EN： The structure 'render + object + adjective' means to cause someone or something to be in a particular state. It is a formal alternative to 'make + object + adjective'.
中文： 「render + 宾语 + 形容词」结构意为「使某人或某物处于某种状态」，是「make + 宾语 + 形容词」的正式与书面用法。
The sudden power outage rendered the computerized security system completely useless.
突如其来的停电使得电脑化的安保系统完全失效。
EN： Inverted locative prepositional phrase fronting: Placing a locative prepositional phrase (e.g., 'In one of...') at the beginning of a sentence sets the spatial context first, followed by the main subject and verb. It is commonly used in journalistic and descriptive academic writing to create an immersive setting.
中文： 地方介词短语前置：将表示地点的介词短语（如 In one of...）放在句首，先建立空间背景，随后接主语与动词。这种结构常见于新闻报道与描述性学术写作中，用以营造沉浸式的场景感。
On the top floor of the old library, a rare manuscript collection remains hidden from the public.
在这座老图书馆的顶楼，收藏着一份不对公开的珍贵手稿。
EN： The present continuous passive 'is underway' functions similarly to 'is being carried out' or 'is happening now'. 'Underway' is an adjective meaning currently in progress or being conducted.
中文： 「is underway」意为「正在进行中」，其功能类似于「is being carried out」或「is happening now」。「underway」为形容词，常用于表示某项活动、计划或研究目前正在开展或执行。
A major investigation into the cause of the technical failure is currently underway.
针对该技术故障原因的大型调查目前正在进行中。
EN： The Canadian Arctic is one of the most rapidly changing environments on Earth due to global climate change, warming at a rate roughly three times faster than the global average. Research initiatives in remote northern communities often face extreme logistical challenges and increasingly rely on partnerships between Southern academic institutions and local Indigenous (Inuit) researchers who hold valuable traditional ecological knowledge.
中文： 受全球气候变迁影响，加拿大北极地区是地球上变化最快的环境之一，其升温速度约为全球平均水平的三倍。在偏远北方社区进行的科学研究计划常面临极端艰巨的物流与气候挑战，因此越来越依赖南部学术机构与拥有珍贵传统生态知识的在地因纽特人（Inuit）研究人员之间的紧密合作。
EN： Apposition using a noun phrase: A noun phrase is placed directly after a proper noun to provide essential background context or definition without starting a full relative clause.
中文： 同位语名词短语：紧接在专有名词之后，提供背景资讯或补充说明，毋需使用完整的关系子句（如 which is...）。
Mount Everest, the highest peak above sea level, attracts hundreds of climbers every year.
圣母峰，海拔最高的山峰，每年都吸引数百名登山者。
EN： Reduced relative clause using a past participle: 'situated between...' is a shortened version of 'which is situated between...', functioning as a post-modifier for the noun 'expanse'.
中文： 分词后置修饰（简化关系子句）：「situated between...」是「which is situated between...」的省略形式，用来修饰前面的名词「expanse」。
The hotel, located near the city center, offers convenient access to public transportation.
这间位于市中心附近的饭店提供了极为便利的大众运输连结。
EN： Linking verb 'remain' with a predicate adjective: 'remain' functions as a copular verb that joins the subject with an adjective ('ice-free') to describe a continuous state.
中文： 连缀动词 remain + 形容词：remain 在此作为连缀动词，后接形容词（ice-free）以保持主词持续处于某种状态的描述。
Despite the fierce criticism, the scientist remained optimistic about her research outcomes.
尽管面临严厉的批评，这位科学家对她的研究成果依然保持乐观。
EN： A 'polynya' (a word of Russian origin) is a persistent area of open water surrounded by sea ice, found in the Arctic and Antarctic. The North Water polynya (known as Pikialasorsuaq in Greenlandic Kalaallisut) is the largest polynya in the Northern Hemisphere and serves as a vital ecological haven and hunting region for Indigenous Inuit populations.
中文： 「polynya」（冰间湖/冰穴，源自俄语）是指被海冰包围的常年不冻水域，常见于北极与南极。北方水域冰间湖（在格陵兰语中称为 Pikialasorsuaq）是北半球最大的冰间湖，为当地因纽特人（Inuit）提供了关键的生境庇护所与传统猎场。。
EN： The sentence uses 'driven by' as a reduced relative clause (short for 'which are driven by') modifying the noun phrase 'shifting glacial dynamics'. This past-participle clause concisely expresses cause and effect.
中文： 句中使用「driven by」作为简化关系子句（原为「which are driven by」），修饰名词片语「shifting glacial dynamics」（变化的冰河动态）。这种过去分词片语能精简地表达因果关系。。
Ecosystems driven by extreme weather conditions require specialized conservation strategies.
受极端天气条件影响的生态系统需要专门的保育策略。
EN： The structure 'threaten to [verb]' is used figuratively with non-human subjects to indicate a strong likelihood of an undesirable or disruptive outcome occurring.
中文： 「threaten to + 动词」结构在此非拟人化使用，用于非生物主词，，表示某种令人不悦或具破坏性的结果极有可能发生（有……的威胁/征兆）。
Rising sea levels threaten to inundate low-lying coastal communities by the end of the century.
海平面上升威胁着要在本世纪末淹没低洼的沿海社区。
EN： The comparative construction 'more [noun] ... rather than less' sets up a direct contrast, emphasizing an unexpected parallel opposite where 'rather than' functions as a prepositional coordinator replacing a second clause.
中文： 「more [名词] ... rather than less」的比较结构形成了直接对比，强调出一种出乎意料的相反情况；「rather than」在此扮演连接介词的角色，省略了重复的动词结构。。
The new policy introduced more bureaucratic hurdles rather than fewer.
这项新政策带来的是更多的官僚障碍，而不是更少。
EN： The North Water polynya (known as Pikialasorsuaq in Inuktitut) is a paradoxical Arctic phenomena where warming temperatures disrupt ice arches that normally block sea ice from entering the polynya. Thus, global warming counterintuitively forces more pack ice southward into this open-water refuge, threatening the rich biological marine life that local Inuit communities depend on.
中文： 北方水域不冻冰穴（Inuktitut 语称为 Pikialasorsuaq）呈现出一种矛盾的北极气候现象：全球暖化打破了原本能阻挡海冰流入该水域的“冰弧”（ice arches）。因此，全球气温上升反倒违背直觉地将更多包围冰层推向南方、塞满这个原本无冰的庇护所，严重威胁到当地因纽特人所仰赖的丰富海洋生态系统。。
EN： Apposition and Parenthetical Em-Dashes: Em-dashes (—) can be used to set off parenthetical elements, appositives, or amplified details that provide extra information about a noun (here, 'Grise Fiord'). They create a stronger pause and emphasis than commas or parentheses.
中文： 同位语与破折号插入语：破折号（—）可用于隔开插入语、同位语或补充细节，为前面的名词（此处为“格里斯菲尔德”）提供额外资讯。。相相较于逗号或括号，破折号能创造更强烈的停顿与强调效果。。
The researcher—a renowned expert in marine biology—presented her findings to the committee.
这位研究员——一位著名的海洋生物学专家——向委员会提交了她的研究成果。。
EN： Reduced Relative Clause with Past Participle: 'based in Grise Fiord' is a reduced relative clause modifying 'an Inuit researcher'. It is shortened from the relative clause 'who is based in Grise Fiord'.
中文： 分词后置修饰（简化关系子句）：“based in Grise Fiord”是一个分词短语，用来修饰前面的“an Inuit researcher”。此结构是由关系子句“who is based in Grise Fiord”简化而来。。
Dr. Smith, a scientist based in London, is leading the international study.
史密斯博士是一位派驻于伦敦的科学家，正领导着这项国际研究。。
EN： Idiomatic Collocation 'play a pivotal/crucial role in': This structure is used to express that someone or something has an extremely important influence on an outcome or effort. It is commonly followed by a noun or gerund.
中文： 惯用搭配“play a pivotal role in”（在……中扮演关键角色）：此句型用于表达某人或某事对某项结果或努力具有极其重要的影响力，后面通常接名词或动名词。。
Renewable energy will play a pivotal role in reducing global carbon emissions.
可再生能源将在减少全球碳排放方面扮演关键角色。。
EN： Grise Fiord (Inuktitut: Aujuittuq, meaning 'place that never melts') is located on Ellesmere Island in Nunavut. It is indeed Canada's northernmost civilian settlement. The community was created by the Canadian government during the Cold War in 1953 by relocating Inuit families to assert High Arctic sovereignty, a controversial chapter in Canadian history. Today, local Inuit researchers like Terry Noah combine Indigenous traditional knowledge with modern science to study rapid Arctic climate shifts.
中文： 格里斯菲尔德（因纽特语：Aujuittuq，意为「永不融化之地」）位于努纳武特地区的埃尔斯米尔岛，是加拿大最北端的民用定居点。该社区于1953年冷战时期由加拿大政府建立，当时政府将因纽特人家庭强制迁移至此以宣示高纬度北极的主权，这是加拿大历史上一段具争议性的过往。如今，像泰瑞·诺亚这样的在地因纽特人研究员，将原住民传统生态知识与现代科学相结合，以应对快速发生的北极气候变迁。
EN： A present participle phrase ('Operating...') at the beginning of a sentence acts as an adverbial clause of manner or circumstance, sharing the same subject as the main clause ('Noah').
中文： 句首的现在分词短语（Operating...）充当方式或情境副词修饰语，其逻辑主语与主句主语（Noah）一致。
Working late into the night, the scientist analyzed the collected samples.
该科学家工作到深夜，分析收集到的样本。
EN： A past participle phrase ('housed in a shipping container') can act as a reduced relative clause modifying the preceding noun phrase ('a mobile laboratory').
中文： 过去分词短语（housed in a shipping container）可作为简化关系子句，修饰前面的名词短语（a mobile laboratory）。
The data stored in the hard drive were critical for the research project.
硬碟中储存的数据对该研究计划至关重要。
EN： The preposition 'by' followed by a gerund ('by lowering...') indicates the method or means by which an action is accomplished.
中文： 介词「by」后接动名词（by lowering...），用来表示达成某动作的方法或手段。
Researchers measure ocean temperatures by deploying automated buoys.
研究人员透过部署自动浮标来测量海洋温度。
EN： Conducting scientific research in the Arctic often relies on adaptively repurposed infrastructure, such as shipping containers converted into heated laboratories. Furthermore, integrating Indigenous knowledge and participation—such as Inuit researcher Terry Noah—is increasingly recognized as vital for effective regional environmental monitoring and conservation.
中文： 在北极进行科学研究常仰赖具适应性的改装设施，例如将海运货柜改造成配有供暖系统的移动实验室。此外，结合因纽特人研究员（如泰瑞·诺亚）的在地经验与参与，已被视为有效进行区域环境监测与保育不可或缺的一环。
EN： Appositive phrases are used to give non-essential or essential explanatory information about a noun directly preceding them. Here, 'a research scientist at the University of Alberta' renames and clarifies who Andrew Hamilton is without needing a separate sentence.
中文： 同位语短语用于为前方的名词提供补充或解释性资讯。在此处，『a research scientist at the University of Alberta』用来补充说明安德鲁·汉密尔顿的身份，使句子更精炼。
Dr. Sarah Chen, a renowned marine biologist, will deliver the keynote address.
知名海洋生物学家莎拉·陈博士将发表基调演讲。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses starting with 'who' provide additional, non-essential information about a person. They are separated by commas and cannot use 'that' instead of 'who'.
中文： 由『who』引导的非限定关系子句用来对先行词（人）提供附加资讯。此类子句前后需使用逗号隔开，且不能用『that』取代『who』。
Professor Vance, who has spent decades studying Arctic glaciers, warned about the rapid melting ice.
花费数十年研究北极冰川的凡斯教授对冰层快速融化提出了警告。
EN： The adverb 'subsequently' denotes an action occurring after another event. It serves as a formal transition, often placed between the subject and the main verb, or at the beginning/end of a clause.
中文： 副词『subsequently』表示某事在另一事件之后发生，意为『随后』或『接着』。属于正式语域用语，常位于主词与主要动词之间，或子句的开头与结结尾。
The team collected water samples and subsequently analyzed them in the laboratory.
团队采集了水样，随后在实验室中进行了分析。
EN： The Arctic research described here highlights a modern collaborative model in polar science: combining community-based monitoring by indigenous Inuit residents (who possess local knowledge and daily field access) with analytical modeling by university scientists. Jones Sound and Baffin Bay are critical ecological regions currently experiencing rapid climate-induced shifts.
中文： 此处描述的北极研究凸显了现代极地科学中的一种合作模式：将因纽特居民（具备在地经验与每日实地采样能力）的社区监测，与大学科学家的数据分析相结合。琼斯海峡与巴芬湾均为受到气候变化剧烈影响的关键生态区域。
EN： The verb 'constitute' is a formal synonym for 'make up', 'form', or 'be'. In academic and news contexts, it is frequently used to establish that a specific action, idea, or finding serves as or equals a particular status or category.
中文： 动词「constitute」是「组成、构成、视为」的高级正式用语（相当于 form 或 be）。在学术与新闻报道中，常用来强调某项行动、观点或发现等同于某种特定地位或类别。
The discovery of liquid water on the exoplanet constitutes a major breakthrough in astrophysics.
在这颗系外行星上发现液态水，构成了天体物理学上的重大突破。
EN： The combination 'in preparing for' features the preposition 'in' followed by a gerund (-ing form), expressing the purpose, scope, or context within which an action takes place ('in the process of preparing for').
中文： 介词「in」接动名词（V-ing）的结构「in preparing for」，用来表示某动作发生的范畴、目的或过程（意为「在准备……的过程中」或「为了准备……」）。
Early detection of natural hazards is essential in minimizing casualties.
提早侦测自然灾害对于最大程度减少人员伤亡至关重要。
EN： The post-modifying spatial adverb 'ahead' comes immediately after the noun 'upheaval' to indicate upcoming or future events ('the upheaval that lies ahead').
中文： 副词「ahead」置于名词「upheaval」之后作为后位修饰语，用来指代「前方、未来即将降临」的事物或局势（相当于 the upheaval that lies ahead）。
The company leaders warned employees about the economic challenges ahead.
公司领导层警告员工注意未来即将面临的经济挑战。
EN： Inverted second conditional using 'Were... to': This formal, literary structure replaces the standard 'If... were to' clause by omitting 'if' and fronting the auxiliary verb 'were'. It expresses a hypothetical or unlikely future condition.
中文： 使用「Were... to」的倒装第二条件句：这是一种正式且具文学色彩的句型，通过省略「if」并将助动词「were」置于句首，来取代标准的「If... were to」从句。用于表达对未来情况的假设或可能性较低的情况。
Were global temperatures to rise by another degree, coastal cities would face severe flooding.
如果全球气温再上升一度，沿海城市将面临严重的洪水威胁。
EN： Modal verb 'could' + copular verb 'prove' + adjective: 'Prove' acts as a linking verb meaning 'to turn out to be' or 'to be found to be' over time. Combined with 'could', it expresses a potential outcome that might be revealed in the future.
中文： 情态动词「could」+ 系动词「prove」+ 形容词：在此「prove」作为系动词，意思是「结果证明为」或「被发现是」。与「could」结合使用时，表示未来可能显现的潜在结果。
The new policy could prove beneficial to the local economy in the long run.
从长远来看，这项新政策可能会证明对当地经济有利。
EN： A 'polynya' (from the Russian 'polynya', meaning an open water area in ice) is a persistent area of open water surrounded by sea ice. The North Water polynya (known as Pikialasorsuaq in Greenlandic Kalaallisut) is one of the most biologically productive ecosystems in the Arctic Circle, serving as a critical refuge and feeding ground for marine mammals, seabirds, and the local Inuit who rely on them for subsistence.
中文： 「polynya」（冰穴，源自俄语，指冰层中的未冻水域）是指被海冰包围的常年不冻水域。北方水域冰穴（格陵兰语称为 Pikialasorsuaq）是北极圈内生物生产力最高的生态系统之一，为海洋哺乳动物、海鸟以及仰赖这些资源维生的当地因纽特人提供了关键的庇护所与觅食地。
EN： The second clause uses the modal verb 'would' to form a hypothetical conditional structure, expressing the likely consequence of a potential or hypothetical condition ('any disruption...'). This indicates a high-probability result under a theoretical scenario without explicitly using an 'if' clause.
中文： 第二个分句使用情态动词「would」构建假设条件结构，表达潜在或假设状况（「any disruption...」）可能带来的后果。这种句型无需明确使用「if」引导的条件句，即可表达在理论情境下极可能发生的结果。
Any loss of biodiversity would severely impact the stability of the rainforest.
生物多样性的任何丧失都会严重影响热带雨林的稳定性。
EN： The verb 'reverberate' is used metaphorically here. While its primary physical meaning is to echo or resound, in formal and academic contexts it frequently describes how an effect, shock, or consequence spreads outward and impacts an entire system or structure.
中文： 动词「reverberate」在此处为比喻用法。虽然其基本物理字义是「回响、发出回音」，但在正式与学术语境中，常用于描述某种影响、冲击或后果如何向外扩散并对整个系统或结构产生连锁反应。
The economic crisis in Europe reverberated across global financial markets.
欧洲的经济危机在全球金融市场中引发了连锁回响。
EN： Polynyas are areas of persistent open water surrounded by sea ice in Arctic and Antarctic regions. They act as biological oases in the polar desert, supporting rich food webs from plankton to marine mammals like seals, walruses, and whales. For Indigenous communities like the Inuit, these ice-free areas have been vital hunting grounds and ecological lifelines for thousands of years.
中文： 冰塞（polynya，或称冰隙水域）是指在北极和南极被海冰包围却长期不封冻的开阔水域。它们如同极地沙漠中的生物绿洲，维持着从浮游生物到海豹、海象及鲸鱼等海洋哺乳动物的丰富食物网。对因纽特人等原住民社群而言，数千年来这些无冰水域一直是极其重要的狩猎场与生态生命线。
EN： The transitional phrase 'Against this backdrop' is used to introduce a statement by referring to the surrounding conditions or historical context that make the new action or event significant.
中文： 转接短语「Against this backdrop」（在此背景下）常用于引出一个句式，透过提及周遭环境、现状或历史背景，来凸显新发生的行动或事件之重要性。
Against this backdrop of rising inflation, many families are cutting back on non-essential spending.
在此通货膨胀上升的背景下，许多家庭正在减少非必要的开支。
EN： The phrasal verb 'put forward' means to propose, submit, or offer an idea, plan, or suggestion for consideration.
中文： 短语动词「put forward」意为「提出（建议、计划或想法）」，供他人讨论、考虑或审议。
The committee put forward several innovative strategies to reduce urban waste.
委员会提出了一些减少城市废弃物的新颖策略。
EN： The past participle phrase 'governed under...' functions as a reduced relative clause (short for 'which is/was governed under...'), post-modifying the noun 'protected area'.
中文： 过去分词短语「governed under...」作为省略的关系子句（原为「which is governed under...」），置于名词「protected area」之后进行后位修饰。
The project, funded under a government grant, aims to restore local biodiversity.
该计划在政府补助金资助下进行，旨在恢复当地的生物多样性。
EN： In recent decades, environmental conservation in the Arctic has increasingly shifted toward Indigenous-Led Conservation Areas (ILCAs). Rather than imposing top-down protection, these initiatives combine Indigenous Ecological Knowledge (IEK) with Western science, empowering communities like the Inuit to retain stewardship over their traditional lands and marine waters.
中文： 近数十年来，北极地区的环境保护策略日益转向「原住民主导的保护区」（Indigenous-Led Conservation Areas）。这类倡议不再采取自上而下的传统保护模式，而是结合原住民生态知识与现代西方科学，赋予因纽特人等在地社群对其传统土地与海洋水域的管理权。
EN： Inversion in conditional clauses: When 'if' is omitted in hypothetical condition clauses, the auxiliary verb 'should', 'had', or 'were' is inverted with the subject to create a more formal or literary tone.
中文： 条件句倒装法：在假设条件句中省略「if」时，助动词（如 should、had、were）需移至主词之前形成倒装，用于表达极为正式或书面化的语气。
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EN： Dash as an appositive modifier: Em-dashes (—) can be used to introduce an appositive noun phrase (here, 'one that...') that expands upon, clarifies, or emphasizes a preceding noun ('a landmark achievement').
中文： 破折号作同位语修饰：破折号（—）可用于引入同位语名词短语（本句中为『one that...』），针对前面的名词（『a landmark achievement』）进行补充说明、延伸或强调。
The company launched a new sustainability program—one that aims to eliminate carbon emissions by 2030.
该公司推出了一项新的永续发展计划——这是一项旨在于 2030 年前消除碳排放的计划。
EN： Pronoun 'one' with a restrictive relative clause: 'One' serves as a pronoun referring back to a previously mentioned singular countable noun ('achievement') and is immediately defined by a restrictive relative clause ('that places...').
中文： 代名词「one」搭配限定关系子句：代名词「one」用于指代前文出现过的单数可数名词（『achievement』），并紧接限定关系子句（『that places...』）来加以具体界定。
We are seeking an alternative approach—one that balances economic growth with social equity.
我们正在寻求一种替代方案——一种兼顾经济成长与社会公平的方案。
EN： The concept of 'Inuit stewardship' refers to the traditional ecological management principles of the Inuit people, known in their culture as 'Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit' (IQ). It emphasizes long-term environmental balance, respect for wildlife, and communal responsibility rather than western models of strict top-down land ownership.
中文： 「因纽特人的托管责任」（Inuit stewardship）源于因纽特人传统的生态管理原则，在其文化中被称为「Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit」（简称 IQ）。该理念强调人与自然的长期生态平衡、对野生动物的敬畏以及社区共同责任，与西方传统由上而下的土地所有权保护模式有相当大的不同。
EN： Negative or restrictive inversion with 'only through/by...': When a sentence or clause begins with a restrictive prepositional phrase starting with 'only' (e.g., 'only through...', 'only by...'), subject-auxiliary inversion occurs in the main predicate ('can the region's future be safeguarded' instead of 'the region's future can be safeguarded').
中文： 以「only through/by...」（唯有透过……）等限制性介词短语开头时，后续的主句必须采用主语与助动词倒装的结构（即「can the region's future be safeguarded」，而非「the region's future can be safeguarded」）。
Only through relentless practice can one master a foreign language.
唯有透过不断的练习，才能精通一门外语。
EN： Nominal that-clause as direct object: The verb 'argue' is followed by a content clause introduced by 'that', which functions as the direct object stating the proposition being argued.
中文： 动词「argue」（主张、争辩）后面接由「that」引导的名词从句作为直接宾语，用以说明主张的具体内容。
Scientists argued that immediate action was necessary to prevent further environmental damage.
科学家们主张，必须立即采取行动以防止环境进一步恶化。
EN： Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) refers to the cumulative body of knowledge, practice, and belief regarding the relationship of living beings with one another and with their environment, handed down through generations by cultural transmission. In Arctic conservation, integrating Indigenous TEK (such as Inuit knowledge) with Western scientific research is increasingly recognized as essential for effective and equitable environmental policy.
中文： 「传统生态知识」（Traditional Ecological Knowledge, TEK）是指原住民等在地社群代代相传、关于生物与自然环境互动关系的累积性知识、实践与信仰。在北极生态保护领域，将因纽特人等原住民的 TEK 与西方现代科学相结合，已被广泛视为制定有效且公平之环境政策所不可或缺的核心要素。
EN： The negative subject structure 'Never has... been more [adjective]' (or 'Subject + has never been more [adjective]') is a comparative formula used to express a superlative meaning, emphasizing that the current state is at an unprecedented peak.
中文： 使用「Has never been more + 形容词」的比较级结构来表达最高级的意涵，强调当前的状态或重要性达到了前所未有的顶峰。
Addressing global economic inequality has never been more critical for long-term stability.
解决全球经济不平等对于长期稳定而言，从未像现在这样至关重要。
EN： The conjunction 'before' introduces a time clause that triggers a temporal requirement: even when referring to future events, a present simple tense ('undergo') is used instead of a future tense.
中文： 由连接词「before」引导的时间状语从句中，即使描述的是未来的动作或状态，也必须使用现在简单式（如「undergo」）来代替未来式。
Scientists must gather sufficient baseline data before the ecosystem suffers irreversible damage.
科学家必须在生态系统遭受不可逆转的破坏之前，收集足够的基准数据。
EN： The non-finite phrase 'The race to study these waters' uses a complex noun phrase where 'The race' is modified by an infinitive phrase ('to study these waters') functioning as an adjectival post-modifier specifying the purpose or content of the race.
中文： 由不定词短语「to study these waters」作为后置修饰语，修饰主要名词「The race」，用以具体说明该「竞赛」的目的或内容。
The decision to designate the ocean zone as a protected area received widespread support.
将该海洋区域指定为保护区的决定获得了广泛支持。
重要单词附有 IPA 发音、定义、例句和互动式测验。
在本文中： 努力、事業；嘗試
在本文中： 使成為、使變得
在本文中： 自相矛盾地、出乎意料地
在本文中： 關鍵的、核心的
在本文中： 可潛水的、水下的（儀器或船隻）
在本文中： 動盪、劇變
在本文中： 惡化、變壞
在本文中： 產生迴響、持續引起巨大影響
在本文中： 管理責任、託管；生態維護
在本文中： 保護、捍衛
片语包含类型标示、双语定义、用法说明和例句。
An area of open water surrounded by sea ice, typical in Polar regions.
冰塞湖、冰间湖（极地冰封海面上的未结冰水域）
Currently in progress or being conducted.
正在进行中
A system of interlocking and interdependent food chains in an ecological community.
食物网
To propose or suggest an idea, plan, or candidate for consideration.
提出（建议、计划、观点）
Management and decision-making systems exercised by native or aboriginal peoples over their lands and resources.
原住民治理