EN： The present perfect tense ('has experienced') is used here to connect a past event (the month of April) to the present state of records and environmental data, emphasizing the ongoing relevance of the situation.
中文： 現在完成式（has experienced）在此用於將過去事件（四月份）與目前的紀錄及環境數據狀態聯繫起來，強調該情況持續存在的相關性。
The region has experienced several heatwaves this year.
該地區今年已經經歷了幾次熱浪。
EN： The present participle phrase ('receiving...') acts as an adverbial clause of result or accompaniment, providing additional detail about the main clause's subject (New South Wales).
中文： 現在分詞短語（receiving...）作為結果或伴隨狀語從句，提供關於主句主詞（新南威爾斯州）的額外細節。
The company expanded its operations, creating hundreds of new jobs.
該公司擴大了業務規模，創造了數百個新工作崗位。
EN： The use of 'mere' as an adjective emphasizes how small or insignificant a quantity is, often used in formal or journalistic contexts to highlight a deficiency.
中文： 形容詞「mere」的用法強調了數量是多麼微小或微不足道，通常用於正式或新聞語境中以突顯不足之處。
He lost the race by a mere two seconds.
他僅以兩秒之差輸掉了比賽。
EN： In Australia, rainfall records are critical due to the continent's susceptibility to extreme drought and bushfires. The Bureau of Meteorology (BOM) is the primary authority for these records, and their data significantly influences agricultural planning and emergency management.
中文： 在澳洲，由於該大陸極易受到極端乾旱和叢林大火的影響，降雨紀錄至關重要。氣象局 (BOM) 是這些紀錄的主要權威機構，其數據顯著影響著農業規劃和應急管理。
EN： The present participle phrase 'hovering over the state' functions as an adjective modifying 'persistent high-pressure systems'. This is a reduced relative clause (which are hovering...).
中文： 現在分詞短語「hovering over the state」作為形容詞使用，修飾「persistent high-pressure systems」（持續的高壓系統）。這是一種簡化的關係子句（省略了 which are）。
The clouds lingering near the mountain peak suggest a storm is coming.
徘徊在山頂附近的雲層暗示著暴風雨即將到來。
EN： The phrase 'be responsible for' is used here to indicate the cause of a specific phenomenon. 'Primarily' is an adverb of degree used to show that while there might be other factors, this is the main one.
中文： 片語「be responsible for」在此用於表示特定現象的成因。「Primarily」是一個程度副詞，用來表示雖然可能還有其他因素，但這是最主要的因素。
Human activity is primarily responsible for the increase in global temperatures.
人類活動是全球氣溫上升的主要原因。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'According to' is a formal way to cite a source of information, commonly used in journalism and academic writing to attribute data or opinions.
中文： 介系詞片語「According to」是引用資訊來源的一種正式方式，常用於新聞報導和學術寫作中，用以歸功數據或觀點。
According to the latest report, the economy is expected to grow by three percent.
根據最新報告，預計經濟將增長百分之三。
EN： In Australia, the Bureau of Meteorology (often called 'The BOM') is a critical government agency due to the continent's extreme weather patterns, including severe droughts and bushfires. Terms like 'dry spell' are common in Australian news to describe periods of low rainfall that impact agriculture.
中文： 在澳洲，氣象局（通常簡稱為「The BOM」）是一個至關重要的政府機構，因為該大陸擁有極端的天氣模式，包括嚴重的乾旱和森林大火。像「dry spell」（乾旱期）這樣的術語在澳洲新聞中非常常見，用來描述影響農業的低降雨時期。
EN： The present participle phrase starting with 'underscoring' functions as a resultative clause or a supplementary comment. It modifies the entire preceding clause, indicating the effect or consequence of the main action.
中文： 以 'underscoring' 開頭的現在分詞短語在此作為結果狀語或補充說明。它修飾前面的整個子句，用來表示主句動作所產生的影響或後果。
The company reported record profits, boosting investor confidence.
公司報告了創紀錄的利潤，這提振了投資者的信心。
EN： The verb 'prove' is used here as a linking verb (copula), meaning 'to be found to be' or 'to turn out to be' over time or after experience. It is followed by an adjective ('drier').
中文： 動詞 'prove' 在此用作連綴動詞，意思是「證明是」或「結果顯示為」。其後接形容詞（在此為 drier）來描述主體。
The initial concerns about the project proved groundless.
最初對該項目的擔憂證明是毫無根據的。
EN： The phrase 'on record' is a prepositional phrase used to specify that the information is based on officially documented history or data.
中文： 短語 'on record' 是一個介系詞短語，用於說明該資訊是基於官方記錄的歷史或數據。
Last year was the hottest year on record.
去年是有紀錄以來最熱的一年。
EN： In Australia, the Bureau of Meteorology (BOM) is the primary authority for climate data. Mentioning 'on record' refers to the standardized meteorological records that began in the late 19th or early 20th century, which are crucial for discussing climate change and extreme weather events like droughts in the Australian context.
中文： 在澳洲，氣象局 (BOM) 是氣候數據的主要權威機構。提到「有紀錄以來」(on record) 是指始於 19 世紀末或 20 世紀初的標準化氣象記錄，這在討論澳洲氣候變遷和乾旱等極端天氣事件時至關重要。
EN： The use of 'with' as a preposition to introduce a circumstantial clause. It describes a secondary situation or condition that exists simultaneously with the main action, often following the structure 'with + noun + participle'.
中文： 使用 'with' 作為介係詞來引導附帶狀況子句。它描述了與主句動作同時存在的次要情況或條件，通常遵循「with + 名詞 + 分詞」的結構。
The hikers continued their journey, with the sun setting behind the mountains.
登山者繼續他們的旅程，此時太陽正從山後落下。
EN： The phrasal verb 'dry out' emphasizes the process of becoming completely dry or losing all moisture, which is more intense than just 'dry'.
中文： 片語動詞 'dry out' 強調完全變乾或失去所有水分的過程，比單純的 'dry' 語氣更強烈且徹底。
After the flood, it took several weeks for the wooden floors to dry out completely.
洪水過後，木地板花了幾週的時間才完全乾透。
EN： The adverbial phrase 'well below' uses 'well' as an intensifier to mean 'considerably' or 'to a great degree', common in formal reporting and data analysis.
中文： 副詞短語 'well below' 使用 'well' 作為加強語氣的詞，意為「遠低於」或「在很大程度上低於」，常見於正式報告和數據分析中。
The company's profits this quarter were well below expectations.
該公司本季度的利潤遠低於預期。
EN： In Australia, the 'state' often refers to New South Wales in this context, which is highly susceptible to bushfires and drought. Climatologists like Hugh McDowell play a crucial role in public safety by providing early warnings for the bushfire season, which is a significant part of the Australian national consciousness.
中文： 在澳洲，此處的「該州」指的是新南威爾斯州，該地區極易受到叢林大火和乾旱的影響。像休·麥克唐納這樣的氣候學家透過為叢林大火季節提供預警，在公共安全中扮演著至關重要的角色，這也是澳洲國民意識中非常重要的一部分。
EN： The correlative conjunction 'not only... but also...' is used to connect two balanced parts of a sentence, emphasizing that both elements are equally important or relevant. In formal contexts, 'also' can sometimes be omitted or replaced by 'as well' at the end.
中文： 相關連接詞「not only... but also...」（不僅……而且……）用於連接句子中兩個對等的成分，強調兩者同樣重要或相關。在正式語境中，「also」有時可以省略，或在句尾改用「as well」。
The new policy aims to improve not only economic growth but also social equality.
新政策的目的不僅在於促進經濟增長，也在於促進社會平等。
EN： The verb 'pose' is a high-level collocate often used with nouns like 'risk', 'threat', 'challenge', or 'danger' to indicate that something presents or creates a particular problem.
中文： 動詞「pose」是一個高階詞彙，常用於與「risk」（風險）、「threat」（威脅）、「challenge」（挑戰）或「danger」（危險）等名詞搭配，表示某事呈現或造成了特定的問題。
Rising sea levels pose a significant threat to coastal cities.
海平面上升對沿海城市構成了重大威脅。
EN： The present participle 'deteriorating' is used here as an adjective to describe a continuous process of getting worse. It adds a sense of ongoing decline to the noun 'conditions'.
中文： 現在分詞「deteriorating」在此用作形容詞，描述一個不斷惡化的持續過程。它為名詞「conditions」（情況）增添了一種持續衰退的語感。
The patient's deteriorating health concerned the doctors.
病人不斷惡化的健康狀況令醫生們感到擔憂。
EN： In Australia, 'bushfire season' is a critical period of the year, typically during summer, but as noted by Hugh McDowell, dry conditions in autumn can lead to early concerns. The mention of 'agricultural communities' highlights the economic sensitivity of regional Australia to climate patterns.
中文： 在澳洲，「林火季節」（bushfire season）是一年中至關重要的時期，通常發生在夏季。但正如休·麥克唐納所指出的，秋季的乾旱情況可能導致擔憂提前出現。提到「農業社區」則凸顯了澳洲偏遠地區經濟對氣候模式的高度敏感性。
EN： Inversion in conditional sentences: When 'if' is omitted in a formal conditional sentence, the auxiliary verb (were, had, should) is moved to the front of the subject. 'Were the drought to persist' is a formal equivalent of 'If the drought were to persist'.
中文： 條件句中的倒裝：在正式的條件句中，若省略 'if'，助動詞（如 were, had, should）須移至主詞前。「Were the drought to persist」是「If the drought were to persist」的正式用法。
Were the company to fail, hundreds of jobs would be lost.
倘若公司倒閉，數百個工作崗位將會流失。
EN： The structure 'be to + verb' in conditional clauses: This structure is used to talk about hypothetical future situations, often emphasizing the remoteness of the possibility or the gravity of the potential event.
中文： 條件子句中的「be to + 動詞」結構：此結構用於討論假設性的未來情況，通常強調可能性較低或潛在事件的嚴重性。
If you were to win the lottery, what would you do?
如果你真的中了彩票，你會做什麼？
EN： The linking verb 'prove': In formal contexts, 'prove' can function as a linking verb meaning 'to turn out to be' or 'to be found to be'. It is often followed by an adjective.
中文： 連綴動詞「prove」：在正式語境中，「prove」可作為連綴動詞，意為「結果證明是」或「顯得是」。其後通常接形容詞。
The new strategy proved effective in the long run.
從長遠來看，這項新策略證明是有效的。
EN： In Australia, 'fire preparedness' is a critical term referring to the strategic planning and physical measures taken to mitigate the impact of bushfires, which are a recurring environmental threat. The mention of 'winter' is significant because winter is typically the period for controlled burns and preparation before the summer fire season begins.
中文： 在澳洲，「fire preparedness」（防火準備）是一個關鍵術語，指為減輕叢林大火影響而採取的戰略規劃和物理措施。文中提到「冬季」具有重要意義，因為冬季通常是夏季火災季節開始前，進行受控燒除（controlled burns）和各項準備工作的關鍵時期。
EN： The use of 'except' as a preposition to exclude a specific case from a general statement. It is often followed by a noun phrase or a prepositional phrase.
中文： 使用 'except' 作為介係詞，用以從一般性陳述中排除特定案例。它通常後接名詞短語或介係詞短語。
All the students passed the exam except for John.
除了約翰以外，所有的學生都通過了考試。
EN： Non-restrictive relative clauses starting with 'which' provide additional information about a preceding noun (in this case, 'the Northern Territory'). They are separated by a comma and do not limit the meaning of the noun.
中文： 以 'which' 開頭的非限定用法關係子句，為前面的名詞（在此為「北領地」）提供額外資訊。它們由逗號隔開，且不限制該名詞的意義。
The report was published by the Bureau of Meteorology, which is based in Melbourne.
該報告由氣象局發布，該機構總部位於墨爾本。
EN： The use of 'sole' as an adjective to emphasize that there is only one of something. It is more formal than 'only' and often used in legal or official contexts.
中文： 使用 'sole' 作為形容詞，用以強調某物是唯一的。它比 'only' 更正式，常用於法律或官方情境中。
She was the sole survivor of the accident.
她是那場事故中的唯一倖存者。
EN： Australia is divided into six states and two major mainland territories. The Northern Territory is known for its tropical climate in the north, which often experiences different weather patterns compared to the more temperate southern states like New South Wales. In Australian news, 'jurisdiction' is a formal way to refer to these individual states and territories collectively.
中文： 澳洲分為六個州和兩個主要領地。北領地以其北部的熱帶氣候而聞名，與新南威爾斯州等氣候較溫和的南部各州相比，通常會經歷不同的天氣模式。在澳洲新聞中，「jurisdiction」（管轄區）是用來統稱這些州和領地的正式用語。
EN： The phrase 'be likely to' is used to express probability or likelihood. In formal contexts like news reports, it is often paired with 'well into' to emphasize the duration or extent of a future state.
中文： 短語「be likely to」用於表達可能性。在新聞報導等正式語境中，它經常與「well into」搭配使用，以強調未來某種狀態持續的時間之長或程度之深。
The economic recovery is likely to continue well into next year.
經濟復甦很可能會持續到明年很長一段時間。
EN： The use of 'well into' as a prepositional phrase indicates that something continues deep into a period of time, rather than just reaching the beginning of it.
中文： 「well into」作為介係詞短語，表示某事持續進入某段時間的深處，而不僅僅是到達該時段的開始。
The party lasted well into the night.
派對一直持續到深夜。
EN： Reported speech backshift: Since the main verb 'indicated' is in the past tense, the subordinate clause uses 'were' instead of 'are' to maintain tense consistency, even if the situation is still true.
中文： 間接引語的時態回推：由於主句動詞「indicated」是過去式，從句使用「were」而非「are」以保持時態一致性，即使該情況在說話時仍然屬實。
The study confirmed that the chemicals were harmful to humans.
該研究證實這些化學物質對人體有害。
EN： In Australia, the Bureau of Meteorology (often called 'The BOM') is a critical government agency, especially given the continent's susceptibility to extreme weather like droughts and bushfires. A 'long-range forecast' is particularly vital for farmers and emergency services to prepare for seasonal shifts.
中文： 在澳洲，氣象局（通常簡稱為「The BOM」）是一個至關重要的政府機構，考慮到澳洲大陸容易受到乾旱和森林大火等極端天氣的影響。「長期預測」對於農民和應急服務部門準備季節性變化尤為重要。
EN： The verb 'suggest' is used here to indicate that evidence or data points toward a conclusion without stating it as an absolute certainty. In academic and scientific contexts, it is a common 'hedging' verb used to maintain objectivity.
中文： 動詞「suggest」在此處用於表示證據或數據指向某個結論，而非陳述絕對的事實。在學術和科學語境中，這是一個常見的「避險（hedging）」動詞，用於保持客觀性。
Recent data suggests that global temperatures are rising faster than previously estimated.
最近的數據顯示，全球氣溫上升的速度比先前估計的還要快。
EN： The use of the modal verb 'may' combined with the continuous form 'be driving' expresses a possibility about an ongoing action or situation in the present. It suggests a likely cause for current observations.
中文： 助動詞「may」結合進行式「be driving」表達了對目前正在發生的動作或情況的可能性推測。它暗示了目前觀察到現象的可能原因。
Economic factors may be driving the current shift in consumer behavior.
經濟因素可能正在推動目前消費者行為的轉變。
EN： The phrase 'much of' is used with uncountable nouns (like 'atmospheric shift') to indicate a large part or quantity of something, rather than the whole.
中文： 短語「much of」與不可數名詞（如「atmospheric shift」）連用，表示某事物的很大一部分或大量，而非全部。
Much of the research was funded by private organizations.
這項研究的大部分經費是由私人機構資助的。
EN： The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a critical climate pattern for Australia. In this context, 'the continent' refers specifically to Australia, where El Niño typically brings drier conditions and increased fire risk to the eastern states like New South Wales.
中文： 聖嬰現象-南方振盪（ENSO）對澳洲來說是至關重要的氣候模式。在此語境中，「the continent（這塊大陸）」特指澳洲；聖嬰現象通常會為新南威爾斯州等東部各州帶來較乾燥的天氣並增加火災風險。
EN： Appositives are noun phrases that follow another noun to provide additional information or clarification. In this sentence, 'a climate scientist at the University of Melbourne' identifies who 'Doctor Mandy Freund' is.
中文： 同位語是跟在另一個名詞後面的名詞短語，用於提供額外資訊或澄清。在本句中，「a climate scientist at the University of Melbourne」識別了「曼迪·弗羅因德博士」的身分。
Mr. Smith, the principal of our school, will give a speech tomorrow.
史密斯先生，也就是我們學校的校長，明天將發表講話。
EN： The structure 'describe A as B' is used to characterize something or someone in a specific way. 'As' functions here as a preposition introducing the complement.
中文： 「describe A as B」結構用於以特定方式描述某事或某人。這裡的「as」作為介係詞，引導補語部分。
Critics described the new film as a masterpiece of modern cinema.
影評人將這部新電影描述為現代電影的傑作。
EN： The present participle 'looming' is used as an adjective to describe something (usually something unwanted or threatening) that is about to happen soon.
中文： 現在分詞「looming」被用作形容詞，用來描述即將發生（通常是不受歡迎或具威脅性）的事情。
The company is preparing for the looming financial crisis.
公司正為即將到來的金融危機做準備。
EN： The idiom 'elephant in the room' refers to a major problem or controversial issue that is present and obvious, but which everyone ignores or avoids discussing. The addition of 'proverbial' signals that the speaker is using a well-known metaphor.
中文： 成語「elephant in the room」（房間裡的象）是指一個顯而易見、非常重要但大家卻刻意忽視或避而不談的問題。加上「proverbial」（眾所周知的）一詞，表示說話者正在使用一個廣為人知的比喻。
EN： The verb 'translate into' is used here figuratively to mean 'to result in' or 'to lead to a particular outcome'. In formal or scientific contexts, it describes how one set of data or conditions manifests as a specific real-world effect.
中文： 動詞短語「translate into」在此處為比喻用法，意指「導致」或「轉化為某種特定結果」。在正式或科學語境中，它描述了一組數據或條件如何體現為具體的現實影響。
Increased investment in education does not always translate into higher economic growth.
增加教育投資並不總是能轉化為更高的經濟增長。
EN： The use of 'though' as a conjunction introduces a concession clause, providing a qualification or contrast to the preceding statement. In C1 level English, this structure is often used to balance a strong claim with necessary nuance.
中文： 使用「though」作為連詞引導讓步子句，為前面的陳述提供限制條件或對比。在 C1 級別的英語中，這種結構常用於在提出強烈主張時平衡必要的細微差別。
The results were promising, though the researchers admitted the sample size was small.
結果令人期待，儘管研究人員承認樣本量較小。
EN： The adverb 'remarkably' functions as an intensifier for the adjective 'strong'. It suggests that the degree of strength is unusual or worthy of notice, which is more precise than using 'very' or 'extremely'.
中文： 副詞「remarkably」作為形容詞「strong」的強化詞。它暗示強度的程度是不尋常的或值得注意的，這比使用「very」或「extremely」更為精確。
The new material is remarkably resilient to extreme temperatures.
這種新材料對極端溫度的抵抗力異常強韌。
EN： In scientific communication, experts often use hedging language (e.g., 'careful to note', 'does not automatically') to avoid oversimplification. This reflects the complexity of climate systems where one phenomenon (El Niño) increases the probability of an event but does not guarantee it.
中文： 在科學交流中，專家經常使用限制性語言（例如「careful to note」、「does not automatically」）來避免過度簡化。這反映了氣候系統的複雜性，即一種現象（如聖嬰現象）雖然增加了事件發生的可能性，但並不保證其必然發生。
EN： The adverb 'Rather' is used as a transition word to correct a previous statement or to introduce a more precise alternative. In this context, it clarifies that the El Niño phenomenon doesn't guarantee drought but changes the statistical probability.
中文： 副詞「Rather」用作轉折詞，用於修正前述語句或引入更精確的替代說法。在此語境中，它澄清了聖嬰現象並不保證一定會發生乾旱，而是改變了統計上的可能性。
The ending of the movie wasn't happy; rather, it was bittersweet and thought-provoking.
這部電影的結局並非快樂收場；更確切地說，它是種苦樂參半且發人深省的結局。
EN： The use of 'substantially' as a degree adverb modifies the verb 'elevates'. In formal or scientific registers (C1 level), precise adverbs like 'substantially', 'significantly', or 'considerably' are preferred over 'a lot' to indicate a large degree.
中文： 使用「substantially」作為程度副詞來修飾動詞「elevates」。在正式或科學語域（C1 級別）中，比起使用「a lot」，更傾向使用如「substantially」、「significantly」或「considerably」等精確副詞來表示程度之深。
The new policy substantially reduces the administrative burden on small businesses.
新政策顯著減輕了小型企業的行政負擔。
EN： In Australia, the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a critical climate driver. Scientists like Mandy Freund use precise language to manage public expectations, as an El Niño event increases the 'risk' of drought but is not a 'guarantee' of one, which is a vital distinction for the agricultural sector.
中文： 在澳洲，聖嬰-南方振盪現象（ENSO）是關鍵的氣候驅動因素。像曼迪·弗羅因德這樣的科學家使用精確的語言來管理大眾預期，因為聖嬰現象增加了乾旱的「風險」，但並非「保證」會發生，這對農業部門來說是至關重要的區別。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 前所未有的，史無前例的
在本文中： 強調，突顯其重要性或嚴重性
在本文中： 惡化中的，品質或狀況下降的
在本文中： 管轄區域，行政區域
在本文中： 降水（包括雨、雪、雹等）
在本文中： （不愉快的事）即將發生的，逼近的
在本文中： 眾所周知的，常被提及的
在本文中： 提高，提升（機率或程度）
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
A major problem or controversial issue that is present but everyone is ignoring or avoiding.
顯而易見卻被忽視的問題
A period of little or no rain; a period of time when someone is not as successful as they usually are.
乾旱期，枯竭期
A climate pattern that describes the unusual warming of surface waters in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.
聖嬰現象
A weather forecast that covers a period of more than five days, often weeks or months.
長期預報