EN： The phrasal verb 'converge on/upon' means to move toward or meet at a common point from different places. It is followed by a prepositional phrase specifying the destination.
中文： 動詞片語「converge on/upon」意指「從四面八方聚集於某地」，其後接介系詞片語引導目的地，常用於描述人群、代表或資源齊聚一處。
Thousands of activists converged on the city center to protest against climate inaction.
數以千計的抗議者聚集在市中心，抗議對氣候問題的不作為。
EN： Apposition and Reduced Relative Clauses: 'an environmental summit intended to salvage...' serves as an appositive noun phrase identifying 'Cop17'. Within it, 'intended to' is a reduced past participial phrase functioning as an adjective modifying 'summit' (short for 'which is intended to').
中文： 同位語與過去分詞片語修飾：「an environmental summit...」作為名詞同位語，補充說明前方的「Cop17」；其後的「intended to salvage...」則是簡化自「which is intended to...」的過去分詞片語，作後位修飾語修飾「summit」。
They signed the treaty, an unprecedented agreement intended to curb maritime emissions.
他們簽署了該條約，這是一份旨在遏制海上碳排放的前所未有的協議。
EN： 'COP' stands for 'Conference of the Parties', the supreme decision-making body of conventions organized under the United Nations (such as the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change or the Convention on Biological Diversity). The number refers to the chronological meeting count (e.g., Cop17).
中文： 「COP」為「Conference of the Parties」（締約方大會）的縮寫，是聯合國相關國際公約（如氣候變化框架公約或生物多樣性公約）的最高決策機構。數字代表該公約召開的屆數，例如 Cop17 即為「第十七次締約方大會」。
EN： When a negative or restrictive correlative like 'Not only' begins a clause for rhetorical emphasis, subject-auxiliary inversion is required in that clause (here: 'are' precedes 'the targets set for 2030'). The second clause following 'but (also)' retains standard subject-verb order.
中文： 當帶有否定或限制意味的對稱連接詞「Not only」置於句首以加強語氣時，該子句必須採「主詞與助動詞/be動詞倒裝」（本句中 be 動詞 are 移至主詞 the targets set for 2030 之前）。但其後由 but (also) 引導的第二個子句則維持一般正常的「主詞＋動詞」語序。
Not only did the team complete the project ahead of schedule, but they also reduced overall costs by twenty percent.
該團隊不僅提前完成了專案，而且還降低了百分之二十的整體成本。
EN： The past participle phrase 'set for 2030' functions as a postpositive reduced relative clause modifying the noun 'targets' (short for 'which were set for 2030').
中文： 過去分詞片語「set for 2030」在此作後位修飾語，修飾名詞「targets」，是形容詞子句「which were set for 2030」省略關係代名詞與 be 動詞後的簡化形式。
The guidelines established by the committee must be strictly adhered to by all participants.
委員會所制定的準則必須由所有參與者嚴格遵守。
EN： The idiomatic phrase 'off course' means deviating from the intended path or schedule. Combined with the adverb 'badly', 'badly off course' indicates a severe discrepancy between planned progress and reality.
中文： 成語片語「off course」意指「偏離正軌」或「偏離預期進度」。加上副詞「badly」（嚴重地），「badly off course」表達實際進展與既定目標之間存在極大差距。
Without corrective measures, the economic reform plan is badly off course.
若不採取補救措施，該經濟改革計畫將嚴重脫軌。
EN： The reference to 'targets set for 2030' and 'nearly 200 nations' points directly to global environmental frameworks, particularly the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework adopted under the UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). Such UN treaties rely on consensus among nearly 200 signatory countries, making multilateral environmental negotiations notoriously slow and contentious.
中文： 句中提及的「針對 2030 年設定的目標」及「將近 200 個國家」，直接指涉聯合國《生物多樣性公約》（CBD）架構下所通過的「昆明—蒙特婁全球生物多樣性框架」。由於這類聯合國條約需近兩百個締約國達成共識才能推動決議，往往使多邊國際環境談判極具挑戰且充滿角力。
EN： The conjunction 'as' introduces simultaneous actions or background conditions, effectively meaning 'while' or 'in the context that'. Here, it links two parallel clauses ('budgets tighten' and 'leaders remain preoccupied...') explaining the challenging circumstances under which negotiations take place.
中文： 從屬連詞「as」在此引導伴隨狀況或背景條件子句，意思是「隨著……」或「在……的情況下」。此處「as」連接了兩個並列子句（「budgets tighten」與「leaders remain preoccupied...」），說明談判進行時所面臨的嚴峻國際局勢。
Talks stalled as geopolitical tensions intensified and domestic inflation soared.
隨著地緣政治緊張局勢加劇以及國內通膨飆升，會談陷入了停滯。
EN： The phrase 'complicating any coordinated international policy response' is a present participle clause (-ing form) functioning as a result modifier. It expresses the consequence of the entire preceding situation rather than referring back to a specific single noun.
中文： 現在分詞片語「complicating...」在此作為結果狀語（分詞構句），修飾前面整個主要子句所描述的整體情境，表示由前述多重負面因素所直接導致的後續結果，相當於「, which complicates...」。
Severe storms disrupted transport networks across the region, stranding thousands of commuters.
猛烈的暴風雨擾亂了全區的交通網絡，導致數千名通勤者滯留。
EN： The structure 'remain preoccupied with [noun]' uses the linking verb 'remain' followed by the participial adjective 'preoccupied' and the preposition 'with', indicating a continuous state of having one's attention completely absorbed by specific pressing matters.
中文： 句型「remain preoccupied with [名詞]」使用連繫動詞「remain」搭配分詞形容詞「preoccupied」及介系詞「with」，表示「持續全神貫注於某事／持續為某事所困擾」，強調注意力完全被緊迫問題所佔據的持續狀態。
European governments remain preoccupied with soaring living costs and supply chain disruptions.
歐洲各國政府仍然為飆升的生活成本和供應鏈中斷問題所困擾。
EN： In multilateral environmental diplomacy, international negotiations often compete directly with immediate domestic crises (such as inflation, energy shortages, and geopolitical conflicts). When domestic budgets contract and political capital is consumed by urgent crises, ambitious long-term environmental targets are typically sidelined or compromised.
中文： 在多邊環境外交中，長期性的國際協商往往直接面臨各國內部緊迫危機的競爭（例如物價通膨、能源短缺及地緣軍事衝突）。當各國財政預算緊縮、政治資本被眼前的抗爭或危機消耗殆盡時，雄心勃勃的全球環境與保育目標通常容易遭到擱置或妥協。
EN： The idiom 'a glimmer of hope' refers to a very small sign that something might improve or succeed. It is frequently paired with intransitive verbs like 'emerge', 'appear', or 'remain' to signal optimism in otherwise grim or difficult circumstances.
中文： 成語「a glimmer of hope」（一線希望）指的是情況可能好轉或成功的微小跡象。它常與不及物動詞（如 emerge、appear、remain）連用，用來在嚴峻或不利的情勢中表達一絲樂觀的轉折。
After weeks of deadlocked negotiations, a glimmer of hope emerged when both sides agreed to resume dialogue.
歷經數週僵持不下的談判後，雙方同意重啟對話，出現了一線希望。
EN： The non-restrictive relative clause introduced by 'when' ('when a Persian leopard... was sighted...') acts as a continuative relative clause modifying the temporal anchor ('a week before the talks'). This allows the narrative to introduce a pivotal new event seamlessly without starting a new sentence.
中文： 由「when」引導的非限定關係子句（「when a Persian leopard... was sighted...」）在此作為延續性關係子句，修飾前方的時間錨點（「a week before the talks」）。這種句構讓敘事能夠流暢地引出關鍵新事件，而無須另起新句。
The team was about to abandon the search, when a faint radio signal was detected from the valley.
搜救隊正打算放棄搜尋，這時突然從山谷中偵測到了微弱的無線電信號。
EN： The noun phrase 'one of Armenia's rarest animals' functions as an appositive set off by commas, directly identifying and providing background information about 'a Persian leopard'. Appositives are an efficient, concise journalistic technique to give readers critical context without bogging down the main clause.
中文： 名詞片語「one of Armenia's rarest animals」作為同位語，用逗號與主幹隔開，直接補充並界定「a Persian leopard」的身分與重要性。同位語是新聞英語中常見的緊湊修辭技巧，能在不打斷主句流暢度的情況下提供關鍵背景。
Dr. Aris Thorne, one of the world's leading climatologists, will deliver the keynote address.
全球頂尖的氣候學家之一阿里斯·索恩博士將發表主題演講。
EN： The Persian leopard (Panthera pardus tulliana/ciscaucasica), also known as the Caucasian leopard, is one of the world's most endangered big cats, with only a handful surviving in Armenia's rugged southern mountains. In conservation diplomacy, sightings of such critically endangered apex predators often serve as powerful 'flagship species' symbols, rallying public and governmental support just ahead of major environmental conferences.
中文： 波斯豹（又稱高加索豹）是世界上最瀕危的大型貓科動物之一，在亞美尼亞崎嶇的南部山區僅存極少數個體。在環境保育外交中，此類極度瀕危的頂級掠食者現蹤常被視為強大的「旗艦物種（flagship species）」象徵，往往能在重大環境會議前夕有效凝聚公眾與政府的關注與保護共識。
EN： The verb 'recall' can take a gerund (-ing form) directly as its object without a preposition ('recalled receiving...'), indicating the retrieval of a past action from memory.
中文： 動詞「recall」（回想、回憶）後方可直接接動名詞（V-ing）作受詞（如 recalled receiving...），用來表達憶起過去所經歷的具體行為或事件，無需加介系詞。
He recalled seeing the rare bird near the edge of the forest early that morning.
他回想起了那天清晨在森林邊緣看到那隻罕見鳥類的情景。
EN： The participle clause ', saying it had given her goosebumps' functions as a supplementary participial adverbial, modifying the main clause and indicating an accompanying action or subsequent remark made during the recollection.
中文： 句末由逗號引導的現在分詞子句「, saying...」作為伴隨狀語（participial clause），補充說明主詞在回憶此事的當下所發表的言論與情緒反應。
The scientist presented her findings to the committee, noting that immediate action was critical.
這位科學家向委員會展示了她的調查結果，並指出立即採取行動至關重要。
EN： The past perfect tense ('it had given') inside the reported clause indicates that the sensation of goosebumps occurred prior to the moment she spoke or recalled the event (past relative to a past reference time).
中文： 在間接引語中使用的過去完成式「had given」，代表「起雞皮疙瘩」這一強烈生理與情緒反應發生在休茲回憶（recalled）並說出這番話（saying）之前。
She admitted that the sudden confrontation had frightened her immensely.
她承認那場突如其來的衝突曾讓她感到無比恐懼。
EN： The idiom 'give someone goosebumps' refers to the involuntary physiological reaction (piloerection) caused by intense emotions such as fear, awe, excitement, or deep reverence. In conservation contexts, sighting an apex predator like the critically endangered Persian leopard in Armenia—where only a handful are believed to survive—evokes profound awe and emotional relief among local environmentalists.
中文： 成語「give someone goosebumps」（使某人起雞皮疙瘩）指因極度恐懼、激動、敬畏或感動而產生的自主生理反應。在保育領域中，極度瀕危的波斯豹在亞美尼亞野外僅剩極少數個體，因此目擊其蹤跡的消息往往帶給在地護林員與環保人士難以言喻的震撼與深切感動。
EN： The sentence begins with an elliptical participial clause ('Once widespread...'), which is a reduced form of 'Once [it was] widespread...'. This structures past state contrast succinctly against the present situation.
中文： 句首使用了省略狀語分詞子句（'Once widespread...'），為 'Once [it was] widespread...' 的簡化結構。這種句型常出現在書面語或新聞報導中，用以精煉地將過去的分佈狀態與現今的困境形成鮮明對比。
Once common in native woodlands, the red squirrel is now critically endangered.
紅松鼠曾常見於本土林地，如今卻已瀕臨滅絕。
EN： 'See' is used transitively with an inanimate subject ('the species has seen its range shrink...') to express experiencing a historical development or change over time. It is followed by a bare infinitive ('shrink') as an object complement.
中文： 動詞 'see' 在此處以無生命或非人類名詞為主詞（'the species has seen...'），用於表達某人或某事物經歷了某種歷時性的變化；後面接原形不定詞 'shrink' 作為受詞補語（感官動詞/經歷動詞結構：see + O + V）。
The coastal town has seen tourism decline in recent decades.
該沿海城鎮近幾十年來見證了旅遊業的衰落。
EN： 'making it...' is a participial clause of result, functioning adverbially to indicate the consequence of the entire preceding main clause. Within it, 'delegates must confront' is a contact clause (zero relative clause) modifying 'crisis'.
中文： 句末的 'making it...' 為現在分詞引導的結果狀語子句，修飾前述整個主要子句所產生的結果；其內部包含一個省略關係代名詞（which/that）的接觸子句（'delegates must confront'），後位修飾名詞 'ecological crisis'。
Heavy rains flooded the valley, making travel impossible for several days.
暴雨淹沒了山谷，使得出行在數日內變得不可能。
EN： The 'Persian leopard' mentioned in the context is a flagship species for conservation in the Caucasus and western Asia. In environmental journalism and diplomatic summits like Cop17, highlighting a specific charismatic, endangered animal serves as an emotional focal point to urge political action on broader biodiversity treaties.
中文： 上下文提及的「波斯豹」是高加索與西亞地區極具代表性的旗艦保育物種。在國際環境新聞與類似第十七次締約方大會的談判場合中，聚焦於某一標誌性瀕危物種，通常旨在凝聚公眾情感共鳴，並向各國談判代表施壓，促成具體生物多樣性協議的落實。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 齊聚，聚集於同一地點
在本文中： 挽救，拯救（陷入危機的事物）
在本文中： 生物多樣性
在本文中： 加速，促進
在本文中： （形勢、談判等）展開，進行
在本文中： 全神貫注的，心事重重的
在本文中： （希望等的）微光，一絲
在本文中： 正視，面對（困難或危機）
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
not following the intended or planned route or direction; failing to meet targets
偏離正軌；未按預期進展
a very small sign that something might improve or succeed
一絲希望
to cause someone to feel a sudden sensation of excitement, fear, or awe, raising small bumps on the skin
令人起雞皮疙瘩；令人激動或感動不已
an important and historic agreement that marks a significant turning point
具里程碑意義的協議