opinions frankly and publicly, especially in support of something or to protest against something. It is an intransitive phrasal verb, meaning it does not require a direct object.
If you see injustice, you should speak up.
EN: The verb 'lift' is used metaphorically here to mean 'lift others up'—to encourage, support, or improve the moral or social condition of other people. It is a transitive verb requiring an object ('others').
A true leader strives to lift those around them.
EN: The phrase 'lifts others' reflects a core value in democratic and civic education in English-speaking societies, emphasizing that a good citizen's role is not just to follow laws, but to actively support, encourage, and empower marginalized or struggling members of the community.
EN: The correlative conjunction 'both... and...' is used to join two grammatical elements of equal importance (nouns, adjectives, verbs, etc.). When connecting two subjects, the verb must be plural.
Both the teacher and the students were excited about the field trip.
EN: In direct speech quotes, when the reporting verb (like 'says') comes after the quote, the subject and verb can be inverted (e.g., 'says Leo' or 'Leo says'). If the subject is a pronoun, inversion is not used (e.g., 'he says').
"I am ready," says Mary.
EN: The concept of 'local roots and global views' reflects the modern ideal of 'glocalization' (think globally, act locally). It emphasizes that being a global citizen does not mean abandoning one's native culture or heritage, but rather using one's local identity as a foundation to understand and respect the wider world.
EN: The infinitive phrase 'to + verb' can function as a noun. In the structure 'To do X is to do Y', both the subject and the subject complement are infinitives, creating a balanced sentence that defines one action in terms of another.
To live is to learn.
EN: The reciprocal pronoun 'each other' is used to indicate that two or more people carry out an action that mutually affects one another.
We need to support each other during difficult times.
EN: This quote reflects the core philosophy of global citizenship, emphasizing that global empathy and local/interpersonal care are deeply interconnected. Caring for the macro-world begins with how we treat individuals in our immediate environment.
EN: Imperative sentences are used to give commands, advice, or instructions. They begin with the base form of the verb (bare infinitive) and the subject 'you' is implied but omitted.
Speak clearly and listen carefully.
EN: Parallel structure (parallelism) involves using the same grammatical pattern to show that two or more ideas have the same level of importance. Here, three imperative phrases are joined in a parallel series: [Verb + Adverb], [Verb + Adverb], and [Verb + Adverb].
Write neatly, read daily, and study hard.
EN: This quote reflects the famous environmental and social slogan 'Think globally, act locally,' adapted here to emphasize personal virtues like kindness and simplicity in global citizenship.
EN: Gerunds (verb-ing) as Subjects and Objects: A gerund is a verb form ending in '-ing' that functions as a noun. In this sentence, 'Being a global citizen' acts as the subject of the verb 'means', and 'caring beyond our own borders' acts as the object of 'means'. This structure is commonly used to discuss abstract concepts or definitions.
Learning a new language means opening a door to a new culture.
EN: The preposition 'beyond' is used to indicate going past a physical or metaphorical limit. In this context, 'beyond our own borders' means extending one's concern and care outside of one's national or personal boundaries.
EN: The concept of a 'global citizen' (世界公民) has become increasingly popular in modern education and international relations. It encourages individuals to see themselves not just as members of a specific nation, but as part of an emerging world community. This perspective emphasizes empathy, sustainability, and shared responsibility for global issues like climate change and social justice.
EN: Parallel structure (also known as parallelism) is the repetition of a chosen grammatical form within a sentence. In this sentence, the linking verb 'is' is followed by three parallel adjective structures: 'curious' (adjective), 'fair' (adjective), and 'willing to learn' (adjectival phrase starting with a participle). This creates balance and flow.
The new teacher is energetic, patient, and ready to help.
EN: The adjective 'willing' is commonly followed by a to-infinitive ('to' + base verb) to express readiness or consent to do something. 'Willing to learn' means having a desire or being open to acquiring new knowledge.
She is always willing to share her experience with others.
EN: In modern global citizenship education, the definition of a 'good citizen' has shifted from passive obedience (just following laws) to active engagement, which includes empathy, critical thinking, and lifelong learning ('willing to learn'). This quote by Hana reflects this progressive, inclusive view of civic duty.
EN: The correlative conjunction 'not only... but also...' is used to connect and emphasize two related pieces of information. The elements following both parts must be grammatically parallel (in this case, the noun phrases 'our own culture' and 'others').
She speaks not only English but also Spanish.
EN: The modal verb 'must' is used to express strong obligation or necessity. It is followed by the base form of the verb (in this case, 'value').
We must protect the environment for future generations.
EN: In multicultural education and global citizenship discussions, emphasizing 'not only our own culture but also others' reflects a shift from ethnocentrism to cultural pluralism. It highlights the value of self-identity combined with openness to global diversity.
EN: The infinitive phrase 'To grow' is used at the beginning of the sentence to express purpose (meaning 'in order to grow'). It is followed by a comma when placed at the start of a clause.
To succeed, we must work hard every day.
EN: Parallel structure (parallelism) is used to connect three verbs and their modifying adverbs ('read widely, travel openly, and listen deeply') using the coordinating conjunction 'and' before the last item. This creates balance and rhythm.
She speaks fluently, writes beautifully, and listens patiently.
EN: The phrase 'travel openly' in the context of global citizenship refers not just to physical movement, but to a mindset of traveling with curiosity, empathy, and a lack of prejudice toward other cultures.
EN: The correlative conjunction 'both... and...' is used to join two grammatical elements of equal importance (in this case, the compound subjects 'knowledge' and 'kindness'). When joining subjects, it always takes a plural verb.
Both Emily and Jack are attending the global summit.
EN: The passive voice 'are needed' is used here to emphasize the actions or qualities required rather than the agent performing the action. It is formed with the auxiliary verb 'be' (are) + past participle (needed).
More resources are needed to complete the project on time.
EN: The metaphor 'to bridge divides' is a common and powerful idiom in English-speaking cultures, especially in discussions about global citizenship, diplomacy, and community building. Instead of physical bridges, it refers to overcoming ideological, cultural, or social barriers to foster understanding.
EN: The correlative conjunction 'either... or...' is used to present two choices or alternatives. When connecting two independent clauses, a comma is often placed before 'or', though it can be omitted in shorter sentences.
Either we take action now, or we face the consequences later.
EN: The causative verb 'let' is followed by an object and a bare infinitive (verb in its base form without 'to') to mean 'allow' or 'permit'. In this sentence, 'let fear win' uses 'win' as the bare infinitive.
Don't let anger dictate your decisions.
EN: This sentence reflects a common theme in global citizenship education: the active choice between empathy (building understanding) and division (letting fear win). It emphasizes personal agency in social and global relations.
EN: The correlative conjunction 'neither... nor...' is used to connect two negative alternatives (subjects, objects, or verbs). When connecting two subjects, the verb agrees with the closer subject (the one after 'nor').
Neither the teacher nor the students were able to solve the problem.
EN: The modal verb 'should' is used to express obligation, duty, or expectation. In this context, it expresses a strong recommendation or moral expectation that distance and difference must not weaken human connection.
We should respect the opinions of others.
EN: This sentence reflects the core philosophy of global citizenship, emphasizing that physical distance and cultural or individual differences should not prevent human solidarity and mutual empathy.
EN: Parallel Structure (Parallelism) is used to connect words, phrases, or clauses of equal grammatical rank. In this sentence, three present-tense verbs with third-person singular '-s' endings ('speaks up', 'helps out', and 'stays') are joined by a comma and the coordinating conjunction 'and' to describe the actions of 'a global citizen'.
A good leader listens carefully, decides wisely, and acts quickly.
EN: Phrasal Verbs are idiomatic phrases consisting of a verb and another element, typically an adverb or a preposition. Here, 'speak up' means to express one's opinions frankly and publicly, and 'help out' means to assist or support someone, especially in a time of need.
Please speak up if you have any questions, and we will help you out.
EN: The concept of a 'global citizen' is highly valued in modern international education. It emphasizes that individuals have rights and civic responsibilities to the world as a whole, rather than just to their local or national communities. The traits mentioned—speaking up for justice, helping others, and remaining humble—reflect core values of global citizenship education.
EN: The preposition 'by' is used to show the method or means of doing something, followed by a gerund (verb-ing). When listing multiple actions, parallel structure must be maintained by using the '-ing' form for all verbs in the list.
She improves her English by reading, writing, and speaking every day.
EN: Parallel structure (parallelism) involves using the same pattern of words to show that two or more ideas have the same level of importance. Here, three gerunds ('thinking, choosing, and acting') are coordinated, and the adverb 'wisely' modifies all three actions.
We enjoy hiking, swimming, and camping in the summer.
EN: Using infinitive phrases ('to' + verb) as both the subject and the subject complement in a sentence creates a balanced structure (To A is to B), which is often used to define a concept or express a philosophical truth.
To forgive others is to free yourself.
EN: The verb 'honor' means to show high respect or to value something greatly. In this context, it refers to treating people's personal histories and aspirations with dignity.
EN: In multicultural and global citizenship education, 'stories' and 'hopes' represent the diverse backgrounds and future aspirations of individuals. Acknowledging them is key to empathy and mutual respect.
EN: The correlative conjunction 'both... and...' is used to join two grammatical elements of equal importance (parallel structure). In this sentence, it connects two prepositional phrases: 'to our home' and 'to the wider world'.
She is both talented in music and skilled in sports.
EN: The verb 'belong' is an intransitive verb that is typically followed by the preposition 'to' when indicating ownership, membership, or connection to a place or group.
This book belongs to the library.
EN: This sentence reflects the core philosophy of global citizenship. It emphasizes that local identity (our home) and global identity (the wider world) are not mutually exclusive, but rather coexist harmoniously.
EN: Gerunds (verb-ing) as Subjects and Subject Complements: A gerund is a verb form ending in '-ing' that functions as a noun. In this sentence, 'caring' is used first as the subject of the sentence ('caring for the world') and then as the subject complement ('caring for ourselves') following the linking verb 'is'. This structure equates the two actions.
Learning a new language is opening a door to another culture.
EN: The prepositional phrase 'In the end' is used as an introductory adverbial phrase meaning 'ultimately' or 'eventually'. It is typically followed by a comma when placed at the beginning of a sentence to set the context for the main clause.
In the end, honesty is always the best policy.
EN: This sentence reflects a core philosophy of global citizenship: interconnectedness. In Western humanist and ecological discourse, there is a strong emphasis on the idea that individual well-being is inextricably linked to the state of the wider world. Caring for the global community is not seen as selfless charity, but as a form of enlightened self-interest.
EN: Subject Question with 'What': When 'what' acts as the subject of a question, it takes a singular verb (e.g., 'makes') and does not require an auxiliary verb like 'do' or 'does'.
What brings you to this beautiful city?
EN: Direct Speech with Reporting Verb Inversion: In written English, when a quote is followed by the reporting verb and its subject, the subject and verb can be inverted (e.g., 'asks Sarah' or 'Sarah asks'). However, inversion is typically avoided if the subject is a pronoun.
"I am ready," says John. / "I am ready," he says.
EN: The concept of a 'global citizen' (or global citizenship) has become increasingly prominent in modern education. It refers to someone who identifies with being part of an emerging world community and whose actions contribute to building this community's values and practices, rather than just identifying as a citizen of a particular nation.
EN: Gerunds (verb-ing) can function as nouns and serve as the subject of a sentence or clause. In this sentence, 'Being' acts as the subject of the quoted statement, representing the state of possessing the following qualities.
Being a good listener is essential for effective communication.
EN: Parallel structure (parallelism) requires that items in a series or list have the same grammatical form. Here, the adjectives 'curious', 'fair', and the adjectival phrase 'willing to learn' are coordinated to describe the state of 'being'.
She is energetic, smart, and eager to help.
EN: The preposition 'by' followed by a gerund (verb-ing) is used to express the method or means by which an action is achieved.
She improved her English by watching movies.
EN: Parallel structure (parallelism) requires that items in a series or list have the same grammatical form. Here, three gerunds ('reading', 'traveling', and 'listening') are coordinated with commas and the conjunction 'and'.
He enjoys swimming, running, and cycling.
EN: The correlative conjunction 'not only... but also...' is used to connect and emphasize two related pieces of information. When connecting two subjects, the verb must agree in number with the closer subject (the one after 'but also'). Here, 'empathy' is a singular uncountable noun, so the singular verb 'matters' is used.
Not only the students but also the teacher is attending the seminar.
EN: The verb 'matter' is an intransitive verb meaning 'to be important' or 'to have significance'. It does not take a direct object and is often used in the simple present tense to state general truths or values.
Your opinion matters to us.
EN: In modern discussions about global citizenship and education, there is a strong shift from purely academic 'knowledge' to emotional intelligence, specifically 'empathy'. Hana's quote reflects this contemporary educational philosophy, emphasizing that understanding others' feelings is just as crucial as intellectual learning.
EN: The correlative conjunction 'both... and...' is used to join two grammatical elements of equal importance (nouns, adjectives, verbs, etc.). When connecting two subjects, the verb must be plural.
Both the teacher and the students were excited about the field trip.
EN: In written English, direct speech is often followed by a reporting verb and its subject (e.g., 'says Leo'). When the subject is a noun (like 'Leo'), inversion is common (verb before subject), though 'Leo says' is also correct.
EN: The concept of balancing 'local roots' (connection to one's native culture and community) with 'global views' (openness to the world) is a key theme in modern global citizenship education. It emphasizes that being a global citizen does not mean abandoning one's home identity, but rather enriching it.
EN: The correlative conjunction 'either... or...' is used to present two choices or alternatives. When connecting two independent clauses, as in this sentence, each clause has its own subject and verb.
Either we leave now, or we will miss the train.
EN: Direct speech with reporting verbs (like 'says') can place the reporting clause at the end of the sentence. In this structure, the subject ('Sarah') typically follows the verb ('says'), though 'Sarah says' is also correct.
"I am ready," says John.
EN: The correlative conjunction 'neither... nor...' is used to connect two negative options, meaning 'not the first one and not the second one'. When connecting subjects, the verb agrees with the subject closer to it (the second subject).
Neither the teacher nor the students were able to solve the puzzle.
EN: The modal verb 'should' is used to express obligation, duty, or correctness. In this context, it indicates a strong moral recommendation or expectation.
We should respect the rules of the community.
EN: This quote reflects a core value of global citizenship: emphasizing common humanity over physical distance or cultural differences. It encourages unity and empathy across borders.
EN: The phrasal verb 'speak up' means to express one's opinions frankly and publicly, especially in support of something or to protest against something. It is an intransitive phrasal verb, meaning it does not require a direct object.
If you see injustice, you should speak up.
EN: The verb 'lift' is used metaphorically here with 'others' ('lift others') to mean encouraging, supporting, or improving the moral or social condition of other people. It is a transitive verb requiring an object.
A true leader always tries to lift those around them.
EN: In English-speaking cultures, the concept of a 'good citizen' extends beyond just obeying laws. It strongly emphasizes active community participation, speaking up against injustice, and supporting/empowering marginalized or struggling members of society ('lifting others').
EN: The infinitive phrase 'to + verb' can function as a noun. In this sentence, 'To care for the world' acts as the subject, and 'to care for all' acts as the subject complement after the linking verb 'is'. This structure ('To do X is to do Y') is often used to define a concept or express a philosophical belief, showing that two actions are equivalent or deeply connected.
To forgive others is to free yourself.
EN: The phrasal verb 'care for' means to feel affection for, look after, or value someone or something. In this context, it emphasizes active emotional investment and responsibility toward the global community.
She has always cared for the environment.
EN: This sentence reflects the core philosophy of global citizenship, emphasizing that universal empathy ('care for all') is the foundation of global responsibility. The name 'Hana' is a common name across many cultures (including Japanese, Korean, Arabic, and Hebrew), symbolizing the multicultural and inclusive nature of the dialogue.
EN: Imperative sentences are used to give commands, advice, or instructions. They begin with the base form of the verb, and the subject 'you' is understood but omitted. In this sentence, 'Think', 'act', and 'live' are all imperative verbs.
Speak clearly and listen carefully to others.
EN: Parallel structure (parallelism) involves using the same pattern of words to show that two or more ideas have the same level of importance. Here, three imperative clauses are joined in a parallel list: [Verb + Adverb], [Verb + Adverb], [Verb + Adverb].
Write neatly, read daily, and practice constantly.
EN: The phrase 'Think globally, act locally' is a well-known slogan in environmental and social activism. This sentence adapts that famous structure to emphasize personal character and ethics ('act kindly, live simply') within a global citizenship context.
Key vocabulary words with IPA pronunciation, definitions, example sentences, and interactive quizzes.
Phrases with type tags, bilingual definitions, usage notes, and example sentences.
To express one's opinions frankly and publicly, especially in support of something.
To encourage, support, or improve the morale and status of other people.
To reduce the differences or disagreements between two groups of people.
To assist someone, especially by doing a share of a work or providing resources.