EN： In news headlines, the simple present tense ('Detect') is commonly used to refer to recent past events to make the news feel more immediate and urgent.
中文： 在新聞標題中，通常會使用一般現在時（如 'Detect'）來表示最近發生的過去事件，以增加新聞的即時感與緊迫感。
Researchers discover new treatment for rare disease.
研究人員發現罕見疾病的新療法。
EN： The past participle phrase 'Linked to...' functions as an adjectival modifier, reducing the relative clause 'which is/are linked to...' to post-modify the noun phrase 'Sugar Molecule'.
中文： 過去分詞短語「Linked to...」（與……有關）在此作形容詞修飾語，是由關係子句「which is/are linked to...」簡化而來，用以從後方修飾名詞片語「Sugar Molecule」（糖分子）。
The symptoms linked to the virus include fever and fatigue.
與該病毒相關的症狀包括發燒和疲勞。
EN： The present perfect tense ('has identified') is used here to describe a recent discovery that has current relevance and ongoing impact on our scientific understanding.
中文： 此處使用現在完成式（'has identified'）來描述一項最近的發現，該發現對我們目前的科學理解具有即時的關聯性與持續的影響。
The research team has developed a new method for analyzing atmospheric data.
該研究團隊已開發出一種分析大氣數據的新方法。
EN： The present participle phrase 'drifting through...' acts as an adjective modifying the noun phrase 'a remarkable organic compound', describing an ongoing state or action.
中文： 現在分詞片語 'drifting through...' 在此作為形容詞修飾名詞片語 'a remarkable organic compound'，用以描述一個持續進行的狀態或動作。
We observed several satellites orbiting around the Earth.
我們觀察到幾顆繞著地球運行的衛星。
EN： The noun phrase 'a discovery...' acts as an appositive to the entire preceding clause, summarizing the previous statement and introducing further elaboration via the relative clause 'that could...'.
中文： 名詞片語 'a discovery...' 作為前面整個子句的同位語，對前述內容進行總結，並透過關係子句 'that could...' 引入進一步的闡述。
The government decided to fund the space program, a move that welcomed praise from scientists.
政府決定資助該太空計畫，此舉受到了科學家們的讚許。
EN： The past participle phrase 'known as...' acts as a reduced relative clause (which is known as...) modifying the noun 'sugar'. It is set off by commas here to provide non-essential, parenthetical information.
中文： 過去分詞片語「known as...」（被稱為……）在此作為簡化關係子句（which is known as...），用以修飾名詞「sugar」（糖）。此處用逗號隔開，提供非限制性的補充說明。
The compound, known as sodium chloride, is essential for human life.
這種被稱為氯化鈉的化合物，對人類生命至關重要。
EN： The em dash (—) is used to introduce an appositive or explanatory phrase that defines or elaborates on the preceding noun phrase 'the interstellar medium'. It adds a dramatic pause and provides descriptive details.
中文： 破折號（—）用於引入同位語或解釋性片語，以定義或詳細說明前述的名詞片語「the interstellar medium」（星際介質）。它能增加語氣上的停頓並提供描述性細節。
We visited the summit — a breathtaking peak covered in perpetual snow.
我們拜訪了山頂——那是一個覆蓋著終年積雪、美得令人屏息的山峰。
EN： The past participle 'scattered' functions as an adjective modifying 'clouds'. It is followed by the prepositional phrase 'throughout the galaxy' to indicate the spatial distribution of the clouds.
中文： 過去分詞「scattered」（散布的）在此作形容詞使用，修飾名詞「clouds」（雲）。其後接介系詞片語「throughout the galaxy」（整個星系中），用以表示這些雲氣在空間中的分布狀態。
The islands, scattered throughout the Pacific Ocean, are home to unique species.
這些散布在太平洋各處的島嶼，是許多獨特物種的家園。
EN： The sentence uses a compound predicate with the coordinating conjunction 'and', connecting an active voice verb ('occurs') and a passive voice verb ('is commonly used') sharing the same subject ('this same compound'). This structure allows for concise and cohesive writing in formal and scientific registers.
中文： 本句使用對等連接詞「and」來連接複合謂語，將主動語態動詞（occurs）與被動語態動詞（is commonly used）結合，兩者共享同一個主詞（this same compound）。這種結構能使正式與科學文體的寫作更加簡潔且具凝聚力。
The newly discovered enzyme breaks down plastic efficiently and is widely utilized in recycling facilities.
這種新發現的酶能高效分解塑膠，並被廣泛應用於回收設施中。
EN： The sentence employs the sentence adverb 'Notably' at the beginning to draw the reader's attention to a significant or surprising fact. Sentence adverbs modify the entire clause that follows rather than a single verb or adjective.
中文： 本句在句首使用句子副詞「Notably」（值得注意的是）來吸引讀者注意某個重要或令人驚訝的事實。句子副詞修飾的是其後的整個子句，而非單一動詞或形容詞。
Interestingly, the two species evolved similar traits despite living in completely different environments.
有趣的是，這兩個物種儘管生活在完全不同的環境中，卻演化出了相似的特徵。
EN： The passive voice construction 'is commonly used' is employed here to focus on the action and the object being acted upon (the compound), rather than the agent performing the action (manufacturers or consumers), which is typical in scientific and technical descriptions.
中文： 此處採用被動語態結構「is commonly used」（常用於），旨在將焦點放在動作及承受動作的客體（該化合物）上，而非執行動作的主體（製造商或消費者），這在科學與技術性描述中非常常見。
This chemical agent is frequently employed in the preservation of organic specimens.
這種化學試劑經常被用於保存有機標本。
EN： The term 'self-tanning products' refers to cosmetics used to mimic a sun tan without exposure to harmful UV radiation. In Western beauty culture, tanned skin is often associated with health, leisure, and wealth, which drove the commercial development of these products. Erythrulose, mentioned in the context, is a key active ingredient in these formulations, reacting with amino acids in the skin to darken its appearance.
中文： 「self-tanning products」（仿曬產品，或稱免曬美黑產品）是指無需暴露於有害紫外線下即可模擬曬黑膚色的化妝品。在西方美容文化中，古銅色肌膚常與健康、休閒和財富聯繫在一起，這推動了此類產品的商業發展。上下文中所提到的「赤鮮酮糖」（erythrulose）是這些配方中的關鍵活性成分，它能與皮膚中的氨基酸產生反應以使膚色變深。
EN： The past participle phrase 'located in Spain' acts as an adjective modifying the noun phrase 'two dish-shaped radio telescopes'. This is a reduced relative clause, shortened from 'which are/were located in Spain'.
中文： 過去分詞短語「located in Spain」作為形容詞，修飾名詞短語「two dish-shaped radio telescopes」（兩台碟形電波望遠鏡）。這是一個簡化的關係子句，由「which are/were located in Spain」縮減而來。
The laboratory equipment located in the basement is used for chemical analysis.
位於地下室的實驗室設備是用於化學分析的。
EN： The infinitive phrase 'to gather...' functions as an adverbial of purpose, explaining why the researchers employed the radio telescopes.
中文： 不定詞短語「to gather...」在此作為目的狀語，解釋研究人員為什麼要使用這些電波望遠鏡。
The team used a supercomputer to simulate the formation of galaxies.
該團隊使用超級電腦來模擬星系的形成。
EN： Compound adjectives like 'dish-shaped' are formed by combining a noun ('dish') with a past participle ('shaped') to describe the physical appearance or characteristics of an object.
中文： 像「dish-shaped」（碟形的）這樣的複合形容詞，是由名詞（dish）與過去分詞（shaped）結合而成，用來描述物體的外觀或特徵。
They observed several cone-shaped structures on the surface of the asteroid.
他們在小行星表面觀察到了幾個圓錐形的結構。
EN： The sentence mentions 'Spain' as a hub for astronomical research. Spain hosts several world-class observatories, such as those in the Canary Islands and the Sierra Nevada (where the IRAM 30-metre radio telescope is located). The spelling of 'centre' in the original text reflects British English (UK) standards, which is commonly used in international scientific journals like Nature Astronomy.
中文： 句子中提到「西班牙」作為天文研究的樞紐。西班牙擁有數個世界級的天文台，例如位於加那利群島和內華達山脈（IRAM 30米電波望遠鏡所在地）的天文台。原文中「centre」的拼寫反映了英國英語（UK）標準，這在《自然天文學》等國際科學期刊中非常常見。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'By + -ing' (gerund) is used to express the method or means by which an action is achieved. It answers the question 'How?'.
中文： 介係詞片語「By + -ing」（動名詞）用於表示達成某動作的方法或手段，用來回答「如何（How）」的問題。
By analyzing the chemical composition of the meteorites, researchers identified their origin.
透過分析隕石的化學成分，研究人員確認了它們的來源。
EN： The verb 'compare' is typically paired with the preposition 'with' (or 'to') to show the relationship or contrast between two entities. 'Compare A with B' is often preferred in formal scientific writing when examining similarities and differences.
中文： 動詞「compare」通常與介係詞「with」（或「to」）搭配，以顯示兩個實體之間的關係或對比。在正式的科學寫作中，當檢視相似之處與相異之處時，通常偏好使用「compare A with B」。
The scientists compared the new data with previous findings to ensure accuracy.
科學家們將新數據與先前的發現進行比對，以確保準確性。
EN： The noun phrase 'the presence of [something]' is a formal academic construction used to state that a substance or element exists or is located in a specific place, rather than using simpler verbs like 'is there' or 'exists'.
中文： 名詞片語「the presence of [某物]」是一種正式的學術結構，用於陳述某種物質或元素存在於特定位置，而非使用較簡單的動詞如「is there」或「exists」。
Tests confirmed the presence of organic compounds in the soil samples.
測試證實了土壤樣本中存在有機化合物。
EN： The use of a past participle phrase ('published in the journal Nature Astronomy') as a reduced relative clause. This construction modifies the noun 'findings' and is equivalent to 'which were published in...'. It is set off by commas because it provides non-essential (parenthetical) information.
中文： 使用過去分詞片語（published in the journal Nature Astronomy）作為簡化關係子句。此結構修飾名詞「findings」，等同於「which were published in...」。因為其提供的是非本質性（插入語）的資訊，所以前後用逗號隔開。
The report, written by a team of experts, highlights the urgent need for climate action.
這份由專家團隊撰寫的報告，強調了對氣候採取行動的緊迫性。
EN： The post-modifier structure 'ever identified beyond Earth' using a past participle ('identified') followed by an adverbial phrase. 'Ever' is used here to mean 'at any time up to the present', commonly modifying superlatives or noun phrases to emphasize scope.
中文： 使用過去分詞（identified）後接副詞片語的後置修飾結構「ever identified beyond Earth」。此處的「ever」表示「截至目前為止的任何時候」，常用於修飾最高級或名詞片語以強調範圍。
This is the most complex protein ever synthesized in a laboratory.
這是實驗室中合成過最複雜的蛋白質。
EN： The verb 'represent' used in an academic register to mean 'to be equivalent to' or 'to serve as a specimen or example of'. It is a more formal alternative to 'is' or 'are' when describing the significance of research findings.
中文： 動詞「represent」在學術語境中的用法，意為「等同於」或「作為…的範例」。在描述研究結果的意義時，它是比「is」或「are」更正式的替代詞。
These ancient ruins represent a major milestone in archaeological history.
這些古代遺跡代表了考古歷史上的一個重大里程碑。
EN： The journal 'Nature Astronomy' is a highly prestigious, peer-reviewed scientific journal. Publishing findings here represents a significant milestone in the scientific community, indicating that the research has undergone rigorous scrutiny by global experts.
中文： 《自然天文學》（Nature Astronomy）是一本享有極高聲譽、經同儕審查的學術期刊。在此發表研究結果代表了科學界的一個重大里程碑，顯示該研究已通過全球專家的嚴格審查。
EN： This is an inverted conditional structure (conditional inversion) used in formal or literary English. It replaces the standard conditional clause 'If it were not for...' by omitting 'if' and placing the auxiliary verb 'were' before the subject 'it'. It is used to express a hypothetical situation in the present or future that is contrary to fact.
中文： 這是一種用於正式或文學英語中的倒裝條件句結構（條件倒裝）。它省略了引導詞「if」，並將助動詞「were」置於主詞「it」之前，用以取代標準的條件子句「If it were not for...」。此結構用於表示與現在或未來事實相反的假設情況。
Were it not for your timely assistance, we would not complete the project on schedule.
若非你及時相助，我們無法按時完成這項專案。
EN： The modal verb 'might' combined with the linking verb 'seem' is used to express a tentative or cautious possibility. It softens the statement, suggesting that while something appears to have a certain quality, it is open to interpretation or not definitively proven.
中文： 情態助動詞「might」與連繫動詞「seem」結合，用於表達一種假設性或謹慎的推測。這種用法使語氣顯得委婉，暗示雖然某事似乎具有某種特質，但仍有詮釋空間或尚未得到絕對證實。
Without further evidence, the theory might seem highly speculative to the scientific community.
在缺乏進一步證據的情況下，這項理論在科學界看來可能顯得極具推測性。
EN： The adverb 'merely' is used to emphasize that something is only what is mentioned and nothing more, often carrying a dismissive or limiting tone. In this sentence, it minimizes the significance of 'whimsical' to contrast it with the actual 'broader significance'.
中文： 副詞「merely」用於強調某事僅僅是所提到的情況，別無其他，通常帶有輕描淡寫或限制性的語氣。在本句中，它淡化了「奇思妙想（whimsical）」的重要性，以與實際存在的「更廣泛意義」形成對比。
The initial symptoms were merely a mild headache, but they soon worsened.
最初的症狀僅僅是輕微頭痛，但很快就惡化了。
EN： The present perfect tense ('have emphasised') is used here to describe a past action that has strong relevance to the present. In scientific and academic writing, it often introduces a prevailing consensus or ongoing state of research.
中文： 現在完成式（have emphasised）在此處用於描述一個過去發生但與現在有強烈關聯的動作。在學術與科學寫作中，這常用於引入目前普遍存在的共識或持續進行的研究狀態。
Researchers have demonstrated that early intervention significantly improves outcomes.
研究人員已經證實，早期干預能顯著改善預後。
EN： The noun clause introduced by 'that' acts as the direct object of the verb 'emphasised'. It contains a complete sentence structure ('different sugar varieties fuel... and even constitute...') that details the content of the emphasis.
中文： 由「that」引導的名詞子句作為動詞「emphasised」的直接受詞。該子句包含一個完整的句子結構（different sugar varieties fuel... and even constitute...），詳細說明了強調的內容。
She argued that the experimental data was inconclusive.
她主張實驗數據是不具決定性的。
EN： The verb 'fuel' is used metaphorically here to mean 'to provide energy or support for a process'. It is paired with 'constitute' (to make up or form) using the coordinating conjunction 'and' to show parallel actions performed by 'different sugar varieties'.
中文： 動詞「fuel」在此處作比喻性使用，意為「為某個過程提供能量或支持」。它與「constitute」（構成、組成）透過對等連接詞「and」連接，以表示「different sugar varieties」所進行的平行動作。
The government's new policy is expected to fuel economic growth.
政府的新政策預計將刺激經濟增長。
EN： The mention of DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) in relation to space chemistry highlights a major focus of astrobiology: understanding the prebiotic origins of life. In English-speaking scientific discourse, discussing 'the building blocks of life' (like sugars and amino acids found in space) is a common way to bridge complex chemistry with general public interest.
中文： 提到去氧核糖核酸（DNA）與太空化學的關係，突顯了天體生物學的一個主要焦點：理解生命前期的起源。在英語科學論述中，討論「生命的基石」（如在太空發現的糖類和胺基酸）是將複雜的化學與大眾興趣連結起來的常見方式。
EN： Gerund as Subject: The -ing form of a verb ('Understanding') can function as a noun and serve as the subject of a sentence. It takes a singular verb ('is').
中文： 動名詞當主詞：動詞的 -ing 形式（如 'Understanding'）可以作為名詞並擔任句子的主詞。其後須接單數動詞（如 'is'）。
Developing new technologies requires significant financial investment.
開發新技術需要大量的資金投入。
EN： Embedded Question as Object of Gerund: The noun clause 'how these organic compounds form...' acts as the direct object of the gerund 'Understanding'. It follows statement word order (subject + verb) rather than question word order.
中文： 間接問句作動名詞的受詞：名詞子句 'how these organic compounds form...' 作為動名詞 'Understanding' 的直接受詞。此子句須使用陳述句語序（主詞 + 動詞），而非疑問句語序。
Explaining why the experiment failed was difficult for the team.
向團隊解釋實驗為何失敗非常困難。
EN： Adjective + Preposition Collocation: 'Crucial to' is followed by a noun phrase or a gerund ('unravelling'). The 'to' here is a preposition, not part of an infinitive, which is a common source of error for learners.
中文： 形容詞與介係詞的搭配：'Crucial to' 後面接名詞片語或動名詞（如 'unravelling'）。這裡的 'to' 是介係詞，而非不定詞符號，這是學習者常犯錯的地方。
Continuous practice is crucial to mastering a foreign language.
持續的練習對於掌握一門外語至關重要。
EN： The emphatic phrase 'by no means' is used to strongly deny a statement or to emphasize that something is definitely not the case. It functions as an adverbial phrase and is more formal and emphatic than 'not at all' or 'definitely not'.
中文： 強調片語「by no means」用於強烈否定某個陳述，或強調某事絕非如此。它作為副詞片語使用，比「not at all」或「definitely not」更為正式且具強調語氣。
The challenging project is by no means complete, but we have made significant progress.
這項具有挑戰性的專案絕非已經完成，但我們已經取得了重大進展。
EN： The noun 'instance' refers to a particular case or occurrence of something. When paired with 'of', it introduces the specific category or phenomenon being exemplified (e.g., 'instance of [noun/gerund]').
中文： 名詞「instance」指某事的特定實例或發生。當與介係詞「of」連用時，用以引出所舉例的具體類別或現象（例如：「instance of [名詞/動名詞]」）。
This is a rare instance of cooperation between the two rival companies.
這是這兩家競爭對手之間合作的罕見案例。
EN： The use of 'molecular cousin' is a metaphorical extension. In scientific writing, 'cousin' is often used to describe a compound or molecule that has a similar chemical structure or relationship to another well-known substance.
中文： 「molecular cousin」（分子親戚）是一種比喻性的延伸用法。在科學寫作中，「cousin」常用來描述與另一種已知物質具有相似化學結構或親緣關係的化合物或分子。
The researchers discovered a chemical cousin of aspirin in the bark of the local willow tree.
研究人員在當地柳樹的樹皮中發現了阿斯匹靈的化學親戚。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'near the galactic centre' functions as an adverbial of place, modifying the verb 'spotted'. 'Galactic' is the adjectival form of 'galaxy'.
中文： 介系詞片語「near the galactic centre」（在銀河系中心附近）作為地方副詞片語，修飾動詞「spotted」（發現）。「galactic」是「galaxy」（星系）的形容詞形式。
Astronomers observed a massive black hole near the galactic centre.
天文學家在銀河系中心附近觀測到了一個超大質量黑洞。
EN： The term 'table sugar' refers to sucrose, the common sugar used in households. In scientific contexts, comparing complex interstellar molecules to everyday substances like 'table sugar' or 'raspberries' helps make advanced astrobiology more relatable and understandable to the general public.
中文： 「table sugar」指的是蔗糖，即日常生活中常見的食用糖。在科學科普文章中，將複雜的星際分子與「食用糖」或「覆盆子」等日常事物進行對比，有助於讓深奧的太空生物學概念對大眾而言更加通俗易懂。
EN： The relative pronoun 'that' introduces a defining relative clause modifying the noun phrase 'black grains'. In this clause, 'that' functions as the subject, followed by the verb 'yielded'. This structure is essential for specifying which grains are being referred to.
中文： 關係代名詞「that」引導一個限定修飾名詞片語「black grains」（黑色顆粒）的關係子句。在此子句中，「that」充當主詞，後接動詞「yielded」。此結構對於明確指出所指的是哪些顆粒至關重要。
The team analyzed the soil samples that contained rare organic compounds.
該團隊分析了含有稀有有機化合物的土壤樣本。
EN： The preposition 'alongside' is used to mean 'together with' or 'in addition to'. It is often employed in formal or scientific contexts to describe co-occurrence or physical coexistence of multiple elements.
中文： 介係詞「alongside」用於表示「與…一起」或「除…之外（還）」。在正式或科學語境中，它常用於描述多個元素的共同出現或物理共存。
The rover discovered water ice alongside various mineral deposits on the planet's surface.
探測器在該行星表面發現了水冰以及各種礦物沉積物。
EN： The suffix '-like' is attached to a noun (here, 'gum') to form an adjective meaning 'resembling' or 'having the characteristics of'. It is a highly productive way to describe unfamiliar substances by comparing them to familiar ones.
中文： 字尾「-like」附加在名詞（此處為「gum」，即黏膠）之後以形成形容詞，意思是「像…的」或「具有…特徵的」。這是一種非常實用的描述方式，藉由將不熟悉的物質與熟悉的物質進行對比來進行描繪。
The scientists observed a gel-like layer forming over the chemical mixture.
科學家們觀察到化學混合物上方形成了一層凝膠狀的薄層。
EN： This sentence refers to NASA's OSIRIS-REx mission, which successfully returned samples from the near-Earth asteroid Bennu in September 2023. The discovery of organic molecules like sugars and amino acids on asteroids supports the panspermia hypothesis—the idea that the chemical precursors to life on Earth may have been delivered by celestial impacts billions of years ago.
中文： 此句子提及美國國家航空暨太空總署（NASA）的「歐西里斯-雷克斯」任務，該任務於 2023 年 9 月成功將近地小行星「貝努」的樣本送回地球。在小行星上發現糖和胺基酸等有機分子，為「胚種論」（panspermia hypothesis）提供了支持，即地球生命的化學前驅物可能是數十億年前透過天體撞擊被帶到地球的。
EN： The idiom 'lend credibility to' means to make an opinion, story, or theory seem more likely to be true. It is highly common in academic and formal registers.
中文： 片語「lend credibility to」意為「增加…的可信度」或「使…更具說服力」，常用於學術或正式文體中，用來表示某項新證據或論點支持了既有的假說或理論。
The newly discovered documents lend credibility to the historian's original theory.
新發現的文獻為這位歷史學家最初的理論增加了可信度。
EN： The modal perfect construction 'may have + past participle' is used to express a possibility about a past event where the speaker is not entirely certain.
中文： 情態助動詞完成式「may have + 過去分詞」用於對過去發生的事情進行推測，表示「過去可能已經…」，說話者對此並非百分之百確定。
The ancient civilization may have collapsed due to sudden climate change.
這個古老文明可能因為突然的氣候變遷而崩潰。
EN： The reflexive pronoun 'themselves' is used here as the direct object of the verb 'sustained' because the subject of the noun clause ('the earliest forms of life') is the same as the object.
中文： 反身代名詞「themselves」在此處作為動詞「sustained」的直接受詞，因為名詞子句的主詞（「最早期的生命形式」）與受詞為同一主體，表示「自我維持/生存」。
EN： The relative clause 'where erythrulose was found' is an adjective clause modifying the noun 'The region'. The relative adverb 'where' is used because it refers to a place and functions as an adverbial of place within the clause.
中文： 關係子句「where erythrulose was found」是形容詞子句，用來修飾名詞「The region」（區域）。這裡使用關係副詞「where」是因為它指代一個地點，並在該子句中充當地方副詞的角色。
This is the laboratory where the breakthrough discovery was made.
這就是做出突破性發現的實驗室。
EN： The present perfect passive voice ('has also been traversed') is used to describe an action that occurred at an unspecified time in the past, with a continuing relevance to the present. The passive voice shifts the focus to the receiver of the action ('The region').
中文： 現在完成式的被動語態（「has also been traversed」）用於描述在過去不特定時間發生、且與現在仍有持續關聯的動作。被動語態將焦點轉移到動作的承受者（「The region」）。
The ancient ruins have been visited by millions of tourists over the decades.
數十年來，這處古老遺跡已被數百萬名遊客造訪過。
EN： The phrase ', the farthest spacecraft ever launched from Earth' is an appositive noun phrase that provides non-essential, descriptive information about 'NASA's twin Voyager probes'. The past participle 'launched' acts as an adjective modifying 'spacecraft'.
中文： 片語「, the farthest spacecraft ever launched from Earth」是一個同位語名詞片語，針對「美國國家航空暨太空總署的雙子航海家探測器」提供非必要但具描述性的資訊。過去分詞「launched」在此作形容詞修飾「spacecraft」。
We finally reached Mount Everest, the highest peak in the world.
我們終於抵達了聖母峰，這座世界上最高的山峰。
EN： The 'Voyager' program refers to NASA's twin robotic probes, Voyager 1 and Voyager 2, launched in 1977. Voyager 1 became the first human-made object to enter interstellar space in 2012, followed by Voyager 2 in 2018. They carry the famous Golden Records, intended to communicate the story of our world to any extraterrestrial life.
中文： 「航海家」計畫（Voyager program）是指美國國家航空暨太空總署（NASA）於 1977 年發射的雙子無人探測器——航海家 1 號和航海家 2 號。航海家 1 號於 2012 年成為首個進入星際空間的人造物體，隨後航海家 2 號也於 2018 年進入。它們攜帶著著名的「航海家金唱片」，旨在向可能存在的地外生命傳遞地球的故事。
EN： The use of a 'that-clause' as a subject. A noun clause starting with 'That' can function as the subject of a sentence, representing a fact, idea, or situation. It is often used in formal or academic writing to introduce a complex proposition before stating its effect or impact.
中文： 「That 引導的主詞子句」用法。由「That」開頭的名詞子句可以擔任整句話的主詞，用來表示一個事實、想法或情況。這在正式或學術寫作中非常常見，便於在說明其影響或效果之前，先引入一個複雜的主張。
That the global temperature continues to rise concerns scientists worldwide.
全球氣溫持續上升這件事讓全世界的科學家感到憂心。
EN： The use of 'should' in that-clauses to express surprise, indignation, or strong emotion (often referred to as the emotional 'should'). It does not indicate obligation here, but rather highlights the unexpected or remarkable nature of the situation.
中文： 在 that 子句中使用「should」來表達驚訝、憤慨或強烈的情感（通常稱為情感助動詞 should）。此處它並不表示義務或應該，而是用來強調該情況出乎意料或令人驚嘆的本質（可譯為「竟然」）。
It is surprising that he should say such a thing to his mentor.
他竟然對他的導師說出這樣的話，真是令人驚訝。
EN： The structure 'strike someone as something'. This idiom means to give someone a particular impression or to be perceived by someone in a specific way. It is commonly followed by a noun phrase or an adjective phrase.
中文： 「strike someone as something」的結構。這個片語意為「給某人留下某種印象」或「讓某人覺得……」。後面通常接名詞片語或形容詞片語。
His humble attitude struck the interviewers as highly professional.
他謙遜的態度給面試官留下了高度專業的印象。
EN： The sentence reflects a common philosophical sentiment in modern astrophysics: the juxtaposition of advanced scientific discovery with human humility. The realization that complex organic molecules (the building blocks of life) exist naturally in the harsh environment of deep space often evokes a sense of awe, bridging the gap between cold science and existential wonder.
中文： 這句話反映了現代天體物理學中常見的一種哲學情感：將先進的科學發現與人類的謙遜並置。當科學家意識到複雜的有機分子（生命的基石）竟然自然存在於深空惡劣的環境中時，往往會激發出一種敬畏感，這在冰冷的科學與對生命存在的驚嘆之間架起了一座橋樑。
EN： This sentence utilizes a conditional inversion (also known as a 'should-inversion') in the protasis (the 'if'-clause). In formal or academic English, 'if' can be omitted, and the auxiliary verb 'should' is inverted with the subject. This structure expresses a hypothetical future possibility (similar to a First Conditional but more tentative or formal).
中文： 本句在條件從句（if 子句）中使用了「倒裝結構」（亦稱為 should 倒裝）。在正式或學術英語中，可以省略「if」，並將助動詞「should」與主詞對調。此結構用以表示對未來情況的假設，語氣比一般的第一類條件句更為委婉、正式或不確定。
Should you require further assistance, please do not hesitate to contact our support team.
若您需要進一步的協助，請隨時與我們的支援團隊聯繫。
EN： The phrase 'far-reaching' is a compound adjective meaning having important and widely applicable effects or implications. It is commonly paired with nouns like 'implications', 'consequences', 'effects', or 'reforms' to describe deep, long-lasting impact.
中文： 複合形容詞「far-reaching」意為「影響深遠的」或「波及廣泛的」。它經常與「implications」（啟示/影響）、「consequences」（後果）、「effects」（效果）或「reforms」（改革）等名詞搭配，用以描述深遠且持久的衝擊。
The supreme court's decision will have far-reaching consequences for privacy rights.
最高法院的這項裁決將對隱私權產生深遠的影響。
EN： The word 'indeed' is used as an intensifier at the end of the clause to emphasize the truth or strength of the statement 'would be far-reaching'. It adds a tone of conviction and academic weight to the conclusion.
中文： 副詞「indeed」（確實/無疑）在此處用作子句末尾的強調詞，用以加強「would be far-reaching」（將會影響深遠）這一陳述的真實性與力度，為結論增添了堅定的語氣與學術分量。
The results of the clinical trial are very promising indeed.
該臨床試驗的結果確實非常令人期待。
EN： The sentence reflects the cautious yet optimistic tone typical of peer-reviewed scientific journalism (such as in 'Nature Astronomy'). Rather than making definitive claims, scientists use conditional structures ('Should... would be...') to maintain empirical rigor while highlighting the profound philosophical and scientific excitement of finding organic precursors to life in deep space.
中文： 本句反映了同行評審科學新聞（如《自然天文學》）中典型的謹慎且樂觀的語氣。科學家不直接做出絕對的斷言，而是使用條件假設結構（Should... would be...）來保持實證研究的嚴謹性，同時又突顯了在深空發現生命有機前體在哲學與科學上的重大意義。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 恆星之間的，星際的
在本文中： 異想天開的、古怪而有趣的
在本文中： 構成，組成
在本文中： 先決條件，前提
在本文中： 收回，取回
在本文中： 假設，假說（複數形）
在本文中： 橫越，穿過
在本文中： 令人感到渺小或謙遜的
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
The matter (gas and dust) that exists in the space between the star systems in a galaxy.
星際介質
To make an opinion, claim, or story seem more likely to be true or believable.
增加...的可信度，使...更具說服力
Used to say that someone or something is the only reason why something else did not happen or is not true.
若非因為...，如果沒有...