Building a Strong Argument (H5)
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EN: The simple present tense is used here to state a general truth or definition. When the subject is third-person singular ('A strong argument'), the verb must take the '-s' or '-es' ending ('starts').
A good essay ends with a strong conclusion.
EN: The phrasal verb 'start with' means to begin a process or structure with a specific element. It is followed by a noun phrase acting as the object of the preposition.
Every morning starts with a cup of coffee.
EN: In Western academic and professional communication, structured argumentation is highly valued. A 'claim' is not just an opinion, but a statement that the writer/speaker intends to prove. Starting with a clear claim reflects the cultural preference for directness and logical clarity in discourse.
EN: The modal verb 'should' is used to express advice, recommendation, or obligation. It is followed by the base form of the verb (bare infinitive) without 'to'.
You should check the data before presenting.
EN: The preposition 'with' is used here to indicate the instrument, tool, or means used to perform an action (supporting the claim).
She explained her theory with clear examples.
EN: In Western academic and professional writing, critical thinking and evidence-based argumentation are highly valued. Simply stating an opinion (a claim) is considered weak; a strong argument always requires logical reasoning and empirical evidence (data, studies, or facts) to be persuasive.
EN: The transition phrase 'For instance' is used to introduce a specific example that supports a previous statement. It is synonymous with 'for example' and is typically followed by a comma when starting a sentence.
For instance, regular exercise can improve your sleep quality.
EN: The modal verb 'can' is used here to express possibility or capability. It is followed by the base form of the verb ('prove').
This new evidence can change the outcome of the trial.
EN: In Western academic and professional communication, backing up claims with 'data' and concrete evidence is highly valued. Using phrases like 'For instance' to introduce statistical or factual support is a standard strategy to build logical credibility (logos).
EN: The modal verb 'may' is used to express possibility or to make a polite, non-assertive statement. In argumentative writing, 'Some may argue...' is a common hedging device used to introduce a counterargument without stating it as an absolute fact.
We may need to revise our strategy if the market changes.
EN: The conjunction 'that' introduces a noun clause functioning as the direct object of the verb 'argue'. The noun clause 'the cost is too high' contains its own subject (the cost) and verb (is).
She believes that honesty is the best policy.
EN: In Western academic and professional writing, introducing a counterargument (using phrases like 'Some may argue that...') before refuting it is a standard rhetorical strategy. It demonstrates that the writer has considered multiple perspectives, making their overall argument more balanced and persuasive.
EN: The transition word 'However' is a conjunctive adverb used to introduce a contrast or contradiction to a previous statement. It is typically followed by a comma when starting a sentence.
However, the team decided to proceed with the original plan.
EN: The verb 'answer' is used here in the sense of 'to address or resolve a difficulty or objection'. It is followed by the prepositional phrase 'with [something]' to indicate the means or tool used to resolve the issue.
She answered their doubts with a brilliant presentation.
EN: In English academic writing and formal debate, addressing counterarguments ('concerns') with empirical evidence ('facts') rather than emotional appeals is highly valued. The transition 'However' is a standard way to introduce a logical rebuttal.
EN: The use of the singular noun 'writer' with the indefinite article 'a' (A fair writer) is used here to make a generalization, representing any typical member of that class.
A good teacher listens to students.
EN: The adverb 'too' is used at the end of a sentence to mean 'also' or 'in addition', adding emphasis to the inclusion of the preceding action.
She wants to join the discussion too.
EN: In Western academic and argumentative writing, acknowledging the opposing view (often called a 'counterargument' or 'concession') is highly valued. It is not seen as a weakness, but rather as a sign of intellectual honesty, thorough research, and balanced thinking, which ultimately makes the writer's own argument stronger.
EN: The phrase 'on balance' is a transitional adverbial phrase used to indicate that you are expressing an opinion or making a decision after considering all the facts, advantages, and disadvantages of a situation.
On balance, I think we made the right decision to move.
EN: The transitive verb 'outweigh' means to be greater or more significant than something else. It is commonly used in comparative contexts, especially when comparing abstract concepts like 'benefits' and 'risks'.
The advantages of this new technology outweigh the disadvantages.
EN: In academic, professional, and debate contexts, 'On balance' is a highly valued transition. It signals to the audience that the speaker is not biased, but has carefully evaluated both sides of an issue before arriving at a rational conclusion.
EN: The relative clause '(that) we cannot support' modifies the noun 'claims'. In English, the relative pronoun 'that' or 'which' can be omitted when it functions as the object of the relative clause.
This is the book I bought yesterday.
EN: The modal verb 'must' is used to express strong obligation or necessity. It is followed by the base form of the verb ('avoid').
We must submit the report by Friday.
EN: In academic and professional English, making 'unsupported claims' is highly discouraged. Strong argumentation relies on empirical evidence, data, and logical reasoning rather than mere personal opinion.
EN: The simple present tense is used here to state a general truth, fact, or definition. In this sentence, 'restates' is in the third-person singular form (ending in -s) to agree with the singular subject 'A good conclusion'.
A strong introduction captures the reader's attention.
EN: The transitive verb 'restate' means to state something again or in a new way, especially more clearly or convincingly. It directly takes a noun phrase ('the main point') as its direct object.
You should restate your thesis in the final paragraph.
EN: In Western academic and professional writing, clarity and structure are highly valued. A standard essay or argument structure emphasizes starting with a clear thesis (claim) and ending with a conclusion that restates this thesis in a new way, reinforcing the writer's main argument before finishing.
EN: The structure 'A, not B,' is used as a parenthetical contrast to emphasize that the first element (A) is the correct or intended subject/object, while the second element (B) is excluded. It is often set off by commas.
Action, not words, is what we need right now.
EN: The modal verb 'should' is used here to express a strong recommendation, expectation, or a moral/logical necessity of what is right or ideal.
Facts should guide our decision-making process.
EN: In Western academic and professional debate culture, there is a strong emphasis on rationalism and empirical evidence over emotional appeals (pathos). While emotional resonance is acknowledged in rhetoric, logical reasoning (logos) is traditionally considered the gold standard for winning formal arguments.
EN: The conjunctive adverb 'therefore' is used to introduce a logical result or conclusion based on previously stated information. It is often placed at the beginning of a sentence, followed by a comma.
The weather was terrible; therefore, the match was canceled.
EN: The modal verb 'should' is used to express recommendation, advice, or obligation. It is followed by the base form of the verb (in this case, 'plan').
We should study hard for the upcoming exam.
EN: In English academic writing and formal debates, structuring an argument logically is highly valued. Using transition words like 'therefore' and organizing thoughts ('plan our reasons first') reflects the Western rhetorical emphasis on linear logic, clarity, and evidence-based persuasion.
EN: The phrase 'In the end' is a transitional idiom used to introduce a final result, conclusion, or ultimate truth after considering all facts.
In the end, hard work always pays off.
EN: The verb 'make' is used here as a causative verb in the pattern 'make + object + adjective' (make us convincing), which means to cause someone or something to be in a certain state.
Her warm smile makes everyone comfortable.
EN: In Western academic and professional communication, relying on 'clear logic' and objective evidence is highly valued over emotional appeals. This sentence reflects the cultural emphasis on rational debate and structured argumentation.
EN: The passive voice is used here ('is built') to focus on the action being done to the subject ('a good argument') rather than who is doing it. It is formed with the auxiliary verb 'be' followed by the past participle of the main verb.
A strong house is built with high-quality materials.
EN: The preposition 'like' is used to make a comparison, meaning 'similar to' or 'in the same way as'. It connects the verb phrase to a noun phrase ('a careful structure') to create a simile.
EN: In Western academic and professional contexts, a 'good argument' is highly valued and is expected to be logical, objective, and well-structured, rather than based purely on emotion. The metaphor of a 'structure' emphasizes that writing or debating requires planning and a solid foundation, much like architecture.
EN: Imperative sentences are used to give orders, instructions, or advice. They start with the base form of the verb (infinitive without 'to') and the subject 'you' is understood but omitted.
Write your name at the top of the page.
EN: Adverbs of sequence, such as 'First', 'Then', or 'Finally', are used to show the order of steps in a process. They are typically placed at the beginning of a sentence and followed by a comma.
First, preheat the oven to 180 degrees.
EN: In Western academic and professional writing, directness is highly valued. Starting an argument with a single, clear, and explicit thesis statement (or 'claim') is a standard expectation that helps the reader follow the writer's logic immediately.
EN: Imperative sentences are used to give orders, instructions, or advice. They start directly with the base form of the verb (here, 'support'), omitting the subject 'you' because it is understood.
Always check your work before submitting it.
EN: The preposition 'with' is used here to indicate the instrument, tool, or means used to perform an action. In this context, 'solid facts and real examples' are the means used to 'support' the claim.
He painted the wall with a large brush.
EN: The transition phrase 'For instance' is used as a sentence connector to introduce an example. It is grammatically equivalent to 'For example' and is typically followed by a comma and a complete independent clause.
For instance, regular exercise can improve your sleep quality.
EN: The modal verb 'can' is used here to express possibility or capability. It is followed by the base form of the main verb 'prove'.
EN: In Western academic and professional discourse, presenting empirical evidence such as 'numbers' (data) or 'studies' is highly valued and considered the most persuasive way to support an argument, as opposed to relying solely on personal opinion or emotion.
EN: The adverb 'also' is used to add new information. In a sentence with a simple present tense verb, 'also' is typically placed before the main verb (e.g., 'also admits').
She also plays the piano.
EN: The simple present tense is used here to state a general truth or characteristic of a 'fair writer'. Since 'a fair writer' is a singular third-person subject, the verb 'admit' takes the '-s' ending ('admits').
A good teacher always listens to students.
EN: In Western academic and argumentative writing, acknowledging the opposing view (often called a 'counterargument' or 'concession') is highly valued. It shows intellectual honesty and critical thinking, which actually strengthens the writer's overall credibility rather than weakening their argument.
EN: The modal verb 'may' is used to express possibility or to introduce a concession in an argument. It is often followed by a base verb (here, 'argue') to show that while something is possible, it is not a certainty.
Some may think that the project is too difficult to complete.
EN: The conjunction 'that' introduces a noun clause functioning as the direct object of the verb 'argue'. The clause 'change is too costly or slow' contains the complete thought being argued.
She argued that we need more time to prepare.
EN: The modal verb 'can' is used here to express capability or possibility in the present or future. It is followed by the base form of the verb 'answer'.
You can solve this problem with patience.
EN: The preposition 'with' is used to indicate the instrument, tool, or means used to perform an action. In this case, 'strong evidence' is the means used to 'answer these concerns'.
She convinced the committee with clear facts.
EN: In Western academic and professional writing, addressing potential counterarguments (concerns) with empirical data or 'strong evidence' is a crucial aspect of critical thinking and persuasive communication. It shows that the writer has considered multiple perspectives rather than just presenting a one-sided opinion.
EN: The phrase 'weigh A against B' is a common idiomatic expression meaning to compare two opposing factors (such as advantages and disadvantages) carefully before making a decision.
We must weigh the costs against the potential benefits of the project.
EN: Imperative sentences are used to give orders, advice, or instructions. They begin directly with the base form of the verb (here, 'weigh'), as the subject 'you' is implied.
Think carefully before you make a final decision.
EN: The phrase 'on balance' is commonly used in formal discussions, essays, and debates in English-speaking cultures. It signals that the speaker has considered all sides of an issue and is about to deliver a fair, reasoned conclusion.
EN: An imperative sentence is used to give commands, advice, or instructions. It begins with the base form of the verb (here, 'Avoid') and the subject 'you' is implied but omitted.
Keep your explanations simple and clear.
EN: The relative clause 'that you cannot fully support' modifies the noun phrase 'weak claims'. The relative pronoun 'that' acts as the direct object of the verb 'support' within the clause.
Choose arguments that you can easily defend.
EN: In academic and professional English writing or debating, making 'unsupported claims' is considered a major logical flaw. Writers are expected to maintain credibility by only asserting what they can back up with evidence.
EN: An imperative sentence is used to give commands, instructions, or advice. It begins directly with the base form of the verb (here, 'End'), and the subject 'you' is implied.
Start your essay with an engaging hook.
EN: A relative clause (adjective clause) is used to modify a noun. In this sentence, 'that restates your main idea' is a defining relative clause modifying 'conclusion'. 'That' acts as the subject relative pronoun.
Read the book that explains this theory.
EN: In English academic writing and public speaking, a strong conclusion is expected to restate the thesis statement (main idea) using different words (paraphrasing) rather than repeating it verbatim. This demonstrates vocabulary range and reinforces the argument effectively.
EN: The sentence uses an imperative structure ('Remember that...') to give a strong recommendation or piece of advice. The verb 'Remember' is in its base form, and the subject 'you' is implied.
Remember that practice makes perfect.
EN: The parenthetical insertion 'not emotion' is used for contrast. It is placed between the subject 'logic' and the verb phrase 'should lead the way' to emphasize what should not be the guiding factor.
Action, not words, will solve this problem.
EN: In Western academic and professional discourse, particularly in debates and argumentative writing, there is a strong cultural emphasis on 'logos' (logic and reason) over 'pathos' (emotional appeal). While emotional connection is valued in storytelling, objective evidence and logical structure are considered the gold standard for convincing an audience.
EN: The phrase 'in the end' is a transitional adverbial phrase used to introduce a final result, conclusion, or ultimate truth after considering all facts.
In the end, hard work always pays off.
EN: The verb 'help' can be followed by an object and a bare infinitive (verb without 'to'). The structure is 'help + object + verb (base form)'.
This map helps us find the way home.
EN: In Western academic and professional communication, 'thinking with someone' implies alignment, mutual understanding, and intellectual empathy, rather than just passive agreement. A 'clear argument' is highly valued as a sign of respect for the audience's time and intellect.
EN: The use of 'How do you + verb' is a common question pattern used to ask about the method, process, or instructions for doing something. 'Do' acts as an auxiliary (helping) verb to form the question in the simple present tense.
How do you solve this math problem?
EN: Direct address (vocative) involves calling someone by their name (e.g., 'Emma') to get their attention. In writing, a comma is always used to separate the name from the rest of the sentence, regardless of whether it appears at the beginning, middle, or end.
Where are you going, John?
EN: In Western academic and professional settings, 'building an argument' is a highly valued skill. It emphasizes logical reasoning and evidence over personal emotion. Addressing colleagues or classmates directly by their first name (like 'Emma') is standard practice and fosters an egalitarian, collaborative atmosphere.
EN: The use of transition words (such as 'First') at the beginning of a sentence to establish chronological order or sequence in an argument. These are typically followed by a comma.
First, we need to gather all the relevant data.
EN: The simple present tense is used here to describe a habitual action, a structured process, or a general truth in writing and debating.
She always writes her introduction last.
EN: In Western academic writing and debating, starting with a 'clear claim' (often called a thesis statement) is a fundamental expectation. It reflects a linear communication style where the main point is stated directly at the beginning, rather than being built up to gradually.
EN: The adverb 'then' is used as a transition word at the beginning of a sentence to indicate sequence or the next step in a process.
First, we identify the problem. Then, we find a solution.
EN: The prepositional phrase 'with...' is used here to indicate the instrument or means used to perform an action (supporting the claim).
She explained her theory with clear diagrams.
EN: In Western academic and professional writing, presenting a claim (thesis) and immediately supporting it with objective evidence (facts, statistics, examples) is the standard structure of persuasive communication.
EN: The transition phrase 'For instance' is used to introduce a specific example that supports a previous statement. It is grammatically set off from the rest of the sentence with a comma and is synonymous with 'For example'.
For instance, regular exercise can improve your sleep quality.
EN: The simple present tense (subject + base verb) is used here to describe a habitual action or a standard procedure in the speaker's writing or arguing process.
I always check the source before I share an article.
EN: In academic and professional English communication, citing a 'trusted study' or empirical evidence is highly valued. It shifts the argument from personal opinion to objective fact, which is a cornerstone of critical thinking and persuasive writing in Western education.
EN: The modal verb 'may' is used to express possibility or to make a concession in an argument. It suggests that while something is possible, it is not a certainty.
She may join us for dinner later.
EN: The verb 'argue' can take a noun clause as its direct object. In this sentence, the conjunction 'that' is omitted before 'the cost is too high', which is common in informal or spoken English.
They argue that the plan is too risky.
EN: In English academic writing and formal debates, starting a sentence with 'Some may argue...' is a standard way to introduce a counterargument (concession) before refuting it. It shows that the speaker has considered multiple perspectives, which strengthens their overall argument.
EN: The adverb 'however' is a conjunctive adverb used to introduce a contrast or contradiction to a previous statement. It is typically followed by a comma when placed at the beginning of a sentence.
However, we must consider the budget constraints.
EN: The verb 'answer' is used here with the prepositional phrase 'with [something]' to indicate the means or tool used to address or counter a specific argument or concern.
EN: In English academic and professional debates, using 'However' to introduce counter-arguments followed by 'strong evidence' is a standard rhetorical strategy. It shows intellectual honesty by addressing opposing views directly rather than ignoring them.
EN: The verb 'admit' is used here as a transitive verb meaning to acknowledge or accept that something is true. It is directly followed by the noun phrase 'the other side' as its direct object.
He admitted his mistake after seeing the evidence.
EN: The infinitive phrase 'to stay fair' acts as an adverbial of purpose, explaining 'why' the speaker admits the other side. 'Stay' is a linking verb here, followed by the adjective 'fair' as a subject complement.
We need to listen carefully to stay informed.
EN: In Western academic and professional debate culture, acknowledging the opposing view ('the other side') is highly valued. It is not seen as weakness, but rather as a sign of intellectual honesty, critical thinking, and fairness, which ultimately makes one's own argument stronger.
EN: The transitional phrase 'on balance' is used to introduce a conclusion after considering all the facts or opinions. It functions as a sentence adverbial, modifying the entire clause.
On balance, the project was a great success despite the initial delays.
EN: The transitive verb 'outweigh' means to be greater or more significant than something else. It is commonly used in argumentative contexts to compare opposing concepts like 'benefits' and 'risks'.
The advantages of living in the city outweigh the disadvantages.
EN: In English academic writing and formal debates, 'on balance' is a highly valued transition. It signals to the audience that the speaker is not biased and has carefully weighed both sides of the argument before reaching a rational conclusion.
EN: The preposition 'by' followed by a gerund (verb-ing) is used to express the method or means of achieving an action. It answers the question 'how' something is done.
She improved her English by watching movies.
EN: The verb 'end' can be used as an intransitive verb meaning to finish or conclude. When followed by 'by doing something', it specifies the final action of a process.
We ended the meeting by thanking everyone for their time.
EN: Imperative Sentence: An imperative sentence is used to give a direct command, request, or instruction. In this structure, the subject 'you' is omitted, and the sentence begins directly with the base form of the verb (e.g., 'State').
Present your findings with clear charts.
EN: Contrastive Conjunction 'not just': This phrase is used to contrast two elements, emphasizing that while the second element ('feeling') may exist or be common, the first element ('logic') is the primary or more important one required.
Focus on the facts, not just opinions.
EN: In Western academic and professional communication, particularly in debates and essays, there is a strong cultural emphasis on 'logos' (logic and reasoning) over 'pathos' (emotional appeal). While emotion is recognized, a strong argument is expected to be anchored in objective facts and logical structure.
Key vocabulary words with IPA pronunciation, definitions, example sentences, and interactive quizzes.
Phrases with type tags, bilingual definitions, usage notes, and example sentences.
after considering all the relevant facts or information
as an example
a perspective or opinion that is contrary to the one being argued
finally, after a period of time or thought