EN： The present perfect tense ('have/has + past participle') is used here with 'how long' to ask about the duration of an action that started in the past and continues up to the present moment.
中文： 現在完成式（have/has + 過去分詞）在此與「how long」連用，用來詢問一個從過去開始並持續到現在的動作所經歷的時間長度。
How long have you lived in this city?
你在這座城市住多久了？
EN： When playing musical instruments, the definite article 'the' is typically used before the name of the instrument (e.g., 'play the guitar', 'play the piano').
中文： 在英文中，當表示「彈奏某種樂器」時，樂器名稱前通常需要加上定冠詞「the」（例如：play the guitar 彈吉他、play the piano 彈鋼琴）。
He has been learning to play the piano since last year.
他從去年開始就在學習彈鋼琴了。
EN： In English-speaking cultures, asking about hobbies and how long someone has been practicing them (like playing an instrument) is a very common and polite way to make small talk and build rapport.
中文： 在英語系國家的文化中，詢問他人的興趣愛好以及他們學習或練習了多久（例如彈奏樂器），是一種非常常見且禮貌的社交閒聊（small talk）方式，有助於拉近彼此的距離。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle) is used here to describe an action that started in the past and continues up to the present moment.
中文： 現在完成式（have/has + 過去分詞）在此處用於描述一個從過去開始並一直持續到現在的動作或狀態。
I have lived in Taipei for five years.
我已經在台北住了五年了。
EN： The preposition 'for' is used with a period of time (e.g., 'about three years') to show the duration of an action or state.
中文： 介係詞「for」後面接一段時間（例如「大約三年」），用來表示某個動作或狀態持續的時間長度。
She has studied English for ten years.
她已經學英文十年了。
EN： The present perfect tense ('have/has + past participle') is used here to describe a state that started in the past and continues up to the present. The verb 'know' is a stative verb, which means it is not typically used in the continuous form.
中文： 現在完成式（have/has + 過去分詞）在此處用於描述一個從過去開始並持續到現在的狀態。動詞「know」（認識/知道) 是一個狀態動詞，通常不使用進行式。
I have known him for five years.
我已經認識他五年了。
EN： 'Since' is used as a conjunction to introduce a subordinate clause indicating the starting point of an action or state. The verb in the 'since' clause is typically in the simple past tense.
中文： 「since」作為連接詞，用來引導一個表示動作或狀態起點的時間副詞子句。since 子句中的動詞通常使用簡單過去式。
They have lived here since they got married.
他們自從結婚後就一直住在這。
EN： The present perfect tense ('have been') is used here to describe a state that started in the past and continues up to the present moment. In this sentence, 'have been friends' indicates that the friendship began in the past and they are still friends now.
中文： 現在完成式（have been）在此處用於描述一個從過去開始並持續到現在的狀態。在本句中，「have been friends」表示這段友誼始於過去，且他們現在依然是朋友。
We have been classmates since we entered junior high school.
自從我們上國中以來，我們就一直是同班同學。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'for a long time' is used with the present perfect tense to specify the duration of an ongoing state or action.
中文： 介系詞片語「for a long time」（好長一段時間）常與現在完成式連用，用來明確指出某個持續狀態或動作的時間長度。
They have lived in this city for a long time.
他們在這座城市已經住了很長一段時間。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle) is used here to describe an action that started in the past and continues up to the present. 'Have studied' indicates that the action of learning English began in the past and is still ongoing.
中文： 現在完成式（have/has + 過去分詞）在此處用於描述一個從過去開始並持續到現在的動作。「have studied」表示學習英文的動作始於過去，且目前仍在持續中。
I have lived in Taipei for five years.
我已經在台北住了五年。
EN： 'Since' is used as a preposition or conjunction to introduce the starting point of an action or state that continues to the present. It is typically followed by a specific point in time (e.g., 'since 2010') or a noun phrase representing a life stage (e.g., 'since elementary school').
中文： 「since」作為介係詞或連接詞，用來引導一個持續到現在的動作或狀態的「起點」。其後通常接一個特定的時間點（例如「since 2010」）或代表人生階段的名詞片語（例如「since elementary school」）。
She has been a vegetarian since high school.
她自從高中以來就一直茹素。
EN： In many English-speaking countries, 'elementary school' (or 'primary school') typically covers kindergarten through 5th or 6th grade (ages 5 to 11). Mentioning 'since elementary school' is a common way to emphasize that one has been doing something for a very long time, dating back to childhood.
中文： 在許多英語系國家，「elementary school」（或稱 primary school，即國民小學）通常涵蓋幼稚園到五年級或六年級（約 5 至 11 歲）。在口語中提到「since elementary school」是一種很常見的表達方式，用來強調某件事已經做了非常久，可以追溯到童年時期。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle) is used here to describe a state that started in the past and continues up to the present. It is often paired with 'since' to indicate the starting point of the action or state.
中文： 現在完成式（have/has + 過去分詞）在此處用於描述一個從過去開始並持續到現在的狀態。它經常與「since」（自從）連用，以指出該動作或狀態的起點。
I have lived in Taipei since 2015.
自從 2015 年以來，我一直住在台北。
EN： The conjunction 'since' is used to introduce a specific point in time in the past. It can be followed by a noun phrase (e.g., 'since last year') or a subordinate clause in the simple past tense (e.g., 'since I was born').
中文： 連接詞「since」用於引導過去的某個特定時間點。其後可接名詞片語（例如「since last year」）或一般過去式的從屬子句（例如「since I was born」）。
She has worked at this company since she graduated.
她自從畢業後就一直在這家公司工作。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (has/have + past participle) is used here to describe an action that started in the past and continues up to the present. The preposition 'for' is used to indicate the duration of this action.
中文： 現在完成式（has/have + 過去分詞）在此處用於描述一個從過去開始並持續到現在的動作。介係詞「for」用來表示該動作持續的時間長度。
Ryan has lived in this city for ten years.
萊恩已經在這個城市住了十年了。
EN： The present perfect tense ('have loved') is used here to describe a state that started in the past and continues up to the present moment. 'Love' is a stative verb, so it is used in the simple present perfect form rather than the continuous form.
中文： 現在完成式（have loved）在此處用於描述一個從過去開始並持續到現在的狀態。由於「love」（喜愛）是狀態動詞，因此使用現在完成簡單式，而非進行式。
I have loved music since I was a child.
我從小就一直很喜歡音樂。
EN： 'Since' is used as a preposition followed by a specific point in time in the past ('my first class') to indicate when the action or state began.
中文： 「since」在此作為介係詞，後面接一個過去的特定時間點（my first class，我的第一堂課），用來表示該動作或狀態開始的時間點。
She has worked here since 2020.
她自 2020 年起就在這裡工作了。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle) is used here to describe an action that started in the past and continues up to the present. In this sentence, 'have collected' indicates that the hobby of collecting stamps began in the past and is still ongoing.
中文： 現在完成式（have/has + 過去分詞）在此處用於描述一個從過去開始並持續到現在的動作。在本句中，「have collected」表示收集郵票的興趣始於過去，且目前仍在持續中。
I have lived in this city for five years.
我在這座城市已經住了五年了。
EN： The preposition 'since' is used to specify the starting point of an action or state that continues into the present. It is typically followed by a specific point in time (e.g., 'last summer', '2010') or a clause in the simple past tense.
中文： 介係詞「since」（自從）用於指定持續到現在的動作或狀態的「起點」。它後面通常接一個特定的時間點（例如「last summer」去年夏天、「2010」）或一個簡單過去式的子句。
She has worked here since 2020.
她自從 2020 年以來就在這裡工作。
EN： Stamp collecting (philately) is a classic hobby worldwide. In English-speaking countries, mentioning a hobby with the present perfect tense ('I have collected...') is a common way to share personal interests and invite further conversation about one's collection or experiences.
中文： 集郵（philately）是全球相當經典的嗜好。在英語系國家中，使用現在完成式（I have collected...）來提及自己的興趣，是一種非常常見的社交分享方式，通常能引導對方詢問更多關於收藏品或相關經驗的話題。
EN： The present perfect tense (have/has + past participle) is used here with 'yet' in a negative sentence to indicate that an action has not happened up to the present moment, but is expected to happen in the future.
中文： 現在完成式（have/has + 過去分詞）在此與 'yet'（還沒）連用，用於否定句中，表示某個動作到目前為止尚未發生，但預期在未來會發生。
I have not finished my homework yet.
我還沒有寫完我的作業。
EN： The adverb 'yet' is commonly placed at the very end of negative sentences or questions in the present perfect tense to emphasize expectation.
中文： 副詞 'yet' 通常放在現在完成式否定句或疑問句的句尾，用以強調對某事的預期心理。
Has the train arrived yet?
火車已經到了嗎？
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle) is used here to describe a state that started in the past and continues up to the present moment. The verb 'be' (been) indicates a state of being.
中文： 現在完成式（have/has + 過去分詞）在此處用於描述一個從過去開始並一直持續到現在的狀態。動詞「be」（been）表示一種存在或身分狀態。
We have been friends since we were children.
我們從事孩提時代起就一直是朋友。
EN： The preposition 'for' is used with a period of time (e.g., three years) to show duration, while 'now' is added at the end of the sentence to emphasize that this duration extends up to the current moment.
中文： 介係詞「for」與一段時間（例如：三年）連用以表示持續的時間長度，而句尾加上「now」則用以強調這個持續時間一直延伸到此時此刻。
They have lived in Paris for five years now.
他們到現在已經在巴黎住了五年了。
EN： The idiom 'time flies' is a common expression meaning that time seems to pass very quickly, especially when one is busy or having fun. It is often used with the conjunction 'when' to specify the circumstance.
中文： 成語「time flies」（時光飛逝）是一個常用的表達方式，意思是時間似乎過得非常快，特別是在忙碌或玩得開心的時候。它經常與連接詞「when」連用，以指定特定的情境。
Time flies when you are having a good conversation with friends.
和朋友愉快地聊天時，時間總是過得特別快。
EN： The phrase 'have fun' is used to describe enjoying oneself. The adverb 'so much' acts as an intensifier before the noun 'fun' to emphasize the high degree of enjoyment.
中文： 片語「have fun」用於描述盡情玩樂、享受其中。副詞「so much」在名詞「fun」之前作為加強語氣之用，以強調極高程度的樂趣。
We had so much fun at the amusement park yesterday.
我們昨天在遊樂園玩得非常開心。
EN： The phrase 'time flies' is a translation of the Latin proverb 'tempus fugit', which has been used in English literature for centuries to express the fleeting nature of time, especially during enjoyable moments.
中文： 「time flies」這個片語源自拉丁語諺語「tempus fugit」，在英文文學中已被使用數百年，用來表達時間的轉瞬即逝，特別是在享受美好時光的時候。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle) is used here to describe an action that started in the past and continues to the present. It is often paired with 'since' to indicate the starting point of the action.
中文： 現在完成式（have/has + 過去分詞）在此用於描述一個從過去開始並持續到現在的動作。它經常與「since」（自從）搭配使用，以表示該動作的起點。
I have lived in Taipei since 2015.
自從 2015 年以來，我一直住在台北。
EN： The conjunction 'since' can introduce a time clause (subject + verb in the simple past tense) to mark the specific point in time when the action in the main clause began.
中文： 從屬連接詞「since」可以引導一個時間副詞子句（主詞 + 簡單過去式動詞），用來標記主要子句動作開始的特定時間點。
She has studied English since she entered junior high school.
自從她上國中以來，她就一直學習英文。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (has/have + past participle) is used here to describe a state that started in the past and continues to the present. The preposition 'for' is used to specify the duration of this state.
中文： 現在完成式（has/have + 過去分詞）在此處用於描述一個從過去開始並持續到現在的狀態。介係詞「for」則用來指定該狀態持續的時間長度。
They have lived in this house for ten years.
他們在這棟房子裡已經住了十年了。
EN： The word 'family' is a collective noun. In American English, it is usually treated as a singular noun (taking the singular verb 'has'), focusing on the family as a single unit.
中文： 「family」（家庭/家人）是一個集合名詞。在美式英文中，它通常被視為單數名詞（使用單數動詞「has」），將家庭視為一個整體單位。
My family has a strong tradition of gathering on Sundays.
我的家人有在週日聚會的優良傳統。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle) is used here to describe an action that started in the past and continues up to the present. It is often paired with 'since' to indicate the starting point of the action.
中文： 現在完成式（have/has + 過去分詞）在此處用於描述一個從過去開始並持續到現在的動作。它經常與「since（自從）」連用，以指出該動作的起點。
I have lived in this city since I was a child.
自從我是個孩子起，我就一直住在這個城市。
EN： The conjunction 'since' introduces a subordinate clause indicating the starting point in time. The verb in the 'since' clause is typically in the Simple Past tense (e.g., 'was') because it refers to a specific point in the past.
中文： 連接詞「since」引導一個表示時間起點的從屬子句。在「since」子句中的動詞通常使用簡單過去式（例如「was」），因為它指的是過去的某個特定時間點。
She has played the piano since she entered elementary school.
自從她上小學以來，她就一直彈鋼琴。
EN： The present perfect tense ('have + past participle') is used here to describe a state that started in the past and continues up to the present. The verb 'know' is a stative verb, which is not typically used in the continuous form.
中文： 現在完成式（have + 過去分詞）在此處用於描述一個從過去開始並持續到現在的狀態。動詞「know」（認識/知道) 是一個狀態動詞，通常不使用進行式。
I have known Hana since we were children.
我自從我們是孩提時期就認識哈娜了。
EN： The preposition 'for' is used with a duration of time (e.g., 'for my whole life', 'for ten years') to show how long a state or action has lasted.
中文： 介係詞「for」與一段時間（例如：「for my whole life」我的一生、「for ten years」十年）連用，用來表示某個狀態或動作持續了多久。
They have lived in this town for five years.
他們在這個小鎮已經住了五年了。
EN： In close-knit communities or small towns, it is common for people to know their neighbors for their entire lives. This sentence reflects a sense of deep community connection and stability that is highly valued in traditional neighborhood cultures.
中文： 在關係緊密的社區或小鎮中，人們一輩子都認識鄰居是很常見的。這句話反映了傳統鄰里文化中非常看重的深厚社區連結與穩定感。
EN： The present perfect tense (has/have + past participle) is used here to describe a state that started in the past and continues to the present. It is often paired with 'since' to indicate the starting point of the state.
中文： 現在完成式（has/have + 過去分詞）在此處用於描述一個從過去開始並持續到現在的狀態。它經常與「since」（自從）搭配，以指出該狀態的起點。
We have been classmates since junior high school.
我們自從國中開始就是同班同學了。
EN： The adjective 'close' is used with the preposition 'to' to describe a relationship of intimacy or strong friendship between people.
中文： 形容詞「close」（親近的）與介係詞「to」連用，用來描述人與人之間親密或深厚的友誼關係。
Sarah is very close to her sister.
莎拉和她的姐姐關係非常親近。
EN： In many English-speaking countries, 'kindergarten' is the first official year of schooling (usually around age 5 or 6) before first grade. Friendships that last 'since kindergarten' are highly cherished as lifelong bonds.
中文： 在許多英語系國家，「kindergarten」（幼稚園）是進入小學一年級前的一年正式教育（通常在5或6歲左右）。自「幼稚園」就開始的友誼被視為非常珍貴的終生摯友關係。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle) is used here to describe an action or state that started in the past and continues up to the present. The preposition 'for' is used to indicate the duration of this state.
中文： 現在完成式（have/has + 過去分詞）在此處用於描述一個從過去開始並持續到現在的動作或狀態。介係詞「for」則用來表示該狀態持續的時間長度。
We have lived in this city for ten years.
我們在這個城市已經住了十年了。
EN： The coordinating conjunction 'and' is used to connect two noun phrases ('our secrets' and 'dreams') that function together as the compound direct object of the verb 'shared'.
中文： 對等連接詞「and」用於連接兩個名詞片語（「our secrets」與「dreams」），它們共同擔任動詞「shared」的複合直接受格。
She loves reading books and writing stories.
她熱愛閱讀書籍和寫故事。
EN： The present perfect tense ('have studied') is used with 'since' to describe an action that started in the past and continues up to the present. 'Since' introduces the specific starting point in the past, which is often expressed using a clause in the simple past tense ('started').
中文： 現在完成式（have studied）與 since 連用，用來描述一個從過去開始並持續到現在的動作。since 引導過去的特定起點，該起點通常使用簡單過去式的子句（started）來表示。
I have lived in Taipei since I graduated from university.
自從我大學畢業以來，我就一直住在台北。
EN： The adverb 'hard' is used to modify the verb 'study' to mean with great effort or energy. Note that 'hard' is both an adjective and an adverb; 'hardly' is a different adverb meaning 'scarcely' or 'almost not'.
中文： 副詞「hard」用來修飾動詞「study」，表示努力地、費勁地。請注意，「hard」兼具形容詞與副詞的身分；而「hardly」是另一個副詞，意思是「幾乎不」。
She worked hard to support her family.
她努力工作以扶養她的家庭。
EN： In many English-speaking countries, the school system is divided into elementary school, middle school (or junior high school), and high school. 'Junior high school' typically refers to grades 7 to 9 (ages 12-15), which represents a significant transition period for students as academic expectations increase.
中文： 在許多英語系國家，學校體制分為小學、初中（或稱國中，junior high school）和高中。'Junior high school' 通常指 7 到 9 年級（約 12 至 15 歲），這對學生來說是一個重要的過渡期，因為課業要求會顯著增加。
EN： The present perfect tense ('have/has + past participle') is used here to describe an action that started in the past and continues up to the present. In this sentence, 'have supported' indicates that the support began on the first day and has ongoing relevance or continues now.
中文： 現在完成式（have/has + 過去分詞）在此處用於描述一個從過去開始並持續到現在的動作。在本句中，「have supported」表示支持從第一天就開始，並且一直持續到現在。
My parents have supported my dreams since I was a child.
自從我小時候起，我的父母就一直支持著我的夢想。
EN： The preposition 'since' is used to indicate the starting point of an action or state that continues to the present. It is typically followed by a specific point in time (e.g., 'my very first day') or a clause in the simple past tense.
中文： 介係詞「since」（自從）用於指示持續到現在的動作或狀態的起點。它後面通常接一個特定的時間點（例如「my very first day」）或一個簡單過去式的子句。
They have lived in this city since 2015.
自從 2015 年以來，他們就一直住在這座城市。
EN： In Western academic settings, the relationship between students and teachers is often supportive and encouraging. Expressing gratitude to teachers for their guidance from 'day one' is a common and highly appreciated sentiment.
中文： 在西方學術環境中，師生關係通常充滿支持與鼓勵。向老師表達對他們從「第一天」起就給予指導的感激之情，是一種非常常見且受人讚賞的情感表達。
EN： The adjective 'thankful' is commonly followed by the preposition 'for' to indicate the reason or the recipient of one's gratitude. It is often used in the pattern: 'be thankful for + noun/gerund'.
中文： 形容詞「thankful」（感激的）後面通常會接介系詞「for」，用來表示感激的對象或原因。常用句型為：「be thankful for + 名詞/動名詞」。
I am thankful for your help during the move.
我很感激你在搬家時給予的幫助。
EN： The relative pronoun 'who' introduces a defining relative clause ('who has been part of my life') that modifies the pronoun 'everyone'. Inside the relative clause, 'has been' is in the present perfect tense, indicating a state that started in the past and continues to the present.
中文： 關係代名詞「who」引導一個限定修飾關係子句（who has been part of my life），用來修飾代名詞「everyone」。在此關係子句中，「has been」為現在完成式，表示一個從過去開始並持續到現在的狀態。
She appreciates everyone who supported her project.
她很感謝所有支持她專案的人。
EN： Expressing gratitude for the people in one's life is a common sentiment in English-speaking cultures, often associated with reflection, Thanksgiving, or personal milestones. It emphasizes community and interpersonal relationships.
中文： 在英語系國家中，表達對身邊人的感激是一種非常普遍的情感表達，常出現在個人反思、感恩節或人生重要里程碑的時刻。這強調了人際關係與社群連結的重要性。
EN： The present perfect tense ('have/has' + past participle) is used here with 'how long' to ask about the duration of an action or state that started in the past and continues into the present. The verb 'had' is the past participle of 'have' (meaning to own/possess).
中文： 現在完成式（have/has + 過去分詞）在此與「how long」（多久）連用，用來詢問某個從過去開始並持續到現在的動作或狀態所持續的時間。這裡的「had」是動詞「have」（擁有）的過去分詞。
How long have you lived in this apartment?
你在這間公寓住多久了？
EN： Direct address: When addressing someone directly by name at the end of a sentence, a comma is placed before the name (e.g., ', Ryan'). This separates the main clause from the vocative (the person being addressed).
中文： 直接稱呼：在句子末尾直接稱呼某人的名字時，名字前要加上逗號（例如「, Ryan」）。這將主句與呼格（被稱呼的人）隔開。
Where are you going, Emma?
艾瑪，妳要去哪裡？
EN： In English-speaking cultures, pets (especially dogs and cats) are often considered full members of the family. Asking about someone's pet is a very common and friendly way to build rapport and show interest in their personal life.
中文： 在英語系國家中，寵物（尤其是狗和貓）通常被視為家庭的正式成員。詢問他人的寵物是一種非常常見且友善的社交方式，能有效拉近彼此距離並展現對他人個人生活的關心。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle) is used here to describe a state that started in the past and continues up to the present. In this sentence, 'have had' indicates that the ownership of the pet began two years ago and still continues now.
中文： 現在完成式（have/has + 過去分詞）在此處用於描述一個從過去開始並持續到現在的狀態。在本句中，「have had」表示擁有這隻寵物的狀態始於兩年前，且現在仍在持續中。
I have had this watch for five years.
這隻手錶我已經戴了五年了。
EN： The preposition 'for' is used with a period of time (e.g., 'two years') to express the duration of an action or state in the present perfect tense.
中文： 介係詞「for」與一段時間（例如「two years」）連用，用來表示現在完成式中某個動作或狀態持續的時間長度。
Emma has lived in London for three years.
艾瑪已經在倫敦住了三年。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle) is used here to describe a state that started in the past and continues up to the present. The verb 'want' is a stative verb, which is commonly used in the simple present perfect rather than the present perfect continuous.
中文： 現在完成式（have/has + 過去分詞）在此處用於描述一個從過去開始並持續到現在的狀態。動詞 'want'（想要）是一個狀態動詞，通常使用現在完成簡單式，而非現在完成進行式。
I have wanted to visit Japan for years.
多年來我一直想去日本旅遊。
EN： The conjunction 'since' is used to introduce a starting point in time. When followed by a clause, the verb in the 'since'-clause is typically in the Simple Past tense (e.g., 'was') to mark a specific point in the past.
中文： 連接詞 'since'（自從）用於引導一個時間的起點。當後面接從句時，'since' 引導的從句中的動詞通常使用簡單過去式（例如 'was'），以標記過去的某個特定時間點。
She has lived in London since she graduated from college.
自從大學畢業後，她就一直住在倫敦。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle) is used here in its interrogative form ('Have you + past participle') to ask about an action that started in the past and continues up to the present.
中文： 現在完成式（have/has + 過去分詞）在此處以疑問句形式（Have you + 過去分詞）呈現，用來詢問某個從過去開始並持續到現在的動作或狀態。
Have you lived in this city for a long time?
你在這座城市住很久了嗎？
EN： 'Since' is used as a preposition followed by a specific point in time (e.g., 'last year') to indicate the starting point of an action or state that has continued until now.
中文： 「since」作為介係詞，後接一個特定的時間點（例如「last year」），用來表示某個持續到現在的動作或狀態的起點。
I have been busy since Monday.
我從星期一開始就很忙。
EN： The present perfect tense ('have/has' + past participle) is used here to describe an action that started in the past and continues up to the present moment. It is often accompanied by 'since' to indicate the starting point.
中文： 現在完成式（have/has + 過去分詞）在此處用於描述一個從過去開始並持續到現在的動作。通常與「since」連用，以指出動作的起點。
I have lived in this city since 2015.
自從 2015 年以來，我一直住在這個城市。
EN： The preposition 'since' is used to specify a particular point in time in the past (e.g., a month, a year, or a specific event) from which an action or state has been ongoing.
中文： 介係詞「since」用於指定過去的某個特定時間點（例如：月份、年份或特定事件），表示某個動作或狀態自該時間點起一直持續至今。
She has been sick since yesterday.
她從昨天開始就生病了。
EN： The present perfect tense in its negative form ('have not + past participle') is used here to describe an action (practicing) that has not occurred during the period from a specific point in the past (the exam) up to the present moment.
中文： 現在完成式的否定形（have not + 過去分詞）在此處用於描述某個動作（練習）從過去的特定時間點（考試）一直到現在為止都沒有發生。
I have not seen Emma since last week.
自從上週以來，我一直沒有見到艾瑪。
EN： 'Since' is used as a preposition followed by a specific point in time (in this case, 'the exam') to indicate the starting point of an action or state that continues up to the present.
中文： 「since」作為介係詞使用，後面接一個特定的時間點（在此處為「the exam」），用以表示某個動作或狀態持續到現在的起點。
They have lived here since 2018.
他們自從 2018 年起就一直住在這裡。
EN： In English-speaking academic cultures, 'the exam' often refers to a major assessment (like midterms or finals) that requires intense preparation. Once it is over, students typically experience a period of relaxation or a temporary drop in their regular study/practice routines, which is a universally understood sentiment.
中文： 在英語系的學術文化中，「the exam」通常指需要密集準備的大型考試（如期中考或期末考）。考試結束後，學生通常會經歷一段放鬆期，或暫時減少日常的學習與練習進度，這是一種大家都能感同身受的普遍現象。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (has/have + past participle) is used here to describe an action that started in the past and continues up to the present. Since the subject 'My sister' is third-person singular, we use 'has worked'.
中文： 現在完成式（has/have + 過去分詞）在此處用於描述一個從過去開始並持續到現在的動作。因為主詞「My sister」（我姐姐/妹妹）是第三人稱單數，所以我們使用「has worked」。
Emma has lived in this city for five years.
艾瑪在這個城市已經住了五年了。
EN： The preposition 'since' is used to specify the starting point of an action or state that continues into the present. It is typically followed by a specific point in time (e.g., a month, a year, or a past event).
中文： 介係詞「since」（自從）用於指定持續到現在的動作或狀態的「起點」。它後面通常接一個特定的時間點（例如：月份、年份或過去發生的事件）。
Ryan has played the drums since March.
萊恩自三月以來就一直在打鼓。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle) is used here to describe an action that started in the past and continues up to the present moment. In this sentence, 'have saved' indicates that the action of saving money began months ago and is still ongoing.
中文： 現在完成式（have/has + 過去分詞）在此處用於描述一個從過去開始並持續到現在的動作。在本句中，「have saved」表示存錢的動作從幾個月前就開始，且目前仍在進行中。
I have lived in this city for five years.
我已經在這座城市住了五年了。
EN： The preposition 'for' is used to indicate a duration of time (e.g., 'for months', 'for two years'). It answers the question 'How long?'.
中文： 介係詞「for」用於表示一段持續的時間（例如：「好幾個月」、「兩年」）。它用來回答「多久？」的問題。
She has studied English for three years.
她已經學英文三年了。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle) is used here to describe an action that started in the past and continues up to the present. It emphasizes the duration or the ongoing state of waiting.
中文： 現在完成式（have/has + 過去分詞）在此處用於描述一個從過去開始並一直持續到現在的動作。它強調了「等待」這一狀態的持續性。
We have lived in this house since 2015.
我們自2015年起就一直住在這棟房子裡。
EN： The preposition 'since' is used to indicate the starting point of an action or state that continues into the present. It is typically followed by a specific point in time (e.g., winter, last year, 9 AM).
中文： 介係詞「since」用於指示持續到現在的動作或狀態的「起點」。其後通常接一個特定的時間點（例如：冬天、去年、上午九點）。
I have been awake since 6 AM.
我從早上六點起就醒著了。
EN： The Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle) is used here to describe an action or state that started in the past and continues up to the present moment. It is often paired with 'for' to indicate the duration of the action.
中文： 現在完成式（have/has + 過去分詞）在此處用於描述一個從過去開始並持續到現在的動作或狀態。它經常與「for」連用，以表示該動作持續的時間長度。
I have lived in this city for five years.
我已經在這座城市住了五年了。
EN： The phrasal verb 'look forward to' means to feel excited about something that is going to happen. Note that 'to' is a preposition, so it must be followed by a noun, pronoun, or gerund (V-ing).
中文： 片語動詞「look forward to」意為對即將發生的事情感到興奮或期待。請注意，這裡的「to」是介係詞，因此後面必須接名詞、代名詞或動名詞（V-ing）。
She is looking forward to meeting you.
她很期待與你見面。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 基礎的、小學的
在本文中： 收集、蒐集（郵票、硬幣等作為愛好）
在本文中： 收藏品、收集的物品
在本文中： 同班同學
在本文中： 擁有、佔有（財產、店鋪等）
在本文中： 鄰居
在本文中： 幼稚園
在本文中： 分享、共同擁有（秘密、夢想等）
在本文中： 支持、鼓勵、幫助
在本文中： 感激的、感謝的
在本文中： 練習、訓練
在本文中： 儲蓄、積攢（錢財）
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
Time passes surprisingly quickly.
光陰似箭、時間飛逝
To feel excited and happy about something that is going to happen.
期待、盼望
Having a strong, friendly, or loving relationship with someone.
與…關係親密