EN： The idiom 'be set to + infinitive' indicates that an event is scheduled, planned, or highly likely to take place in the near future. It conveys a strong sense of formal preparation or readiness, commonly used in news media and official announcements.
中文： 片語「be set to + 原形動詞」表示某事已安排妥當、預計或極有可能在不久的將來發生。常用於新聞報導與官方公告中，帶有高度正式籌備與確定性的語氣。
The committee is set to release its final report early next month.
該委員會預計於下月初發布最終報告。
EN： The relative clause 'that could permanently ban commercial whaling...' functions as a defining relative clause modifying the antecedent 'a bill'. The modal auxiliary 'could' expresses theoretical possibility or potential future outcome contingent on the bill passing.
中文： 關係子句「that could permanently ban commercial whaling...」為限制性關係子句，修飾先行詞「a bill」（法案）。情態助動詞「could」在此表推測或潛在可能性，意指若法案通過可能產生的後續結果。
The council approved a measure that could reduce urban traffic congestion by twenty percent.
市議會通過了一項可望使市區交通壅塞減少百分之二十的措施。
EN： Iceland, along with Norway and Japan, is one of the very few nations that have continued commercial whaling despite the 1986 International Whaling Commission (IWC) moratorium. The issue is deeply tied to national sovereignty and maritime heritage in Icelandic politics, making the prospect of a complete legislative ban a significant turning point in international wildlife conservation.
中文： 冰島與挪威、日本是全球少數在 1986 年國際捕鯨委員會（IWC）商業捕鯨禁令生效後，仍持續進行商業捕鯨的國家。捕鯨議題在冰島政治中長年與國家主權、海洋傳統及經濟自主緊密相連，因此提出永久全面禁令的法案被視為全球野生動物保育史上的重大歷史轉折。
EN： In formal or journalistic English, conditional clauses with 'if + should' can be inverted by omitting 'if' and placing the auxiliary 'Should' before the subject (e.g., 'If the legislation should pass' becomes 'Should the legislation pass'). This structure conveys a tentative or formal hypothetical condition.
中文： 在正式或新聞英語中，含有「if + should」的條件子句可省略「if」，並將助動詞「Should」倒裝至主詞前（即由「If the legislation should pass」變為「Should the legislation pass」），用以表示較為委婉或假設性偏低的條件情境。
Should negotiations fail, the union will call for an immediate nationwide strike.
談判若宣告失敗，工會將立即發起全國大罷工。
EN： The relative clause 'that still permit...' uses the relative pronoun 'that' (or 'which') to restrictively modify 'nations'. The verb 'permit' takes the structure 'permit + noun phrase (the hunting...)' or 'permit + object + to-infinitive', and here is accompanied by prepositional modifiers specifying the object of hunting ('of marine mammals') and purpose ('for commercial purposes').
中文： 關係子句「that still permit...」使用關係代名詞「that」修飾先行詞「nations」。動詞「permit」此處接名詞片語「the hunting...」作為受詞，並串聯介系詞片語以進一步修飾對象（「of marine mammals」）及目的（「for commercial purposes」）。
Several member states that enforce strict emissions regulations have already met the treaty targets.
幾個執行嚴格排放法規的成員國已經達成了該條約設定的目標。
EN： Commercial whaling is strictly regulated or banned globally under the International Whaling Commission (IWC) moratorium established in 1986. Only a tiny handful of countries—notably Norway, Japan, and historically Iceland—have continued commercial or scientific whaling, often facing substantial diplomatic, legal, and environmentalist scrutiny.
中文： 國際捕鯨委員會（IWC）自1986年起實施暫停商業捕鯨的禁令。目前全球僅有極少數國家（主要是挪威、日本，以及歷來的冰島）仍堅持進行商業或科研捕鯨活動，這項政策長期面臨國際外交、法律及環保組織的強烈檢視與爭議。
EN： The past participle clause 'driven by...' functions as a non-finite participial modifier, offering additional background or causal information about the noun phrase 'a dramatic shift'. It is an economical, journalistic structure equivalent to 'which has been driven by...'.
中文： 過去分詞片語「driven by...」在此作為非限定分詞修飾語，修飾前面的名詞片語「a dramatic shift」，補充說明促成該轉變的原因或背景。這在新聞英語中是一種精簡且常見的句型，相當於非限定關係子句「which is/has been driven by...」的簡化。
The sudden reform represents a milestone in educational access, fueled by widespread public dissatisfaction.
這項突如其來的改革代表了教育普及化的一座里程碑，受到普遍公眾不滿的推動。
EN： The correlative conjunction 'both... and...' is used to coordinate two parallel grammatical elements ('domestic' and 'international'), emphasizing inclusion and balance between both modifiers before the noun 'advocacy groups'.
中文： 對等連接詞「both... and...」用於連接兩個文法結構對等的詞彙（此處為形容詞 domestic 與 international），用以強調兩者並重，共同修飾後方的名詞「advocacy groups」。
The initiative received substantial funding from both governmental and private organizations.
該倡議獲得了來自政府與民間組織的大筆資金。
EN： Iceland has a contentious, decades-long history with commercial whaling alongside Norway and Japan. In recent years, public opinion within Iceland has pivoted sharply toward marine conservation and ecotourism (such as whale watching), which now generates significantly more revenue than the commercial whaling industry.
中文： 冰島與挪威、日本並列為全球少數仍允許商業捕鯨的國家。然而近年來，冰島國內的民意大幅轉向海洋保育與生態觀光（例如賞鯨業），其產值已遠遠超過商業捕鯨，因此國內外倡議團體的推動力量正促成這項歷史性的政策轉變。
EN： The passive idiom 'can be traced to [something]' is used to identify the origin, source, or root cause of a development, idea, or phenomenon. 'Trace' functions as an ergative/transitive verb denoting retrospective historical tracking.
中文： 被動片語「can be traced to [某事]」表示「可追溯至……」，常用於正式或學術文體中探討某種現象、政策或想法的根源與歷史起點。
The origins of modern environmental regulations can be traced to industrial accidents in the mid-twentieth century.
現代環境法規的起源，可追溯至二十世紀中葉的工業事故。
EN： The compound adjective 'government-commissioned' follows the pattern [Noun + Past Participle], indicating an action performed or authorized by the noun (commissioned by the government).
中文： 複合形容詞「government-commissioned」採用「名詞 + 過去分詞」結構，表示被該名詞所執行或授權的動作（即「由政府委託的」），能精簡句型並提高書面語的資訊密度。
A court-appointed expert testified regarding the integrity of the digital evidence.
一位法院指定的專家針對數位證據的完整性出庭作證。
EN： The past participial phrase 'published in 2023' acts as a post-modifying reduced relative clause, equivalent to 'which was published in 2023'.
中文： 過去分詞片語「published in 2023」作為後位修飾語，修飾前面的名詞「report」，為關係子句「which was published in 2023」的省略簡化結構。
The guidelines drafted last year remain subject to international review.
去年起草的指導方針仍須接受國際審查。
EN： In democratic legislative processes, major policy overhauls—particularly on contentious topics like whaling or environmental bans—are frequently preceded by independent or government-commissioned scientific and ethical reports. These findings provide empirical backing and political legitimacy needed to counter entrenched commercial lobbying.
中文： 在民主國家的立法程序中，重大的政策變革（尤其是像捕鯨禁令這類具爭議的議題）通常需要仰賴政府或獨立機構委託的科學與倫理調查報告作為先導。這些報告能提供具公信力的客觀數據與道德正當性，以抵擋既得商業利益團體的反對遊說。
EN： Participle clause as an adverbial of result or accompanying circumstance: The present participle phrase ', taking approximately two hours to die' functions as a supplementary clause modifying the preceding clause, indicating the result or duration of the enduring process.
中文： 現在分詞片語作結果或伴隨狀語：逗號後面的「, taking approximately two hours to die」用現在分詞形式補充說明前述事件的結果或伴隨過程，表示「歷時約兩小時才死去」，使句型更為緊湊精煉。
The factory emitted toxic fumes into the air, creating severe respiratory hazards for local residents.
工廠向空氣中排放有毒煙霧，給當地居民帶來了嚴重的呼吸道危害。
EN： Past participle as a pre-nominal modifier: 'harpooned' is derived from the transitive verb 'harpoon' and functions as an adjective modifying 'whales', implying passive voice ('whales that had been harpooned').
中文： 過去分詞作名詞前置修飾語：「harpooned」是由及物動詞演變而來的過去分詞，修飾名詞「whales」，表示被動語態，相當於「that were harpooned」（遭到魚叉射中的鯨魚）。
The injured hiker waited patiently for the rescue team to arrive.
受傷的登山者耐心等待救援隊的到來。
EN： Reporting verb + noun clause complement: 'The findings revealed that...' is a standard objective academic/journalistic pattern where the transitive reporting verb 'reveal' takes a declarative 'that'-clause containing new factual evidence.
中文： 報導動詞引導名詞子句：常見於新聞與學術英語中，動詞「revealed」接續由「that」引導的賓語子句（名詞子句），用來客觀陳述研究或調查所揭露的事實內容。
Recent studies revealed that microplastics have entered every major marine food web.
近期研究揭示，微塑膠已滲透進各大主要海洋食物鏈。
EN： Commercial whaling in Iceland has increasingly become a controversial ethical issue. Under Icelandic animal welfare laws, animals killed for human use must be killed as swiftly and painlessly as possible. The revelation from government reports that explosive harpoons often failed to cause instant death—leaving large fin whales to suffer for hours—directly challenged the legality and ethics of the practice under modern animal welfare standards.
中文： 冰島的商業捕鯨活動近年來引發了巨大的倫理爭議。根據冰島的動物福利法規，為人類利用而宰殺的動物必須盡可能迅速且無痛地被結束生命。政府委託的調查報告披露，爆炸魚叉往往無法使鯨魚當場斃命，甚至導致長鬚鯨痛苦掙扎長達數小時，這直接違反了現代動物福利法規的要求，也成為推動禁令立法的關鍵導火線。
EN： Negative/emphatic inversion with 'So + adjective': When 'so + adjective' is placed at the very beginning of a sentence for dramatic emphasis, subject-auxiliary inversion occurs (the verb precedes the subject). The structure is: 'So + adj + be/auxiliary verb + subject + that-clause'.
中文： 「So + 形容詞」倒裝句：當「so + 形容詞」置於句首以加強語氣時，主句必須倒裝（助動詞或 be 動詞移至主詞前）。其句型結構為「So + 形容詞 + be 動詞/助動詞 + 主詞 + that 子句」，表示「如此……以至於……」。
So severe was the storm that all coastal flights were cancelled.
這場暴風雨如此嚴峻，以至於所有沿海航班都被取消了。
EN： Result clause with 'so... that': The conjunction 'that' introduces a subordinate clause expressing the consequence or result of the extreme degree established in the main clause ('So alarming... that...').
中文： 「so... that...」引導的結果副詞子句：連接詞「that」引導的子句用來說明前述程度極大所導致的後果或影響（「如此……以致於……」）。在正式書面語中，that 通常不可省略。
The noise was so loud that nobody could concentrate on their work.
噪音非常大，以致於沒有人能專注於工作。
EN： In journalism and formal registers, writers often use fronted 'So + adjective' constructions to create dramatic tension and underscore the direct causality between public revelations and governmental actions. In Iceland's whaling debate, the 2023 veterinary report revealed that some harpooned whales took up to two hours to die, prompting an immediate intervention under animal welfare regulations.
中文： 在新聞報導與正式書面文體中，常利用「So + 形容詞」置首的倒裝句型來營造戲劇張力，並凸顯調查結果對政府決策的直接震撼效果。冰島捕鯨爭議中，2023年的官方獸醫調查發現鯨魚中叉後掙扎長達兩小時方才死亡，引發公眾強烈反彈，促使當局以違反動物福利為由罕見地緊急下達禁令。
EN： The sentence features compound predicates sharing the same subject: 'Iceland's Minister of Industries, Hanna Katrin Fridriksson' is followed by two coordinated past-tense verbs, 'argued [that...]' and 'emphasized [her support...]'. Coordinated predicate structures streamline discourse without repeating the formal subject.
中文： 本句採用共用主詞的複合謂語結構：主詞「Iceland's Minister of Industries, Hanna Katrin Fridriksson」（冰島產業部長漢娜·凱特琳·弗里德里克森）同時統攝由對等連接詞 and 連接的兩個過去式謂語動詞：「argued [that...]」（主張……）與「emphasized [her support...]」（強調……對……的支持），避免重複主詞並提升行文流暢度。
The committee reviewed the environmental proposal and recommended several strict amendments.
委員會審查了該項環保提案，並建議進行幾項嚴格的修訂。
EN： Apposition occurs when two noun phrases are placed side by side so that the second clarifies or identifies the first. Here, 'Hanna Katrin Fridriksson' is an appositive naming 'Iceland's Minister of Industries'. Non-restrictive appositives are enclosed in commas and provide supplemental identification.
中文： 同位語（Apposition）是指將兩個名詞短語並列放置，後者用以具體說明或指稱前者。在此處，「Hanna Katrin Fridriksson」作為非限制性同位語，用逗號隔開，明確點出「Iceland's Minister of Industries」（冰島產業部長）的具體姓名。
The chief executive officer, Sarah Jenkins, announced her resignation at yesterday's press conference.
執行長莎拉·詹金斯在昨天的記者會上宣布辭職。
EN： The phrase 'support for ending the practice' uses the preposition 'for' followed by a gerund clause ('ending the practice entirely'). When prepositions are followed by actions, the verb must take the gerund (-ing) form.
中文： 片語「support for ending the practice」展示了介系詞後接動名詞短語的典型用法。介系詞（如 for）後若要表達動作行為，該動詞必須轉化為動名詞（-ing 形狀），在此處「ending」受詞為「the practice」，副詞「entirely」修飾動名詞。
Public support for transitioning to renewable energy has reached record levels.
公眾對轉型至再生能源的支持已達到歷史新高。
EN： Commercial whaling has historically been a significant cultural and economic staple in Iceland, deeply intertwined with national maritime identity. However, changing domestic public opinion, heightened scrutiny over animal welfare, and international pressure have led Icelandic political leaders to reassess its viability, transforming what was once an untouchable tradition into an increasingly contested environmental policy issue.
中文： 在冰島，商業捕鯨在歷史上曾是重要的經濟與文化支柱，與其海洋民族身分認同密切相關。然而，隨著冰島國內民意轉向、對動物福利審查日益嚴格，以及來自國際社會的巨大壓力，冰島政壇高層開始重新評估其存續合理性，使得這項昔日被視為傳統的行業轉變為高度爭議的環保政策議題。
EN： The structure 'describe [something] as [something]' is used to state what character, quality, or role is attributed to a person, object, or event. Here, 'as' functions as a preposition introducing an object complement.
中文： 動詞句型「describe + 受詞 + as + 名詞/形容詞」表示「將……形容/描繪為……」，介系詞「as」在此引導受詞補語，用以說明受詞的性質、特徵或地位。
Critics described the new policy as a desperate attempt to regain public trust.
評論家將這項新政策形容為挽回公眾信任的孤注一擲之舉。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'of [organization]' immediately following a person's name indicates affiliation or organizational representation, common in journalistic and formal registers.
中文： 在人名後緊接介系詞片語「of + 機構/組織名稱」，用來表明該人士的所屬機構、職務歸屬或代表身分，是新聞報導與正式寫作中常見的精煉用法。
Dr. Aris of the World Health Organization briefed reporters this morning.
世界衛生組織的阿里斯博士今天上午向記者進行了簡報。
EN： In environmental policy and international journalism, the term 'milestone' specifically signals a turning point in ongoing negotiations or legislation, often used by advocacy groups like Humane World for Animals (an international animal welfare NGO) to highlight progress while maintaining pressure on governments.
中文： 在環境政策與國際新聞報導中，「milestone」（里程碑）一詞常用於標誌長期協商或立法過程中的關鍵突破。動保組織如「人道世界保護動物協會」常以此詞肯定正面變革，同時以此塑造輿論，促使政府落實法案。
EN： The reporting verb 'caution' can take a 'that'-clause to introduce a warning, reservation, or condition. Notice the parenthetical adverb 'however' inserted between the reporting verb and the conjunction 'that', framed by commas to create a pause and signal contrast with previous statements.
中文： 轉述動詞「caution」（告誡、提醒）後方可接「that」引導的名詞子句作為受詞，用以提出警告、保留意見或附加條件。句中將副詞「however」作為插入語置於主要動詞與「that」之間，並以逗號隔開，營造轉折與停頓語氣，凸顯與前文不同或需謹慎看待的角度。
He cautioned, nevertheless, that economic recovery would take several years.
儘管如此，他仍告誡表示經濟復甦需要數年時間。
EN： The modal passive 'must be considered' combines the modal auxiliary of necessity 'must' with the passive infinitive 'be + past participle'. It emphasizes the action and necessity of deliberation while keeping the agent implicit and objective, a standard feature of formal news and academic registers.
中文： 情態被動語態「must be considered」結合了表示必要性的情態助動詞「must」與被動式「be + 過去分詞」。此結構將重點放在審酌行動的必要性上，而隱去具體的執行主體，呈現出客觀、嚴謹的正式新聞與學術語體風格。
All potential risks must be evaluated before finalizing the contract.
在敲定合約之前，必須評估所有潛在風險。
EN： In the subordinate time clause 'before the legislation can succeed', 'before' functions as a temporal conjunction introducing a condition prerequisite to success. The modal 'can' denotes potentiality or ability within an eventual outcome.
中文： 在時間副詞子句「before the legislation can succeed」中，「before」作為從屬連接詞，引導法案成功前必須達成的先決條件或時間點；助動詞「can」則表達未來實現成功目標的可能性與能力。
Extensive testing is required before the new vaccine can be approved.
在新型疫苗得以獲得批准之前，需要進行廣泛的測試。
EN： In legislative and environmental policy reporting, animal welfare debates often cite 'veterinary' evidence specifically. This refers to scientific post-mortem assessments of prolonged suffering, such as the time it takes for marine mammals to die after being struck by explosive harpoons, serving as objective legal and regulatory benchmarks rather than purely emotional appeals.
中文： 在立法與環境政策的正式報導中，動物福祉倡議常特別援引「獸醫學（veterinary）」證據。這指的是針對動物痛苦持續時間的科學病理評估（例如鯨魚在被爆炸魚叉擊中後需耗時兩小時方死亡的驗屍與監測數據），此類客觀科學評估常被作為修法與政策辯論的關鍵法定標準，而非僅止於感性訴求。
EN： The reporting verb 'contended' introduces a declarative content clause (that-clause) functioning as the direct object. 'Contend that...' is an advanced formal reporting frame used to state an argument or assertion strongly, often in a debate or persuasive context.
中文： 轉述動詞「contended」引導一個表示論點的 that 名詞子句，作為主要子句的受詞。「contend that...」為高階正式書面語，常用於辯論或政策論述中，表達堅定主張或提出強烈論點。
Scholars contend that climate change will exacerbate global economic disparities.
學者們主張，氣候變遷將會加劇全球經濟的不平等。
EN： The phrase 'killed by an exploding harpoon' is a reduced relative clause (passive participial phrase) modifying 'every whale'. It is structurally equivalent to 'that is killed by an exploding harpoon'. Note that 'exploding' is a present participle used as an adjective modifying 'harpoon'.
中文： 片語「killed by an exploding harpoon」為過去分詞片語（簡化形容詞子句），用以修飾主詞「every whale」，相當於「that is killed by an exploding harpoon」。其中「exploding」為現在分詞轉化之形容詞，修飾名詞「harpoon」。
Any artifact unearthed by the archaeological team must be cataloged immediately.
考古團隊出土的任何文物都必須立即編目。
EN： The linking/copular verb 'constitutes' means 'is considered to be' or 'amounts to', followed by a predicate noun phrase 'a tragic and needless loss of life'. Within this phrase, 'loss of life' is further qualified by the prepositional phrase 'for an industry...', which itself contains a restrictive relative clause 'that serves no legitimate purpose'.
中文： 動詞「constitutes」在此作連繫動詞用，意為「構成、等同於」，後接名詞受詞／補語「a tragic and needless loss of life」。其後再以介系詞片語「for an industry...」做限制修飾，該受詞 industry 又由關係代名詞子句「that serves no legitimate purpose」進一步限定。
Failure to comply with safety regulations constitutes a severe violation of federal law.
未能遵守安全規範等同於嚴重違反聯邦法律。
EN： Modern commercial whaling often utilizes explosive harpoons (grenade harpoons) designed to detonate inside the whale to cause rapid death. However, international animal welfare groups and veterinary assessments frequently criticize the method, reporting that many animals experience protracted, agonizing deaths lasting hours. This ethical debate plays a central role in Iceland's transition toward banning the hunt.
中文： 現代商業捕鯨常使用「爆炸魚叉」（grenade harpoons），其設計原理是在魚叉刺入鯨魚體內後引爆，以期迅速致死。然而，國際動物福利組織與獸醫學界長期抨擊此手法，指出大量鯨魚在被擊中後仍經歷長達數小時的痛苦掙扎。此人道與倫理爭議正是冰島國內推動永久立法禁止捕鯨的核心關鍵。
EN： The past perfect passive construction ('had been' + past participle) indicates that an action was completed before a specific reference point in the past (here, 'by early September this year'), with the grammatical subject receiving the action.
中文： 過去完成被動式（had been + 過去分詞）用來表示在過去某個特定時間點（在此為「by early September this year」）之前就已經完成的被動動作，強調主詞是動作的承受者。
By the time inspectors arrived, dozens of illicit traps had been confiscated along the coast.
在督察人員抵達之前，沿海已有數十個非法陷阱遭到沒收。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'up to' functions as an adverbial quantifier meaning 'as many as' or 'to the maximum limit of', used here to emphasize the high upper boundary of the count.
中文： 介系詞短語「up to」在此作副詞性數量修飾語，意思是「高達」或「上限至」，用以強調估算數量之多或達到的最高上限。
Up to five hundred volunteers joined the beach cleanup campaign over the weekend.
週末期間有多達五百名志工加入了淨灘活動。
EN： 'By' followed by a time expression indicates a deadline or a point in time before or not later than which an action culminated, frequently triggering perfect tenses.
中文： 介系詞「by」後接時間表達時，表示「在……之前」或「截至……為止」，常搭配完成時態使用，強調動作在該時間點前已累積或完成。
The committee had finalized the environmental report by mid-afternoon.
委員會在下午中旬之前便已敲定了該份環境報告。
EN： The fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) is the second-largest mammal on Earth and is classified as vulnerable internationally. Icelandic commercial whaling has long faced fierce resistance from international animal advocacy groups such as Humane World for Animals, which routinely monitor quotas and catch statistics during the seasonal hunt to influence global conservation policy.
中文： 長鬚鯨（fin whale）是地球上體型僅次於藍鯨的第二大哺乳動物，國際上被列為易危物種。冰島的商業捕鯨活動長期受到「人道世界保護動物協會」等國際動保組織的強烈抨擊，這類非政府組織通常會在捕獵季節嚴密監控捕撈額度與實際數據，以此向國際社會及冰島當局施壓推動禁令。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses are set off by commas and provide supplementary, non-essential information about the noun phrase they modify ('The annual hunting season'). The relative pronoun 'which' acts as the subject of the clause, followed immediately by the verb 'runs'. Notice that 'that' cannot be used in a non-defining relative clause.
中文： 非限定關係子句（non-defining relative clause）使用逗號隔開，用來對所修飾的名詞片語（在此為 'The annual hunting season'）補充說明非必要的額外資訊。關係代名詞 'which' 在子句中擔任主詞，緊接著動詞 'runs'。請注意，非限定關係子句中不可用 'that' 代替 'which'。
The migratory period, which begins in late autumn, attracts ornithologists from around the world.
始於深秋的遷徙期，吸引了來自世界各地的鳥類學家。
EN： The preposition 'through' is used in American English (and widely in international news style) to denote inclusivity across a time span, meaning 'from June up to and including September'. In British English, this is often expressed as 'from June to September inclusive'.
中文： 介系詞 'through' 在美式英語及國際新聞文體中常表示「涵蓋整個時間段至……結束為止」，即「從六月開始，一直包含整個九月」。英式英語中通常表述為 'from June to September inclusive'。
Registration remains open from Monday through Friday.
註冊手續從週一持續開放至週五（含週五）。
EN： The phrase 'up to' functions as a prepositional/numerical modifier signifying an upper ceiling or limit ('a maximum of'). It modifies the following numeral ('one hundred and fifty') rather than the head noun directly.
中文： 片語 'up to' 作為前置介系詞/數量修飾語，表示數量或程度的上限（相當於 'at most' 或 'a maximum of'），意為「高達……」、「至多……」。它在此處直接修飾後方的數詞 'one hundred and fifty'。
The auditorium can accommodate up to five hundred attendees.
該禮堂最多可容納高達五百名與會者。
EN： Whaling quotas in Iceland are historically set by the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Fisheries, balancing economic interests with international scrutiny from the International Whaling Commission (IWC) and environmental groups. The explicit mention of a maximum quota ('up to one hundred and fifty animals') underscores regulatory control over fin whale hunting during the short Arctic summer season.
中文： 冰島的捕鯨配額歷來由其食品、農業和漁業部制定，力求在傳統商業利益與國際捕鯨委員會（IWC）及環保團體的監督之間取得平衡。句中明確指出法定配額上限（「高達一百五十頭動物」），體現了政府在短暫的北極夏季狩獵期間對長鬚鯨捕殺量的嚴格監管。
EN： The phrase 'notably the second-largest creatures on Earth' acts as a non-restrictive appositive noun phrase set off by commas. It provides supplementary, parenthetical information about the subject ('Fin whales') without restricting its meaning. The adverb 'notably' emphasizes this prominent and well-known characteristic.
中文： 片語「notably the second-largest creatures on Earth」作為非限定同位語名詞短語，兩側用逗號隔開。它為句子的主詞「Fin whales」（長鬚鯨）補充說明背景資訊，並不影響主詞本身的限定範圍；副詞「notably」（值得注意的是、尤其是）則用來突顯該特徵的顯著性。
Lake Baikal, famously the deepest lake in the world, holds roughly twenty percent of the globe's unfrozen surface freshwater.
貝加爾湖聞名於世為全球最深的湖泊，儲存了全球約百分之二十未結冰的地表淡水。
EN： The present perfect construction 'have long been' combines the present perfect tense ('have been') with the adverb 'long' (meaning 'for a long time'). It denotes a continuous state or ongoing condition that began in the past and persists into the present moment, typically used with stative verbs to express duration.
中文： 「have long been」結構結合了現在完成式（have been）與時間副詞「long」（長久以來），用以表達從過去某個時間點開始並一直持續至今的持續性狀態或情況，常與狀態動詞連用以強調時間的長久性。
Renewable energy sources have long been considered a key solution to mitigating climate change.
長久以來，再生能源一直被視為緩解氣候變遷的關鍵解決方案。
EN： The compound modifier 'second-largest' uses hyphenation to link an ordinal number with a superlative adjective, creating a precise ranking modifier. Such hyphenated compounds are standard before nouns (e.g., 'third-highest peak', 'second-fastest runner').
中文： 複合修飾語「second-largest」透過連字號將序數詞與最高級形容詞連結，形成表示精確名次的修飾語。當此類複合詞置於名詞前作定語時，按規範須加連字號（例如：third-highest peak 第三高峰、second-fastest runner 第二快的跑者）。
Canada is the second-largest country by total area, trailing only Russia.
加拿大按總面積計算是第二大國家，僅次於俄羅斯。
EN： Fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) are classified as Vulnerable by the IUCN, having suffered catastrophic population declines during twentieth-century commercial whaling. Iceland has historically been one of very few nations maintaining a commercial fin whale hunt under an objection to the 1986 International Whaling Commission (IWC) moratorium, making Icelandic whaling a prominent flashpoint in global environmental diplomacy.
中文： 長鬚鯨（Balaenoptera physalus）已被國際自然保護聯盟（IUCN）列為易危物種，在20世紀的商業捕鯨活動中數量銳減。冰島在歷史上是少數對1986年國際捕鯨委員會（IWC）商業捕鯨禁令提出異議並持續進行商業捕鯨的國家之一，這使得冰島的捕鯨配額長久以來都是全球環境外交與跨國動保組織高度角力的核心爭端。
EN： Inverted conditional clause with 'were to': In formal or written English, the conditional 'if' can be omitted by inverting the subject and the auxiliary verb 'were'. The structure 'Were + subject + to-infinitive' expresses a hypothetical or unlikely future condition, equivalent to 'If + subject + were to + verb'.
中文： 使用「were to」的倒裝假設句：在正式或書面英語中，可以省略條件句的「if」，並將主詞與助動詞「were」倒裝。結構「Were + 主詞 + 不定詞 (to-V)」用來表示對未來假設性、可能性較低或正式委婉的假想，等同於「If + 主詞 + were to + 原形動詞」。
Were the government to raise taxes again, public dissatisfaction would inevitably escalate.
倘若政府再次增稅，大眾的不滿情緒勢必會升溫。
EN： The noun phrase 'effort to + infinitive': The abstract noun 'effort' is frequently followed by a to-infinitive to specify the intended goal or action of the effort. Here, 'the global effort to protect...' functions as a complex noun phrase acting as the object of the preposition 'in'.
中文： 名詞「effort + 不定詞」的搭配：抽象名詞「effort」（努力、行動）常接不定詞（to-V）作同位或後位修飾，用以具體說明該努力的目標。在此句中，「the global effort to protect...」構成複合名詞片語，擔任介系詞「in」的受詞。
She dedicated her life to the international effort to eradicate poverty.
她畢生致力於國際間消除貧困的努力。
EN： Commercial whaling has long been deeply controversial globally. Iceland, along with Norway and Japan, has historically been one of the very few countries continuing commercial whale hunts despite the International Whaling Commission's (IWC) 1986 moratorium. Iceland's legislative move towards an outright ban reflects increasing international pressure and a domestic economic pivot toward ecotourism, notably whale watching, which has proven far more lucrative and culturally accepted than whaling.
中文： 商業捕鯨在全球長期飽受爭議。儘管國際捕鯨委員會（IWC）早在 1986 年就實施了商業捕鯨暫停令，冰島與挪威、日本仍是少數堅持從事商業獵捕的國家。冰島推動立法全面禁止捕鯨，反映出國際社會與動保團體的壓力，同時也體現了國內經濟重心的轉移——賞鯨生態旅遊的經濟收益與社會接受度已遠遠超越了傳統捕鯨業。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 法規、法律；立法
在本文中： 倡導、擁護、提倡
在本文中： 推動力、刺激、動機
在本文中： 長期的、持續很久的
在本文中： 令人信服的、強烈且具說服力的
在本文中： 構成、被視為
在本文中： 合法的、正當合理的
在本文中： 配額、限額
在本文中： 制定、頒布（法律或禁令）
在本文中： 關鍵的、決定性的
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
The practice of hunting and killing whales for profit or trade, rather than for subsistence or scientific research.
商業捕鯨
The waters under the sovereign jurisdiction of a nation or state, typically extending up to 12 nautical miles from the coast.
領海
To originate from or be attributed to a specific source or cause.
追溯至、源自於
A time at which an important change in a situation occurs, especially one with significant consequences.
轉捩點、分水嶺
The central point of attention or interest in a discussion, debate, or visual space.
焦點、核心所在