EN： The conjunction 'as' is used here to indicate a temporal and circumstantial relationship, equivalent to 'at the same time that' or 'in the context of'. It introduces a subordinate clause setting the background scene for the main clause.
中文： 從屬連接詞「as」在此處引導時間與背景狀語從句，相當於「隨著……」或「當……之際」，用來交代主句事件發生的背景情境與脈絡。
As world leaders arrived for the economic forum, public anxiety over inflation reached a new high.
隨著各國領導人抵達經濟論壇，大眾對通貨膨脹的焦慮達到了新高點。
EN： The present perfect passive construction 'have rarely been so [adjective]' uses the frequency adverb 'rarely' between the auxiliary and the past participle to emphasize historical rarity or an unprecedented degree of a state up to the present moment.
中文： 現在完成式結構「have rarely been so + 形容詞」將頻率副詞「rarely」（鮮少、罕見）置於助動詞 have 與過去分詞 been 之間，用以強調自過去至今某種狀態的罕見程度或近乎前所未有的低迷/高漲。
Investor confidence in the tech sector has rarely been so volatile.
投資人對科技產業的信心鮮少如此動盪不安。
EN： COP stands for 'Conference of the Parties' under UN environmental conventions. While COP is often associated in public media with climate change summits (e.g., COP28 in Dubai), there are separate COPs for the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). Here, COP17 refers specifically to the biodiversity treaty meeting, distinct from the climate framework.
中文： COP 代表聯合國環境公約體系下的「締約方大會」（Conference of the Parties）。大眾媒體常報導與氣候變遷相關的 COP（例如在杜拜舉辦的 COP28），但聯合國《生物多樣性公約》（CBD）同樣有自己的締約方大會。此處的 COP17 專指生物多樣性領域的高峰會，與氣候變化峰會屬於不同框架。
EN： The nominal relative pronoun 'what' introduces a free relative clause (fused relative construction) acting as the direct object of the transitive verb 'struck'. In this structure, 'what' functions simultaneously as both the antecedent and the relative pronoun (equivalent to 'that which' or 'the thing that').
中文： 名詞性關係代名詞「what」引導名詞子句（融合關係子句），在此作為及物動詞「struck」的直接受詞。「what」在此身兼先行詞與關係代名詞之雙重功能，相當於「that which」或「the thing that」。
The committee approved what was described as an unprecedented stimulus package.
委員會批准了一項被形容為史無前例的經濟刺激方案。
EN： The collocation 'strike an agreement/deal' uses the past form 'struck' to express formal consensus or treaty formation. The passive construction 'was hailed as' conveys collective, public recognition or praise by external observers.
中文： 動詞搭配「strike an agreement/deal」（過去式為 struck）意為「達成協議或交易」，常見於正式政治或商業語境；搭配被動語態「was hailed as」（被讚譽為……），表達外界對該協議的高度評價。
Diplomats finally struck a compromise after days of contentious debate.
外交官們在經過數天激烈的辯論後，終於達成了妥協。
EN： The infinitive clause 'to halt the destruction...' functions as an adjectival post-modifier specifying the intended purpose, scope, or mandate of the noun 'agreement'.
中文： 不定詞片語「to halt the destruction...」在此作形容詞後位修飾語，用來明確說明名詞「agreement」（協議）的宗旨、目標或規範範圍。
World leaders signed a pledge to reduce methane emissions significantly by 2030.
世界各國領導人簽署了一項承諾，旨在於 2030 年前大幅減少甲烷排放。
EN： This refers to the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework adopted in December 2022 at COP15. It is widely considered the biodiversity equivalent of the 2015 Paris Agreement for climate change, famous for the '30x30' pledge (protecting 30% of the world's land and sea by 2030).
中文： 此處指 2022 年 12 月在 COP15 通過的《昆明-蒙特婁全球生物多樣性框架》。該框架被公認為生物多樣性領域的「巴黎協定」，其中最著名的承諾為「30x30」目標，即在 2030 年前保護地球 30% 的陸地與海洋。
EN： The verb 'pledge' is followed by a to-infinitive complement ('pledged to protect...'). In a coordinated structure with multiple non-finite verbs sharing the same infinitive marker, the marker 'to' is typically expressed before the first verb ('to protect') and omitted (ellipsed) before subsequent parallel verbs ('restore', 'and tackle') for stylistic conciseness and balance.
中文： 動詞「pledge」（承諾、發誓）後接不定詞補語（pledged to protect...）。當多個動詞形成並列平行結構時，不定詞符號「to」通常只需出現在第一個動詞前（to protect），其後的並列動詞（restore 與 tackle）習慣省略「to」，以維持句型平衡與簡潔度。
The coalition vowed to reduce carbon emissions, transition toward renewable energy, and phase out fossil fuels entirely.
該聯盟誓言要減少碳排放、向再生能源轉型，並徹底淘汰化石燃料。
EN： Hyphenated compound modifiers (such as '23-point' and 'environmentally damaging') serve distinct syntactical functions. '23-point' uses a cardinal number combined with a singular count noun as a prenominal adjective (never pluralized, e.g., not *23-points deal*). Meanwhile, 'environmentally damaging' illustrates an adverb-participle compound modifier, where an '-ly' adverb modifies a present participle acting adjectivally.
中文： 連字號複合修飾語（如「23-point」與「environmentally damaging」）各自具有規範用法：「23-point」是由基數詞加上單數可數名詞組成的名詞前置修飾語（絕不能使用複數，不可作 *23-points deal*）；而「environmentally damaging」則是由副詞（-ly）修飾現在分詞所構成的複合形容詞，修飾隨後的名詞 subsidies。
The 10-year project involves technologically advanced solutions to combat soil erosion.
這項為期十年的計畫採用了技術先進的解決方案來對抗土壤流失。
EN： This sentence outlines the core pillars of the landmark 'Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework' adopted at COP15 in 2022. The goal to protect 30% of land and sea by 2030 is widely known in international environmental diplomacy as the '30x30 target'. Additionally, identifying and redirecting environmentally harmful government subsidies (such as those for fossil fuels, intensive agriculture, and overfishing) represents one of the most contentious economic battles in global conservation policy.
中文： 本句概括了 2022 年 COP15 通過的里程碑協議《昆明—蒙特婁全球生物多樣性框架》的核心支柱。其中「在 2030 年前保護全球 30% 陸地與海洋」的目標，在國際外交上被廣泛稱為「30x30 目標」。此外，改革並削減對環境有害的政府補貼（如對化石燃料、集約化農業與過度捕撈的財政補貼），是全球生態保育談判中最具爭議且棘手的經濟議題。
EN： The absolute structure 'with + noun phrase + participle (-ing / -ed)' is used to add supplementary circumstances, background information, or attendant details to the main clause. Here, 'with the United States and the Vatican standing...' acts as an adverbial adjunct providing a qualifying contrast.
中文： 「with + 名詞片語 + 現在分詞／過去分詞」所構成的獨立複合結構，常用於為主要子句增添伴隨情境、背景資訊或補充說明。在本句中，「with the United States and the Vatican standing...」作為狀語修飾語，補充指出例外情況。
All the participants approved the resolution, with several delegates raising minor concerns about the timeline.
所有與會者均贊同該決議，其中有幾位代表對時間表提出了些許疑慮。
EN： The verb 'stand as' is an intransitive, copula-like expression meaning 'to be' or 'to act as', emphasizing status, role, or symbolic position. It elevates the register from everyday verbs like 'be' or 'remain' to formal journalistic or academic prose.
中文： 動詞片語「stand as」具有類似連綴動詞的功能，意為「作為……存在」或「處於……的地位」，用以突顯某種身分、角色或象徵意義。相較於常見的「be」或「remain」，此用法屬於更具正式感的書面與新聞語體。
The ancient cathedral stands as a testament to the city's architectural resilience.
這座古老大教堂成了這座城市建築韌性的見證。
EN： Under the UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the United States is uniquely isolated among major powers: although President Bill Clinton signed the treaty in 1993, the US Senate never ratified it due to sovereignty and intellectual property concerns. The Holy See (the Vatican) is a permanent observer state to the UN and typically does not become a party to technical multilateral environmental treaties, hence both remaining the sole non-parties to global biodiversity targets.
中文： 在聯合國《生物多樣性公約》（CBD）體系下，美國在大國中處於極罕見的孤立狀態：儘管柯林頓總統曾於1993年簽署該條約，但美國參議院因主權及智慧財產權等政治考量始終未予批准。梵蒂岡（聖座）在聯合國則具常駐觀察員地位，慣例上不加入純技術性的多邊環境條約，因此兩國成為全球生物多樣性目標架構中僅有的未締約方。
EN： Negative inversion occurs when a sentence begins with a negative or restrictive adverbial phrase such as 'Never before', triggering subject-auxiliary inversion ('had governments met' instead of 'governments had met'). This structure creates dramatic emphasis and is typical of formal, journalistic, or literary registers.
中文： 否定倒裝句：當句子開頭為否定或限制性副詞片語（如「Never before」）時，主詞與助動詞必須倒裝（即「had governments met」，而非正常語序的「governments had met」）。此結構常用於正式書面語、新聞報導或文學作品中，以增強語氣與戲劇性張力。
Rarely had the committee faced such fierce opposition from the public.
該委員會鮮少面臨過來自公眾如此激烈的反對。
EN： The past perfect tense ('had made') is used within a content clause following 'hoped' (backshifted past tense) to indicate an event or transformation that was perceived to have occurred prior to, or led up to, the point of hoping.
中文： 過去完成式搭配賓語子句：在過去式動詞「hoped」之後的名詞子句中，使用過去完成式「had made」，表示在「希望」的這個時間點之前，疫情就已經促成了某種實質的改變或轉機，突顯時間上的先後關係。
Analysts hoped the new policy had resolved the underlying market volatility.
分析師們曾希望這項新政策已經解決了潛在的市場波動問題。
EN： The causative structure 'make + object + adjective' ('made this attempt genuinely different') expresses causing an object to be in a particular state, where 'genuinely' functions as an adverb modifying the predicative adjective 'different'.
中文： 致使結構「make + 受詞 + 形容詞」（made this attempt genuinely different）：表示「使某事物處於某種狀態」。「genuinely」（真正地）作為副詞，在此修飾受詞補語形容詞「different」（不同的）。
Technological advancements have made renewable energy economically viable.
技術的進步使再生能源在經濟上變得切實可行。
EN： In international environmental diplomacy, 'self-imposed targets' refer to voluntary pledges nations make (such as the 2010 Aichi Biodiversity Targets, none of which were fully met globally). The reference to the Covid-19 pandemic highlights a widespread sentiment in 2020–2022 that the global health crisis, widely linked to human encroachment on natural habitats, would serve as a transformative wake-up call for planetary conservation.
中文： 在國際環境外交中，「自行設定的目標」（self-imposed targets）通常指各國自願承諾的保護指標（例如 2010 年的「愛知生物多樣性目標」，全球無一項完全實現）。句中提及「Covid-19 疫情」，反映了 2020 至 2022 年間國際社會的廣泛思潮：人們認為這場與破壞自然棲息地息息相關的全球公衛危機，將成為迫使各國徹底改弦易轍、嚴肅對待生態保護的關鍵契機。
EN： The phrase 'fall short' is an idiomatic verb phrase meaning to fail to reach an expected standard or goal. Here, it is modified by the adverb 'considerably' (placed between the auxiliary and the adjective/particle or before short) and conjugated in the present perfect tense ('has fallen considerably short') to indicate an ongoing deficiency from a past point up to now.
中文： 「fall short」為慣用語動詞片語，意指「未達到預期標準或目標、遠遠不足」。在此句中，以副詞「considerably」（相當地、顯著地）修飾，並使用現在完成式「has fallen considerably short」，強調從過去某一特定時間點（COP15）延續至今行動依然不足的狀態。
The company's quarterly revenue has fallen considerably short of analyst projections.
該公司本季度的營收遠遠未達到分析師的預期。
EN： The participial phrase 'raising urgent questions...' functions as a non-finite adverbial clause of result or attendant circumstance, modifying the main clause. It indicates that the inadequacy of action naturally brings about serious doubts.
中文： 現在分詞片語「raising urgent questions...」作為伴隨狀語或結果狀語修飾主要子句，說明「行動遠遠不足」這一事實隨之帶來了迫切的質疑與討論。
The bridge collapsed during the storm, raising serious doubts about the quality of construction.
橋樑在暴風雨中坍塌，引發了對施工質量的嚴重質疑。
EN： The preposition 'about' introduces a noun clause headed by the conjunction 'whether' ('whether such global commitments... can ever be honoured'). This structure embeds an indirect question, exploring the feasibility of commitments being fulfilled, with 'ever' intensifying the skepticism.
中文： 介系詞「about」後面接由連名詞連接詞「whether」所引導的名詞子句（間接問句），探討「此類全球承諾是否能夠被兌現」。其中的「ever」作為副詞加強語氣，突顯懷疑與不確定性。
There is a heated debate about whether these ambitious emissions targets can ever be achieved.
關於這些雄心勃勃的減排目標究竟能否實現，目前存在著激烈的辯論。
EN： In international diplomacy and environmental governance, verbs like 'honour' (British spelling used in this text; US: 'honor') specifically mean to faithfully carry out or fulfill legal, moral, or treaty-based commitments. High-profile international agreements (such as the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework from COP15) often face skepticism because they lack binding enforcement mechanisms, frequently leading to critique that implementation 'falls short'.
中文： 在國際外交與環境治理領域，「honour」（本句採英式拼寫；美式為 honor）特指切實履行、兌現條約、協定或政治承諾。諸如 COP15 達成的昆明—蒙特婁全球生物多樣性架構等指標性協定，常因缺乏強制執行機制而受到質疑，國際媒體與非政府組織因而頻繁使用「fall short」（未達目標）來批評各國政府落實不力。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 代表，出席會議的代表人員
在本文中： 低調的、不抱太高期望的、被壓抑的
在本文中： 稱讚為、譽為
在本文中： 退化、品質降低（特別指生態環境惡化）
在本文中： 補貼款、津貼
在本文中： 正式認可、簽署支持（協定或架構）
在本文中： 自行設定的、自願承擔的
在本文中： 抑制、控制、約束
在本文中： 履行、兌現（承諾或協議）
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
To successfully negotiate and establish a formal deal or treaty
達成協議
To fail to reach the required or expected standard, amount, or goal
未達標準、不符合預期
The worldwide or local decline in the variety and abundance of plant and animal species and ecosystems
生物多樣性喪失