EN： Non-defining relative clauses (also called non-restrictive relative clauses) add extra, non-essential information about a noun. They are separated from the rest of the sentence by commas, and the relative pronoun 'which' is used for things or places (never 'that').
中文： 非限定关系从句（又称非限制性关系从句）用于对先行词（名词）进行补充说明，提供非必要的额外信息。此类从句前后须使用逗号隔开，且关系代词指代事物或地方时必须使用 'which'，不可用 'that' 代替。
My car, which is ten years old, still runs perfectly.
我的车（已经有十年车龄了）依然跑得非常顺畅。
EN： The verb 'lie' (meaning to be situated in a specified place) is often used to describe geographical locations. When describing a permanent state, it is used in the simple present tense.
中文： 动词 'lie' 在此处表示「位于」或「坐落于」某个特定地点。在描述地理位置等永久状态时，通常使用一般现在时。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses (also called non-restrictive relative clauses) are used to add extra, non-essential information about a noun. They are separated from the rest of the sentence by commas. The relative pronoun 'who' is used for people and cannot be replaced by 'that' in non-defining clauses.
中文： 非限定关系从句（又称非限制性关系从句）用于对先行词（名词）进行补充说明，提供非必要的额外信息。这类从句前后必须使用逗号与主句隔开。引导人的关系代词使用 'who'，且在非限定从句中不能用 'that' 替换。
My mother, who loves gardening, grows beautiful roses.
我母亲热爱园艺，她种出非常美丽的玫瑰花。
EN： The verb 'inspire' means to fill someone with the urge or ability to do or feel something, especially something creative. It is a transitive verb that takes a direct object (e.g., 'inspires me').
中文： 动词 'inspire' 意为“启发、鼓舞”，指激发某人的灵感或力量去做出某事（特别是具创造性的事）。它是一个及物动词，后面直接接接受动作的宾语（例如 'inspires me'）。
EN： In English-speaking academic culture, expressing how a specific teacher 'inspired' a student is a common and highly respectful way to show gratitude. It highlights the cultural value placed on mentorship and personal growth beyond just academic instruction.
中文： 在英語系國家的學術與校園文化中，表達某位特定老師「啟發（inspired）」了自己，是一種非常常見且極具敬意的感謝方式。這展現了西方文化對於「導師精神（mentorship）」以及除了學科知識外、個人心靈成長的重視。
EN： The structure 'preposition + relative pronoun' (in which) is used in formal English to introduce a relative clause. 'In which' functions as an adverbial of place, equivalent to 'where' in less formal contexts, referring back to the noun 'museum'.
中文： 「介词 + 关系代词」（in which）用于正式英语中以引导关系从句。「in which」在此处相当于关系副词「where」，修饰先行词「museum」（博物馆），在从句中作地点状语。
This is the house in which he was born.
这就是他出生的那栋房子。
EN： The demonstrative pronoun 'this' is used as the subject to identify a specific thing nearby or just mentioned, followed by the linking verb 'is' and a subject complement ('the museum').
中文： 指示代词「this」用作主语，用来指代附近或刚提及的特定事物，后接系动词「is」与主语补语（「the museum」）。
EN： Using 'preposition + which' (like 'in which', 'with whom') is highly characteristic of formal written English or educated speech. In casual daily conversation, native speakers are much more likely to say: 'This is the museum we met in.' or 'This is the museum where we met.'
中文： 使用「介係詞 + 關係代名詞」（如 in which, with whom）是正式書面英文或教養言談的典型特徵。在日常口語中，母語人士更傾向使用較不正式的說法，例如：「This is the museum we met in.」或「This is the museum where we met。」
EN： The relative pronoun 'whose' is used to show possession. It replaces possessive adjectives (like 'his', 'her', 'their') and introduces a relative clause that describes the noun before it (the antecedent). In this sentence, 'whose art' means 'his art' (the brother's art).
中文： 关系代词「whose」用于表示所有格（...的）。它取代了所有格形容词（如 his、her、their），并引导一个关系从句来修饰先行词（前面的名词）。在本句中，「whose art」意为「他的艺术作品」（哥哥的艺术作品）。
He is a writer whose books are read worldwide.
他是一位作品畅销全球的作家。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses (also called non-restrictive relative clauses) are used to add extra, non-essential information about a noun. They are separated from the rest of the sentence by commas. The relative pronoun 'which' is used for things, and it cannot be replaced by 'that' in non-defining clauses.
中文： 非限定性关系从句（又称非限制性关系从句）用于对先行词（名词）补充额外、非必要的信息。此类从句前后须使用逗号与主句隔开。关系代词 'which' 用于指代事物，且在非限定性从句中不能用 'that' 代替。
The movie, which we watched last night, was hilarious.
那部电影（我们昨天晚上看的）非常搞笑。
EN： The adjective 'deep' literally refers to physical distance from the top to the bottom. However, when describing books, movies, or thoughts, it is used metaphorically to mean profound, intellectually challenging, or emotionally significant.
中文： 形容词 'deep' 字面意思是“深的”（物理上的深度）。然而，当用来形容书本、电影或思想时，它被用作比喻，表示“有深度的”、“深奥的”或“具深远意义的”。
His speech was short but deep.
他的演讲虽然简短，却很有深度。
EN： The preposition + relative pronoun structure ('with whom') is used in formal English. 'Whom' is the objective case of 'who' and is used after prepositions. The preposition 'with' is placed before 'whom' to introduce the relative clause modifying 'the friend'.
中文： 「介词 + 关系代词」（如 with whom）常用于正式英语中。'whom' 是 'who' 的宾格，接在介词后面。介词 'with' 置于 'whom' 之前，用来引导修饰 'the friend'（朋友）的关系从句。
He is the colleague with whom I shared the office.
他就是与我共用办公室的那位同事。
EN： The adverb of frequency 'often' is used to describe how regularly an action happens. In this relative clause, it is placed at the end of the clause ('travel often') for emphasis, though it can also appear before the main verb ('often travel').
中文： 频率副词 'often'（经常）用于描述动作发生的频率。在此关系从句中，它被置于从句末尾（travel often）以示强调，不过它也可以放在主要动词之前（often travel）。
EN： In modern spoken English, native speakers often prefer to end sentences with prepositions and use 'who' or 'that' instead of 'whom' (e.g., 'That is the friend I travel with often'). However, using 'with whom' remains highly valued in formal writing, academic contexts, and professional communication.
中文： 在現代英語口語中，母語人士通常更傾向於將介係詞放在句尾，並用 'who' 或省略關係代名詞（例如：'That is the friend I travel with often'）。然而，在正式寫作、學術領域及商務溝通中，使用 'with whom' 依然被視為高雅且正確的標準文法。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses (also called non-restrictive relative clauses) are used to add extra, non-essential information about a noun. They are separated from the rest of the sentence by commas. The relative adverb 'where' is used here to refer to a place ('Tainan').
中文： 非限定关系从句（又称非限制性关系从句）用于对先行词（名词）补充说明非必要的额外信息。这类从句前后必须使用逗号与主句隔开。在此处，关系副词「where」用来指代地点（「台南」）。
Paris, where we met last year, is beautiful.
巴黎，也就是我们去年相遇的地方，非常美丽。
EN： The verb 'has' is the third-person singular form of 'have', agreeing with the singular proper noun subject 'Tainan'. The non-defining relative clause 'where I grew up' does not affect the subject-verb agreement of the main clause.
中文： 动词「has」是「have」的第三人称单数形式，与单数专有名词主语「台南」达成主谓一致。中间插入的非限定关系从句「where I grew up」并不影响主句的主谓一致关系。
My school, which has many students, is very old.
我的学校，也就是那所有着许多学生的学校，非常古老。
EN： Tainan is the oldest city in Taiwan and was the capital for over 200 years during the Qing Dynasty. It is famous for its rich history, historic temples, traditional street food, and cultural heritage, making the phrase 'rich culture' highly appropriate.
中文： 台南是台灣歷史最悠久的城市，在清治時期曾擔任首府長達兩百多年。它以豐富的歷史、古老的廟宇、傳統街頭小吃和文化遺產而聞名，因此使用「rich culture（豐富的文化）」來形容台南非常貼切。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses (using commas) provide extra, non-essential information about a noun. If removed, the sentence still makes complete sense. The relative pronoun 'whose' is used to show possession.
中文： 非限定关系从句（前后使用逗号隔开）用于对先行词进行补充说明，若将其省略，主句的意思依然完整。关系代词 'whose' 用于表示「所有格」关系（……的）。
My uncle, whose car was stolen, bought a new one.
我叔叔（他的车被偷了）买了一辆新车。
EN： The relative pronoun 'whose' replaces a possessive adjective (like 'his', 'her', 'their') and must be followed immediately by a noun ('works' in this sentence) without any article.
中文： 关系代词 'whose' 代替所有格代词（如 'his', 'her', 'their'），其后必须紧接一个名词（本句中为 'works'），且该名词前不加任何冠词。
The girl, whose dog is barking, looks worried.
那个女孩（她的狗正在叫）看起来很担心。
EN： The structure 'preposition + relative pronoun' (in this case, 'with which') is used in formal English to introduce a relative clause. The preposition 'with' is placed before 'which' instead of at the end of the clause ('which we fixed it with'). 'Which' refers back to the antecedent 'the tool'.
中文： 「介词 + 关系代词」（在此为 'with which'）常用于正式英语中以引导关系从句。介词 'with' 被置于 'which' 之前，而不是放在从句的末尾（即 'which we fixed it with'）。这里的 'which' 指代先行词 'the tool'（工具）。
This is the pen with which he wrote the letter.
这就是他用来写那封信的钢笔。
EN： The verb 'fix' means to repair something. It is a transitive verb that requires a direct object, which in this sentence is the pronoun 'it' referring to a previously mentioned object.
中文： 动词 'fix' 意为修理、修复。它是一个及物动词，后面需要接直接宾语，在本句中为代词 'it'，用以指代前文提及的某个事物。
I need to fix the broken chair.
我需要修理这张坏掉的椅子。
EN： Using 'preposition + which' (like 'with which', 'in which') is highly formal and more common in written English or professional contexts. In casual spoken English, native speakers are much more likely to say: 'This is the tool we fixed it with' or 'This is the tool that we used to fix it'.
中文： 使用「介係詞 + which」（例如 'with which'、'in which'）屬於非常正式的用法，較常出現於書面英文或專業場合。在日常口語中，母語人士更傾向於說：'This is the tool we fixed it with' 或 'This is the tool that we used to fix it'。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses (also called non-restrictive relative clauses) are used to add extra, non-essential information about a noun. They are separated from the rest of the sentence by commas. The relative pronoun 'who' is used for people and cannot be replaced by 'that' in non-defining clauses.
中文： 非限定关系从句（又称非限制性关系从句）用于对先行词（名词）进行补充说明，提供非必要的额外信息。这类从句前后必须使用逗号与主句隔开。引导人的关系代词使用 'who'，且在非限定从句中不能用 'that' 替换。
My brother, who lives in New York, is a chef.
我哥哥住在纽约，他是一位厨师。
EN： The adverb 'still' is used to describe an action or situation that continues to happen or exist, especially when this is surprising or unexpected. It usually goes before the main verb, but after the auxiliary verb or the verb 'be'.
中文： 副词 'still'（仍然、依然）用于描述某个动作或状态持续存在，特别是在令人惊讶或出乎意料的情况下。它通常置于一般动词之前，但位于助动词或 be 动词之后。
Although it was raining, they still played soccer.
虽然下着雨，他们依然踢了足球。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses (also called non-restrictive relative clauses) are used to add extra, non-essential information about a noun. They are separated from the rest of the sentence by commas. The relative pronoun 'which' is used for things or animals, and it cannot be replaced by 'that' in non-defining clauses.
中文： 非限定性关系从句（又称非限制性关系从句）用于对先行词（名词）补充额外、非必要的说明。这类从句前后必须使用逗号与主句隔开。关系代词 'which' 用于指代事物或动物，在非限定性关系从句中不能用 'that' 代替。
The book, which I bought yesterday, is very interesting.
那本书（我昨天买的）非常有趣。
EN： The adverb 'nearby' can function as an adverb meaning 'not far away' or 'close by'. It often modifies verbs of motion or position, describing where an action occurs.
中文： 副词 'nearby' 意为“在附近”或“不远处”。它常用于修饰表示动作或位置的动词，用来描述动作发生的地点。
My grandparents live nearby.
我的祖父母住在附近。
EN： The prepositional relative clause structure 'preposition + whom' is used in formal English. The preposition (on) is placed before the relative pronoun (whom) which refers to a person (someone). In this structure, 'whom' cannot be replaced by 'who' or 'that', and cannot be omitted.
中文： 「介词 + whom」的关系从句结构用于正式英语中。介词（on）置于引导人（someone）的关系代词（whom）之前。在此结构中，'whom' 不能用 'who' 或 'that' 代替，且不能省略。
She is the colleague with whom I worked on the project.
她就是与我一同合作该项目的那个同事。
EN： The phrasal verb 'rely on' means to trust or depend on someone. When used in a relative clause with the preposition brought forward, 'on' moves to the position before 'whom', leaving 'rely' at the end of the clause.
中文： 短语动词「rely on」意为信赖或依赖某人。当用于介词前置的关系从句时，「on」会移至「whom」之前，使「rely」留在从句的末尾。
They need a leader on whom they can rely during difficult times.
他们需要一位在困难时期可以信赖的领导者。
EN： The relative pronoun 'whom' is used as the object of a verb or preposition in a relative clause. In formal English, 'whom' is used instead of 'who' when referring to the object of the action (here, 'I deeply admire [him]'). The comma before 'whom' indicates a non-defining (non-restrictive) relative clause, which adds extra, non-essential information about the grandfather.
中文： 关系代词「whom」在关系从句中用作动词或介词的宾语。在正式英语中，当指代动作的宾语时（此处指“我非常敬佩［他］”），会使用「whom」而非「who」。在「whom」之前的逗号表示非限定性（非限制性）关系从句，用于补充说明关于祖父的额外信息，若省略也不影响主句的完整性。
She married a doctor, whom she met at a conference.
她嫁给了一位医生，他们是在一次会议上认识的。
EN： The verb 'want' is followed by an infinitive ('to' + base verb) to express a desire or intention. In this sentence, 'want to tell' indicates the speaker's immediate intention to share information.
中文： 动词「want」（想要）后面接不定式（「to」+ 动词原形）来表示愿望或意图。在本句中，「want to tell」表示说话者当下想要分享信息的意图。
They want to travel around the world next year.
他们明年想要环游世界。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses (using 'which') add extra, non-essential information about a noun. They are separated from the main clause by a comma, and 'that' cannot be used as a replacement.
中文： 非限定从句（使用 'which'）用于对先行词（名词）进行补充说明，提供非必要的额外信息。这类从句前通常会加上逗号，且不能用 'that' 来代替。
The hotel, which was built in 1920, has a beautiful garden.
这家建于 1920 年的酒店，拥有一个美丽的花园。
EN： The phrasal verb 'grow up' means to gradually become an adult. In this sentence, it is used in the simple past tense ('grew up') to describe a completed action in the past.
中文： 短语动词 'grow up' 意为「长大、成长」。在本句中，使用过去式 'grew up' 来描述过去已经完成的动作或状态。
She grew up in Tokyo but now lives in London.
她在东京长大，但现在住在伦敦。
EN： In English literature and storytelling, describing a town as 'sitting among green hills' evokes a classic, picturesque image of rural life, often associated with peace, simplicity, and a close connection to nature.
中文： 在英文文學與敘事中，將城鎮描述為「坐落在綠色山丘之間（sitting among green hills）」，能喚起經典且如畫般的鄉村生活意象，通常與寧靜、質樸以及與大自然的親密連結聯繫在一起。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses with 'whose' are used to add extra, non-essential information about a noun's possession. They are separated from the main clause by commas. 'Whose' functions as a possessive relative pronoun.
中文： 非限定性关系从句使用「whose」来对名词的拥有物添加额外、非必要的补充说明。这类从句前后需使用逗号与主句隔开。「whose」在此作为所有格关系代词。
My neighbor, whose dog barks all night, is actually very friendly.
我的邻居（他的狗整晚都在叫）其实人非常友善。
EN： The verb 'teach' is followed by an object and an infinitive (teach someone to do something) to express instructing or training someone to perform an action.
中文： 动词「teach」（教导）后面接宾语（受词）与不定式（teach someone to do something），用来表示指导或训练某人去做某件事。
She taught her children to respect others.
她教导她的孩子们要尊重他人。
EN： The structure 'preposition + relative pronoun' (in which) is used in formal English to introduce a relative clause. 'In which' functions as an adverbial of place, equivalent to 'where', modifying the noun 'school'.
中文： 「介词 + 关系代词」（in which）用于正式英语中引导关系从句。在此处，「in which」相当于关系副词「where」，用来修饰先行词「school」（学校），在从句中作地点状语。
The house in which I lived was built in 1920.
我曾住过的那栋房子建于1920年。
EN： The past simple tense ('studied', 'had') is used to describe completed actions and states in the past, establishing a historical context for the narrative.
中文： 一般过去时（如 'studied'、'had'）用于描述过去已经完成的动作或状态，在此处用于建立叙事的时间背景。
EN： The transition phrase 'Despite this' is used to show contrast, meaning 'in spite of what has just been mentioned'. It is followed by a comma and a main clause.
中文： 过渡短语「Despite this」（尽管如此）用于表示对比，意思是「尽管刚才提到了那样的情况」。其后通常接逗号，再接独立主句。
Despite this, she decided to continue her research.
尽管如此，她还是决定继续她的研究。
EN： The non-defining relative clause introduced by ', which' is used here to refer back to the entire preceding clause ('he became a teacher') rather than just the noun 'teacher'.
中文： 由「, which」引导的非限定关系从句，在此处用于修饰前面整个从句（「他成了一名教师」），而非单指「教师」这个名词。
He passed the exam, which made his parents very proud.
他通过了考试，这让他的父母感到非常自豪。
EN： The structure 'preposition + whom' is used in formal English to introduce a relative clause. The preposition (here, 'with') is placed before the relative pronoun 'whom' (which acts as the object of the preposition) rather than being left at the end of the clause.
中文： 「介词 + whom」的结构用于正式英语中，用来引导关系从句。介词（此处为 with）会置于关系代词 whom（作为该介词的宾语）之前，而不是留在从句的末尾。
The colleague with whom I shared the office has moved to another branch.
与我共用办公室的那位同事已经调到另一个分部了。
EN： The subject of the main clause is 'The students' (plural), which is modified by the relative clause 'with whom he worked'. Therefore, the main verb 'remember' must agree with the plural subject and remain in its base form.
中文： 主句的主语是「The students」（复数），由关系从句「with whom he worked」修饰。因此，主要动词「remember」必须与复数主语一致，使用动词原形。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses with 'where' are used to add extra, non-essential information about a place. Unlike defining relative clauses, they are separated by a comma and 'where' cannot be replaced by 'that'.
中文： 非限定关系从句（使用 'where'）用于对地点添加额外的、非必要的补充说明。与限定关系从句不同，它们前面会加上逗号，且其中的 'where' 不能用 'that' 替换。
We visited the old library, where we found some rare books.
我们参观了那座旧图书馆，在那里我们发现了一些珍贵的藏书。
EN： The past simple tense is used here to describe completed actions in the past ('kept', 'grew'). It establishes a narrative about the subject's past habits or lifestyle.
中文： 此处使用一般过去时（'kept'、'grew'）来描述过去已完成的动作。这建立了一个关于主角过去习惯或生活方式的叙述。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses (using 'which') add extra, non-essential information about a noun. They are separated by commas, and 'that' cannot be used as a replacement.
中文： 非限定关系从句（使用 'which'）用于对先行词（名词）进行补充说明，该信息并非辨识该名词所必需。此类从句前后须加上逗号，且不能用 'that' 代替。
My car, which I bought last year, is already breaking down.
我的车（去年买的）已经开始坏了。
EN： The phrase 'be full of' is used to describe a container or space that holds a large amount of something, or a situation filled with a particular quality.
中文： 短语 'be full of'（充满、装满）用于描述容器或空间装有大量的某物，或某个情况充满了特定的特质。
The room was full of laughter.
房间里充满了欢笑声。
EN： This sentence uses a non-defining relative clause with a preposition ('to') preceding the relative pronoun ('whom'). In formal English, when a pronoun is the object of a preposition in a relative clause, the preposition is placed before 'whom'. The non-defining clause (separated by commas) adds extra information about 'Many people' without restricting their identity.
中文： 本句使用了非限定性关系从句，其中介词（to）置于关系代词（whom）之前。在正式英语中，当代词在关系从句中作为介词的宾语时，介词会放在 whom 之前。非限定性从句（由逗号隔开）用来补充说明“许多人”的额外信息，并不限制其身份。
The clients, with whom we negotiated yesterday, were very satisfied.
那些客户非常满意，我们昨天与他们进行了谈判。
EN： The adverb 'never' is placed before the main verb 'forgot' in the past simple tense to emphasize a permanent state of remembering. 'Forgot' is the past tense of 'forget', and 'him' is the direct object.
中文： 副词「never」（从未）置于一般过去时主要动词「forgot」（忘记）之前，用以强调“永远记得”的持续状态。「forgot」是「forget」的过去式，而「him」则是直接宾语。
She never forgot the advice her teacher gave her.
她从未忘记老师给她的建议。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses (using 'which') are used to add extra, non-essential information about a noun. They are separated from the rest of the sentence by commas. In this sentence, ', which no one can steal,' provides additional information about 'knowledge'.
中文： 非限定从句（使用 'which'）用于对名词添加额外且非必要的补充说明。这类从句前后通常会加上逗号与主句隔开。在本句中，', which no one can steal,'（任何人也无法夺走的）为 'knowledge'（知识）提供了补充说明。
My car, which I bought last year, has already broken down.
我的汽车（我去年买的）已经坏了。
EN： Noun clauses introduced by 'that' function as the object of a verb (here, 'believed'). The word 'that' is a conjunction that connects the main verb to the statement being believed.
中文： 由 'that' 引导的名词从句在句中作为动词（此处为 'believed'）的宾语。连接词 'that' 用于将主句动词与所相信的内容（完整从句）连接起来。
She believes that honesty is the best policy.
她相信诚实是最好的策略。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses with 'whose': Used to provide extra, non-essential information about a person's possessions or qualities. It is separated by commas, and 'whose' acts as a possessive relative pronoun.
中文： 非限定性关系从句（使用 'whose'）：用于提供关于某人所有物或特质的额外、非必要的补充说明。前后需使用逗号隔开，'whose' 在此作为所有格关系代词。
My teacher, whose advice I always value, has written a new book.
我的老师（我一直很看重他的建议）写了一本新书。
EN： Noun clause with 'who I am': A nominal clause acting as the direct object of the verb 'shaped'. It uses statement word order (subject + verb) rather than question word order.
中文： 名词性从句（以 'who I am' 为例）：作为动词 'shaped' 的直接宾语。此从句需使用陈述句语序（主语 + 动词），而非疑问句语序。
Her experiences made her who she is today.
她的经历造就了今天的她。
EN： The adjective phrase 'be proud to + verb' is used to express a feeling of deep pleasure or satisfaction as a result of one's own achievements, qualities, or associations.
中文： 形容词短语「be proud to + 动词」用于表达因自己的成就、特质或与某事物的关联而感到深切的自豪或满足。
She is proud to represent her country in the Olympics.
她为能代表自己的国家参加奥运会而感到自豪。
EN： The relative clause 'that values learning' uses the relative pronoun 'that' as the subject of the clause to describe the noun 'family'. In this context, 'value' is a verb meaning to consider something to be important.
中文： 关系从句「that values learning」使用关系代词「that」作为该从句的主语，用来修饰名词「family」（家庭）。在此语境中，「value」为动词，表示认为某事很重要（重视）。
We want to build a society that values equality.
我们想要建立一个重视平等的社会。
EN： In many cultures, expressing pride in one's family background and upbringing is a common way to share personal values. Highlighting 'learning' or education as a core family value reflects a widespread respect for personal growth and academic achievement.
中文： 在許多文化中，表達對自己家庭背景和教養的自豪是分享個人價值觀的常見方式。強調「學習」或教育作為家庭的核心價值，反映了社會對個人成長和學術成就的廣泛重視。
EN： The sentence contains a relative clause 'you admire most' (with the relative pronoun 'whom' or 'that' omitted) modifying the noun 'person'. In English, when the relative pronoun acts as the object of the relative clause, it can be omitted.
中文： 本句包含一个关系从句「you admire most」（省略了关系代词 whom 或 that），用来修饰先行词「person」（人）。在英语中，当关系代词在关系从句中担任宾语时，通常可以省略。
This is the book I love most.
这是我最喜欢的一本书。
EN： The word 'most' is used here as an adverb meaning 'to the greatest extent' or 'extremely', modifying the verb 'admire'.
中文： 「most」在此处用作副词，表示「最、最大程度地」，用来修饰动词「admire」（崇拜、欣赏）。
What do you like most about this city?
你最喜欢这座城市的什么地方？
EN： In English-speaking cultures, asking about role models or people one admires is a common icebreaker or deep conversation starter. Addressing the listener by their first name ('Emma') at the end of the question adds a personal, friendly, and engaging touch to the dialogue.
中文： 在英語系國家中，詢問對方的榜樣或崇拜的人是常見的社交破冰話題，能引導出較深度的對話。在問句句尾加上對方的名字（如「Emma」），能增添親切感，使對話顯得更真誠且具互動性。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses (using 'who') provide extra, non-essential information about a person. They are separated from the main clause by commas, and the relative pronoun 'who' cannot be replaced by 'that'.
中文： 非限定关系从句（使用 'who'）用来提供关于某人额外的、非必要的补充信息。这种从句前后需使用逗号与主句隔开，且关系代词 'who' 在此不能用 'that' 替换。
My brother, who lives in New York, is a doctor.
我的哥哥（他住在纽约）是一位医生。
EN： The verb 'run' can mean to manage, operate, or conduct a business or organization (such as a clinic, shop, or company).
中文： 动词 'run' 除了「跑步」之外，还可以表示经营、管理或运作一个机构或事业（例如诊所、商店或公司）。
She runs a small bakery in the city center.
她在市中心经营一家小面包店。
EN： The relative adverb 'where' is used to introduce an adjective clause (relative clause) that modifies a noun of place (in this case, 'the town'). It functions as an adverbial of place within the clause, meaning 'in/at which'.
中文： 关系副词「where」用于引导形容词从句（关系从句），用来修饰表示地点的名词（在此句中为「the town」）。它在从句中充当地方副词，相当于「in/at which」。
The library where we study closes at nine.
我们学习的那间图书馆九点关门。
EN： The passive voice 'was born' is used to express the event of someone's birth. In English, 'born' is a past participle, and it always requires a form of the verb 'be' (usually in the past tense 'was/were' for past events).
中文： 被动语态「was born」用于表达某人的出生。在英语中，「born」是过去分词，通常需要与 be 动词连用（在过去事件中通常使用过去式「was/were」）。
He was born in a small village.
他出生在一个小村庄。
EN： The relative pronoun 'whose' is used to show possession. It replaces possessive adjectives (like 'his', 'her', 'their') and connects a relative clause to a noun (the antecedent). In this sentence, 'whose' refers to 'the writer' and indicates that the stories belong to that writer.
中文： 关系代词「whose」用于表示所有格（所有关系）。它取代了所有格形容词（如 his、her、their），并将关系从句连接到先行词。在本句中，「whose」指代「the writer」（作家），表示这些故事是属于该作家的。
She is the artist whose paintings are displayed in the gallery.
她就是那位画作在画廊展出的艺术家。
EN： The verb 'move' in this context means to evoke a strong emotional reaction, such as sadness, sympathy, or gratitude. It is a transitive verb that directly takes an object (in this case, 'me').
中文： 动词「move」在此语境中表示「使感动」或「触动」，激起强烈的情感反应（如悲伤、同情或感激）。它是一个及物动词，后面直接接宾语（在此处为「me」）。
The beautiful music moved the audience to tears.
这首优美的音乐让观众感动落泪。
EN： The structure 'preposition + relative pronoun' (in this case, 'with which') is used in formal English to introduce a relative clause. The preposition 'with' is placed before 'which' instead of at the end of the sentence ('which I took the photo with'). 'Which' refers back to the inanimate noun 'the camera'.
中文： 「介词 + 关系代词」（在此为 'with which'）用于正式英语中以引导关系从句。介词 'with' 被置于 'which' 之前，而不是放在句尾（即 'which I took the photo with'）。这里的 'which' 指代前面非生物的先行词 'the camera'（相机）。
This is the pen with which he wrote the letter.
这就是他用来写那封信的笔。
EN： The verb phrase 'take a photo' (or 'take the photo') is the standard collocation in English meaning to capture an image using a camera. The preposition 'with' is used to indicate the instrument or tool (the camera) used to perform this action.
中文： 动词短语 'take a photo'（或 'take the photo'）是英语中表示用相机拍摄照片的标准搭配。介词 'with' 用于指示执行此动作所使用的工具或仪器（相机）。
She took a beautiful photo of the sunset.
她拍了一张美丽的日落照片。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses (also called non-restrictive relative clauses) are used to add extra, non-essential information about a noun. They are separated from the rest of the sentence by commas. The relative pronoun 'who' is used for people and cannot be replaced by 'that' in non-defining clauses.
中文： 非限定性关系从句（又称非限制性关系从句）用于对先行词（名词）进行补充说明，提供非必要的额外信息。这类从句前后必须使用逗号与主句隔开。引导人的关系代词使用 'who'，且在非限定性从句中不能用 'that' 代替。
My uncle, who lives in New York, is a doctor.
我的叔叔（他住在纽约）是一位医生。
EN： The adverb 'still' is used to describe an action or situation that continues to happen or exist, especially when this is surprising or unexpected. It is typically placed before the main verb, but after the auxiliary verb or verb 'to be'.
中文： 副词 'still'（仍然）用于描述某个动作或状态持续发生或存在，特别是用于表达某事出乎意料地仍在进行。它通常放在一般动词之前，但放在助动词或 be 动词之后。
Although it was late, they still continued working.
虽然时间很晚了，他们仍然继续工作。
EN： In English-speaking academic and professional cultures, keeping in touch with retired teachers or mentors via email is a common and respected way to maintain professional networks and show ongoing appreciation.
中文： 在英語系的學術與職場文化中，透過電子郵件與已退休的老師或導師保持聯繫，是一種非常常見且受人尊重的做法，用以維繫人際網路並表達持續的感激之情。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses (using 'which') add extra, non-essential information about a noun. They are separated from the main sentence by commas. If removed, the sentence still makes complete sense.
中文： 非限定关系从句（使用 'which'）用于对先行词（名词）进行补充说明，提供非必要的额外信息。这类从句前后通常会加上逗号，若将其省略，主句的意思依然完整。
The book, which I bought yesterday, is very interesting.
那本书（我昨天买的）非常有趣。
EN： The past simple tense is used here ('opened') to describe a completed action that happened at a specific time in the past ('last year').
中文： 此处使用一般过去时（'opened'）来描述在过去特定时间（'last year'，去年）已经完成的动作。
The museum opened last month.
这间博物馆上个月开幕了。
EN： The structure 'preposition + whom' is used in formal English. The preposition (here, 'on') is placed before the relative pronoun 'whom' (which refers to a person, 'a friend') to introduce an adjective clause. In casual English, the preposition is usually placed at the end of the clause (e.g., 'who/whom I can rely on').
中文： 「介词 + whom」的结构用于正式英语中。介词（此处为 'on'）置于关系代词 'whom'（指代人，即 'a friend'）之前，用以引导形容词从句。在口语或非正式英语中，介词通常会放在从句的末尾（例如：'who/whom I can rely on'）。
She is the colleague with whom I worked on the project.
她就是与我一同合作该项目的那个同事。
EN： The phrasal verb 'rely on' means to trust or depend on someone or something. When used in a relative clause with a preposition placed forward, 'on' moves to the front of the relative pronoun 'whom'.
中文： 短语动词 'rely on' 意为信任或依赖某人或某事。当用于介词前置的关系从句中时，'on' 会移至关系代词 'whom' 的前面。
We need a leader on whom we can depend during hard times.
我们需要一位在艰难时期可以依赖的领导者。
EN： In modern spoken English, the pronoun 'whom' is increasingly rare, often replaced by 'who' or omitted entirely (e.g., 'He is a friend I can rely on'). However, using 'on whom' remains highly valued in formal writing, academic contexts, and professional speeches as a sign of precise grammar.
中文： 在現代英語口語中，代名詞 'whom' 越來越罕見，通常會被 'who' 取代或完全省略（例如：'He is a friend I can rely on'）。然而，在正式寫作、學術領域和專業演講中，使用 'on whom' 仍被視為語法精準的象徵，非常受到重視。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses with 'where' are used to add extra, non-essential information about a place. They are separated from the main clause by commas. Unlike defining relative clauses, the relative pronoun 'where' cannot be replaced by 'that' in this structure.
中文： 使用 'where' 的非限制性关系从句（补述用法）用于对地点添加额外的、非必要的补充说明。这类从句前后须使用逗号与主句隔开。与限制性关系从句不同，在此结构中，关系副词 'where' 不能用 'that' 来替换。
The park, where we had our first picnic, is beautiful.
那座公园非常美丽，我们第一次野餐就是在那里。
EN： The simple present tense is used here to express a regular schedule or timetable (closes at nine). When a singular noun (the library) is the subject, the verb takes the third-person singular ending '-s' or '-es'.
中文： 此处使用一般现在时来表示规律的日程表或时间表（九点关门）。当单数名词（the library）作为主语时，动词须使用第三人称单数变化，即加上 '-s' 或 '-es'。
The train departs at eight.
火车在八点出发。
EN： The relative pronoun 'whose' is used to show possession. It replaces a possessive adjective (like 'their') and introduces a relative clause that describes the noun before it ('People'). In this sentence, 'whose hearts are kind' is a defining relative clause modifying 'People'.
中文： 关系代词「whose」用于表示所有格（...的）。它取代了所有格形容词（如「their」），并引导一个关系从句来修饰前面的名词（「People」）。在本句中，「whose hearts are kind」是一个限定关系从句，用来修饰「People」（人们）。
That is the writer whose stories moved me.
那就是那位故事感动了我的作家。
EN： Subject-Verb Agreement with Relative Clauses: When a relative clause modifies a plural subject ('People'), the main verb of the sentence ('change') must also agree with the plural subject, not the singular noun inside the relative clause.
中文： 关系从句的主谓一致：当关系从句修饰一个复数主语（「People」）时，句子的主要动词（「change」）也必须与该复数主语保持一致，而不是与关系从句内部的单数名词一致。
Students whose homework is finished can leave early.
作业已经完成的学生可以提前离开。
重要单词附有 IPA 发音、定义、例句和互动式测验。
在本文中： 鼓舞、启发，激发某人的创作灵感或积极性
在本文中： 文化，指特定社会或群体的历史、艺术、信仰及生活方式
在本文中： 已退休的，指因达到一定年龄而停止全职工作
在本文中： 信赖、依靠，指对某人或某事有信心并寄予期望
在本文中： 钦佩、仰慕，对某人的品质或成就表示赞赏
在本文中： 终身的、一辈子的，持续一生的
在本文中： 仁慈、好意，善意的行为或品质
在本文中： 财富，这里指精神上的财产或宝贵的知识
在本文中： 智慧，指基于经验和知识做出正确判断的能力
在本文中： 重视、珍视，认为某事非常重要
片语包含类型标示、双语定义、用法说明和例句。
To gradually become an adult.
长大、成长
To put a lot of effort and energy into a task or goal.
努力工作、辛勤劳动
To influence and form someone's character, beliefs, or personality over time.
塑造了现在的我、决定了我的个性