EN： The past participle phrase 'convinced that...' acts as a reduced relative clause (post-nominal modifier) modifying the noun 'Scientists'. It is derived from 'Scientists who are convinced that...'.
中文： 過去分詞片語「convinced that...」作為後位修飾語，修飾前面的名詞「Scientists」，為關係子句「Scientists who are convinced that...」的省略結構（簡化形容詞子句）。
Consumers convinced that prices will fall often postpone major purchases.
深信物價會下跌的消費者往往會推遲重大購買決策。
EN： The predicative adjective structure 'be inclined to + verb' expresses a tendency, willingness, or propensity to do something. The degree modifier 'markedly less' indicates an obvious, measurable reduction in inclination.
中文： 形容詞片語「be inclined to + 原形動詞」表示「傾向於／有意願做某事」。在此搭配程度副詞「markedly less」（明顯較不……），用來呈現統計或觀察上顯著降低的意願或趨勢。
Employees facing burnout are markedly less inclined to volunteer for extra projects.
面臨職業倦怠的員工，自願承擔額外專案的意願明顯較低。
EN： In journalistic and academic writing, reporting clauses like 'a new study has found' frequently appear at the end of a sentence as an attribution tag. The entire preceding statement functions semantically as the direct object / content clause of the verb 'found'.
中文： 在新聞與學術報導中，引述子句（如「a new study has found」）常倒置置於句末作為出處標註。整句前述的核心論點在語意上即為動詞「found」的受詞子句內容。
Regular physical exercise can significantly slow cognitive decline, researchers have confirmed.
研究人員已證實，規律運動能顯著減緩認知退化。
EN： This sentence addresses 'techno-optimism' (or technological solutionism)—the belief that engineering, carbon capture, or geoengineering will spare humanity from making difficult societal and lifestyle sacrifices. In contemporary climate debates, critics caution that relying excessively on future technologies creates a 'moral hazard', disincentivizing immediate political engagement and personal behavioral change.
中文： 此句探討當代氣候議題中受熱議的「科技樂觀主義」（techno-optimism）或「科技解方論」。許多學者擔憂，過度押寶尚未成熟的工程或技術（如碳捕捉），容易產生「道德風險」（moral hazard），使大眾和決策者產生虛假的安全感，進而削弱個人採取實際環保行動或推動結構性改革的急迫感。
EN： The sentence opens with a fronted present participle clause ('Surveying more than 9,000 scientists...'). This participial construction functions adverbially, concisely providing background context or the method by which the main clause action was achieved. In formal and academic prose, the implicit subject of the participle clause must match the subject of the main clause ('London School of Economics researchers').
中文： 句子以置於句首的現在分詞子句（'Surveying more than 9,000 scientists...'）開頭。此分詞構句充當副詞修飾語，簡潔地提供背景脈絡或主要子句動作進行的方法。在正式與學術寫作中，分詞子句的隱含主詞必須與主要子句的主詞（'London School of Economics researchers'）保持一致，以避免懸垂修飾語（dangling modifier）。
Analyzing data from over fifty clinical trials, the team identified a promising alternative therapy.
在分析了五十多項臨床試驗的數據後，該團隊發現了一種有前景的替代療法。
EN： The verb 'find' is used in a complex transitive pattern: 'find + object + object complement' ([found] [these techno-optimists] [23% less likely to...]). Here, the complement is an adjective phrase anchored by 'less likely', where '23%' functions as a quantitative degree modifier preceding the comparative adjective.
中文： 動詞 'find' 採用複合及物結構：'find + 受詞 + 受詞補語'（[found] [these techno-optimists] [23% less likely to...]）。在此處，受詞補語是由 'less likely' 引導的形容詞片語，而 '23%' 則作為數量程度修飾語，置於比較級形容詞之前以明確指出差距幅度。
The committee judged the applicant highly qualified for the administrative post.
委員會認為該申請人非常具備擔任該行政職位的資格。
EN： The term 'techno-optimist' refers to individuals holding the belief that technological innovation alone can resolve systemic environmental or social dilemmas. In climate discourse, techno-optimism is frequently critiqued for potentially inducing moral hazard—leading people to delay immediate behavioral or political shifts in anticipation of future technological panaceas.
中文： 「科技樂觀主義者」（techno-optimists）指相信單憑科技創新就能解決系統性環境或社會難題的人群。在當前氣候治理的跨學科討論中，科技樂觀主義常受到反思與批評，因其可能引發「道德風險」（moral hazard）——使大眾或決策者寄望於未來尚未驗證的科技解方，進而延誤眼下迫切的生活形態轉變與制度改革。
EN： Negative inversion occurs when a negative conjunction like 'nor' starts an independent clause to continue a negative thought. The auxiliary or modal verb precedes the subject ('Nor were they...').
中文： 否定倒裝句：當否定詞或連接詞（如 'nor'）置於句首以承接前述的否定含義時，句子須採倒裝語序，即助動詞或 be 動詞置於主詞之前（例如 'Nor were they...'）。
He did not attend the conference, nor was he interested in reading the proceedings.
他沒有參加會議，對閱讀會議論文集也不感興趣。
EN： Participle clause as an adverbial of explanation or result: 'being 18% less likely...' functions as a present participial phrase modifying the preceding clause, elaborating on the degree or evidence of their unwillingness.
中文： 現在分詞子句作補充說明/結果狀語：以 'being 18% less likely...' 開頭的分詞片語，修飾前方的整句內容，進一步以數據細化說明他們不願意改變的具體程度。
She avoided public speaking, being terrified of addressing large crowds.
她避開公開演講，因為她對向大群人說話感到恐懼。
EN： The actions cited—flying less and adopting plant-based diets—represent two of the most widely debated individual carbon reduction steps in contemporary Western climate discourse. The tension between systemic change and individual action is a core topic in academic climate sociology.
中文： 句中提及的「減少飛行」與「植物性飲食」是當代西方氣候變遷論述中，最具代表性且備受討論的個人減碳行為。這反映了學界在探討「系統性變革（如依賴科技創新）」與「個人行為責任」之間的拉鋸與權衡。
EN： The conjunction 'whereas' introduces an adverbial clause of contrast, setting two opposing facts against each other. It is formal in tone and functions similarly to 'while', but emphasizes distinction or comparison rather than time.
中文： 連詞「whereas」引導表示對比的副詞子句，用於將兩個相反或相對的事實並列對比。語氣較為正式，功能與「while」類似，但著重強調差異與對立，而非時間上的同時發生。
Some employees prefer remote work, whereas others thrive in a traditional office environment.
有些員工偏好遠端工作，而另一些人則在傳統辦公室環境中表現更佳。
EN： In statistical reports, a percentage expression followed by 'of + noun' dictates subject-verb agreement based on the noun that follows: '27% of respondents' is plural, taking a plural conceptual reference, while singular nouns take singular verbs. Furthermore, numbers with omitted head nouns (e.g., '44%' standing for '44% of respondents') rely on ellipsis for conciseness.
中文： 在統計數據表述中，「百分比 + of + 名詞」的單複數一致性取決於介系詞後面的名詞：在此「27% of respondents」受訪者為複數概念。此外，句中「44%」省略了重複的「of respondents」，屬於承前省略（ellipsis），以求行文簡練。
Approximately 60% of the budget was allocated to research, whereas 25% went to marketing.
大約 60% 的預算分配給了研發，而 25% 則用於行銷。
EN： 'Stay' acts as a linking verb (copula) meaning 'to remain in a particular state or condition', followed directly by a predicate adjective ('neutral'). Other common examples include 'stay calm', 'stay alert', and 'stay focused'.
中文： 動詞「stay」在此作連綴動詞使用，表示「保持某種狀態」，後面直接接形容詞（如「neutral」）作主詞補詞。常見搭配包括「stay calm」（保持冷靜）、「stay alert」（保持警覺）等。
During heated debates, the committee chair must stay neutral.
在激烈的辯論中，委員會主席必須保持中立。
EN： The term 'techno-optimism' (or techno-solutionism) is a prominent concept in contemporary climate and policy discourse. It refers to the belief that breakthroughs in engineering and technology (such as carbon capture, geoengineering, or nuclear fusion) can resolve environmental challenges without requiring substantial societal or lifestyle changes.
中文： 「科技樂觀主義」（techno-optimism）在當代氣候與公共政策論述中是一個核心概念。它指的是一種深信科技創新（例如碳捕捉、地球工程或核融合技術）足以解決環境危機，而無須社會結構或個人生活方式進行大幅調整的思維模式。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'at the expense of' is an advanced idiom meaning 'so as to cause harm or damage to someone or something' or 'sacrificing something'. It is frequently used in formal discourse and academic writing to contrast prioritized actions against their negative trade-offs.
中文： 介系詞片語「at the expense of」意為「以……為代價」或「損害／犧牲……」。在正式語體與學術寫作中極為常見，用來凸顯某種做法雖有其考量，卻犧牲了另一項更重要或必要的目標。
Rapid economic growth should not be pursued at the expense of environmental sustainability.
不應以犧牲環境永續性為代價來追求快速的經濟增長。
EN： The clause 'the crisis demands' is a reduced relative clause (contact clause) modifying 'the systemic change'. The relative pronoun 'that' or 'which' is omitted because it serves as the direct object of the verb 'demands' (i.e., 'the systemic change [that/which] the crisis demands').
中文： 名詞短語「the systemic change the crisis demands」中包含一個省略關係代名詞的關係子句（形容詞子句）。由於關係代名詞在子句中作動詞「demands」的受詞，故可省略「that」或「which」，使句式更為緊湊精煉。
She finally received the recognition her hard work deserved.
她終於獲得了她辛勤付出所應得的認可。
EN： In climate and science journalism, 'techno-optimism' refers to the belief that emerging technologies (like carbon capture or geoengineering) will solve environmental problems without requiring disruptive economic or behavioral changes. The phrase 'at the expense of systemic change' reflects a central debate in modern policy: whether tech innovations can actually distract from or delay critical structural overhauls.
中文： 在當代氣候與科學報導中，「科技樂觀主義」（techno-optimism）是指深信新興技術（如碳捕集、地球工程）能解決環境危機，而無須改變生活形態或體制的觀點。文中「at the expense of systemic change」（以犧牲系統性變革為代價）精準點出了政策界的核心爭辯：對技術的盲目迷信是否反而推遲了迫切需要的社會與經濟結構轉型。
EN： When a sentence begins with a restrictive element like 'Only if' (negative/restrictive adverbial clause), negative inversion occurs in the main clause. The auxiliary verb precedes the subject ('can technology play', not 'technology can play'). The reporting clause 'he argued' is an embedded parenthetical element inserted between the conditional clause and the main inverted clause.
中文： 當句子以限制性副詞子句「Only if」（唯有當……）開頭時，主要子句必須使用倒裝語序，即助動詞移至主詞前方（在此為「can technology play」，而非「technology can play」）。而句子中的插入語「he argued」（他主張）則是插入在條件子句與主要倒裝子句之間的引述結構。
Only if we address the root causes of poverty can we achieve sustainable peace.
唯有當我們解決貧困的根本原因時，我們才能實現可持續的和平。
EN： 'Rather than' functions as a coordinating conjunction/preposition introducing an alternative or preference. Here, it coordinates two bare infinitive verb phrases dependent on the modal 'can': 'play its proper role' rather than '[can] serve as a convenient substitute'.
中文： 「Rather than」（而不是）在此作為對等連接詞，引導被排除的替代選項。句中它連接了兩個共用助動詞「can」的原形動詞片語：「play its proper role」與「serve as a convenient substitute」。
The initiative aims to empower local communities rather than impose top-down regulations.
這項倡議旨在賦權地方社區，而不是自上而下強加法規。
EN： In academic and environmental discourse, 'convenient substitute' touches on the critique of 'techno-optimism' or 'greenwashing'. Scholars often argue that relying solely on technical fixes allows governments and consumers to avoid difficult systemic behavioral changes, treating technology as an easy out rather than part of a holistic solution.
中文： 在當前氣候與學術論述中，「convenient substitute」（權宜替代品）直指對「科技樂觀主義」（techno-optimism）或「漂綠」現象的批評。研究者常指出，過度寄望未來科技容易讓人產生逃避心態，把科技當成無需改變生活習慣與體制的「藉口或權宜之計」，忽略了系統性消費變革的必要性。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 顯著地、明顯地
在本文中： 有…傾向的、傾向於…的
在本文中： 贊同、認可（某種觀點或立場）
在本文中： 助長、促進、培養
在本文中： 依賴、依靠
在本文中： 未經證實的、未經檢驗的
在本文中： 根本性的、全體性的、系統性的
在本文中： 替代品、代替物
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
so as to cause harm, neglect, or damage to someone or something else
以…為代價；犧牲…
a diet consisting mostly or entirely of foods derived from plants, with few or no animal products
植物性飲食、以蔬食為主的飲食
to take part in or get involved with an activity
參與、從事
a person who believes that technology will ultimately solve societal and environmental problems
科技樂觀主義者