EN： The structure 'It is widely believed that...' uses 'it' as a dummy subject (or preparatory subject) to introduce a passive construction. This pattern is commonly used in formal writing to report a general opinion or belief without specifying who holds it. The 'that' clause functions as the real subject of the sentence.
中文： 结构「It is widely believed that...」（人们普遍认为……）使用「it」作为形式主语（或先行主语），以引出被动语态结构。这种句型常用于正式写作中，用来表达普遍的观点或信念，而无需明确指出是谁持有该观点。其中的「that」引导的从句才是本句真正的实质主语。
It is widely believed that regular exercise improves mental health.
人们普遍认为规律运动能改善心理健康。
EN： The verb 'affect' means to produce a change in or influence something. It is a transitive verb and should not be confused with the noun 'effect' (which means the result of a change). In this sentence, 'sleep' is the singular subject, so the verb 'affect' takes the third-person singular ending '-s' (affects).
中文： 动词「affect」的意思是「对……产生改变或影响」。它是一个及物动词，不应与名词「effect」（意为「改变的结果、影响」）混淆。在本句中，「sleep」（睡眠）是单数主语，因此动词「affect」要使用单数第三人称形式「affects」。
EN： In English-speaking academic and professional contexts, using impersonal structures like 'It is widely believed that...' or 'It is generally agreed that...' is a standard way to present consensus or common knowledge objectively, avoiding personal pronouns like 'I' or 'we'.
中文： 在英語系的學術與專業領域中，使用如「It is widely believed that...」（人們普遍認為）或「It is generally agreed that...」（大家普遍同意）這類無人稱結構，是呈現共識或常識的標準客觀方式，能避免使用「我」或「我們」等過於主觀的個人代名詞。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'according to' is used to indicate the source of information or opinion. It is followed by a noun or noun phrase (e.g., 'research', 'the news', 'experts') to show where the stated facts or ideas come from.
中文： 介词短语「according to」（根据）用于指出信息或观点的来源。其后接名词或名词短语（例如「研究」、「新闻」、「专家」），用以说明所述事实或想法的来源。
According to the weather forecast, it will rain tomorrow.
根据天气预报，明天会下雨。
EN： The verb 'need' is a transitive verb that expresses a necessity or requirement. In this sentence, it is followed by the noun phrase 'more rest' as its direct object. 'Teens' (plural subject) takes the base form 'need' in the simple present tense.
中文： 动词「need」（需要）是一个及物动词，表示必要性或需求。在此句子中，它后面接名词短语「more rest」（更多休息）作为直接宾语。复数主语「teens」在一般现在时中搭配动词原形「need」。
EN： The verb 'suggest' is used here to mean 'to indicate' or 'to show that something is likely'. It is followed by a noun clause starting with 'that' (which can be omitted in informal speech) to express an implication or recommendation.
中文： 动词「suggest」在此处表示「表明」或「暗示某事是有可能的」。其后接由「that」引导的名词从句（在非正式口语中可省略），用以表达一种暗示或建议。
The dark clouds suggest that it will rain soon.
乌云表明很快就要下雨了。
EN： The modal verb 'should' is used to express advice, recommendation, or what is considered the right or best thing to do.
中文： 情态动词「should」用于表达建议、推荐，或是被认为正确或最佳的做法（意为「应该」）。
We should eat more vegetables for better health.
为了身体健康，我们应该多吃蔬菜。
EN： In academic and professional discussions, using phrases like 'This suggests that...' is a common way to present conclusions from data or research. It sounds more polite and objective than saying 'This proves that...', as it leaves room for scientific nuance.
中文： 在學術和專業討論中，使用「This suggests that...」（這表明...）是呈現數據或研究結論的常用方式。這比直接說「This proves that...」（這證明了...）顯得更禮貌且客觀，為科學上的嚴謹性留有餘地。
EN： The transition phrase 'In other words' is used to introduce a simplification, clarification, or alternative explanation of a previously stated idea. It is typically followed by a comma and a complete clause.
中文： 过渡短语「In other words」（换句话说）用于对先前陈述的观点进行简化、澄清或提供另一种解释。它通常后面会接逗号以及一个完整的从句。
He didn't pass the exam. In other words, he failed.
他考试没及格。换句话说，他被当了。
EN： Gerunds (verb + -ing) can function as nouns. In this sentence, 'learning' acts as the object of the preposition 'of'.
中文： 动名词（动词 + -ing）可以作为名词使用。在本句中，「learning」（学习）作为介词「of」的宾语。
Reading is a great way to expand your vocabulary.
阅读是扩大词汇量的好方法。
EN： The verb 'indicate' is followed by a noun clause starting with the conjunction 'that'. This 'that-clause' functions as the direct object of the verb, expressing the fact or statement being indicated. In academic or formal writing, 'that' is often kept, though it can be omitted in informal speech.
中文： 动词「indicate」（指出/显示）后面接由连接词「that」引导的从句。这个「that 从句」在句中担任该动词的直接宾语，用来表达所指出或显示的事实。在学术或正式写作中，通常会保留「that」，但在口语中常会省略。
Recent reports indicate that global temperatures are rising.
最近的报告指出全球气温正在上升。
EN： The simple present tense is used here to state a general truth, scientific fact, or permanent situation. Both 'indicate' and 'reduces' are in the simple present tense because they describe an ongoing scientific consensus.
中文： 此处使用一般现在时来表示普遍真理、科学事实或永久不变的状况。动词「indicate」与「reduces」皆使用一般现在时，因为它们描述的是一项持续存在的科学共识。
Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.
水在摄氏 100 度时沸腾。
EN： "As a result of" is a multi-word preposition used to introduce the cause of a situation. It is followed by a noun phrase (in this case, "poor sleep") and is often placed at the beginning of a sentence, followed by a comma, to set the context.
中文： 「As a result of」（由于…的结果）是一个多词介词，用来引出某个情况的原因。其后须接名词短语（在此处为「poor sleep」），通常置于句首并加上逗号，以交代背景原因。
As a result of the heavy rain, the game was canceled.
由于暴雨的关系，比赛被取消了。
EN： The simple present tense is used here ("drops") to state a general truth, scientific fact, or habitual action. In this sentence, it describes a universal cause-and-effect relationship.
中文： 此处使用一般现在时（「drops」）来表示普遍真理、科学事实或习惯性动作。在本句中，它描述了一个普遍存在的因果关系。
Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.
水在摄氏 100 度时沸腾。
EN： The noun clause (or content clause) introduced by 'that' functions as the direct object of the verb 'shows'. The conjunction 'that' is often omitted in informal speech but is kept here for formal clarity.
中文： 由「that」引导的从句（或称为内容从句）在此作为动词「shows」的直接宾语。在非正式口语中「that」常被省略，但在此处保留以显正式与清晰。
Research indicates that regular exercise improves sleep quality.
研究指出规律运动能改善睡眠质量。
EN： The simple present tense is used here to state a general truth or scientific fact. In this case, 'habits shape our health' is presented as a timeless fact.
中文： 此处使用一般现在时来表示普遍真理或科学事实。在这个句子中，「习惯塑造我们的健康」被呈现为一个不受时间限制的事实。
Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.
水在摄氏100度时沸腾。
EN： The structure 'It is + past participle + that-clause' is a formal passive construction used to report general beliefs, opinions, or arguments without specifying who holds them. 'It' acts as a dummy subject (or preparatory subject), while the 'that-clause' is the real subject.
中文： 「It is + 过去分词 + that 引导的从句」是一种正式的被动态结构，用于在不具体指出是谁提出的情况下，陈述普遍的看法、意见或论点。这里的「It」作为形式主语（或先行主语），而「that 从句」才是真正的主语。
It is widely believed that regular exercise boosts brain power.
人们普遍认为规律运动能增强脑力。
EN： The 'that-clause' functions as a noun clause (or content clause) serving as the real subject of the sentence. Within this clause, 'screens' is the subject, 'harm' is the transitive verb, and 'sleep' is the direct object.
中文： 「that 从句」在此作为名词从句（或内容从句），充当句子的真正主语。在此从句内部，「screens」（屏幕）是主语，「harm」（损害）是及物动词，「sleep」（睡眠）是直接宾语。
EN： In modern English-speaking societies, the debate over 'screen time' (the amount of time spent looking at devices like smartphones, tablets, and computers) and its impact on sleep hygiene and mental health is a highly prominent topic in public health and parenting discussions.
中文： 在現代英語系國家中，關於「螢幕時間」（screen time，即使用智慧型手機、平板和電腦等裝置的時間）及其對睡眠衛生和心理健康影響的辯論，是公共衛生和育兒討論中非常受到關注的話題。
EN： The idiom 'play a key role in' means to be a very important part of something or to have a major influence on an outcome. 'Key' acts as an adjective meaning 'essential' or 'crucial'. It is followed by the preposition 'in' and a noun or gerund.
中文： 短语「play a key role in」（扮演关键角色）意指在某事中成为非常重要的部分，或对结果产生重大影响。这里的「key」作为形容词，表示「关键的」或「至关重要的」。此结构后面接介词「in」，再接名词或动名词。
Regular exercise plays a key role in maintaining physical health.
规律运动在维持身体健康中扮演着关键角色。
EN： The use of the simple present tense ('plays') is used here to state a general fact, habit, or permanent situation that is true in the present.
中文： 此处使用一般现在时（「plays」）来陈述一个普遍事实、习惯或在目前状态下属实的永久情况。因为主语「This」为单数第三人称，所以动词 play 须加上 s 成为 plays。
Water plays an important part in our survival.
水在生存中扮演着重要角色。
EN： The phrase 'In general' is a prepositional phrase used as a sentence adverb (or transition) to introduce a statement that is true in most situations. It is commonly placed at the beginning of a sentence followed by a comma.
中文： 短语「In general」（一般而言）是用作句子副词（或过渡词）的介词短语，用来引出在大多数情况下属实的陈述。它通常置于句首，后面接逗号。
In general, public transport is reliable in this city.
一般而言，这座城市的公共交通是可靠的。
EN： The phrasal verb 'lead to' means to cause something to happen or to result in a particular outcome. In this sentence, 'leads' is in the simple present tense and takes the singular 's' because the subject 'balance' is an uncountable noun.
中文： 短语动词「lead to」意为导致某事发生或产生特定结果。在本句中，「leads」为一般现在时，因主语「balance」（平衡）为不可数名词，故动词使用单数形式加「s」。
Hard work often leads to success.
努力往往会带来成功。
EN： The word 'data' is historically the plural form of 'datum'. In modern English, especially in scientific and formal contexts, it is often treated as a plural noun, which is why it takes the plural verb 'support' (instead of 'supports'). However, in everyday informal English, it is also commonly treated as an uncountable singular noun.
中文： 「data」（数据）在历史上是「datum」的复数形式。在现代英语中，特别是在科学和正式语境下，它通常被视为复数名词，因此搭配复数动词「support」（而非单数的 supports）。然而，在日常非正式英语中，它也常被当作不可数的单数名词使用。
The scientific data show a significant increase in temperature.
科学数据显示温度有显著上升。
EN： Adverbs of manner, like 'clearly', are used to describe how an action is performed. They are commonly placed directly before the main verb they modify to add emphasis to the action.
中文： 方式副词（如「clearly」）用于描述动作进行的方式。它们通常直接放在所修饰的主动词之前，以增加对该动作的强调。
EN： In academic and professional English, presenting arguments backed by 'data' is highly valued. Using phrases like 'The data clearly support...' shows objective, evidence-based reasoning, which is a cornerstone of Western academic writing and professional presentations.
中文： 在學術與專業英語中，提出由「數據」（data）支持的論點非常受到重視。使用如「The data clearly support...」（數據清楚地支持……）這樣的句型，展現了客觀且基於證據的推論，這是西方學術寫作與商務簡報的基石。
EN： The infinitive phrase 'To put it simply' acts as an introductory adverbial phrase. It is used to simplify a complex idea or summarize a point. 'Put' in this context means 'to express' or 'to state'.
中文： 不定式短语「To put it simply」用作引导性的副词短语，常用于简化复杂的概念或进行总结。在此处，「put」的意思是「表达」或「陈述」。
To put it simply, we don't have enough money for the project.
简单来说，我们没有足够的资金来进行这个项目。
EN： The verb 'means' (from 'mean') is used here to express a logical consequence or equivalence. When a singular noun phrase like 'good rest' is the subject, the verb takes the third-person singular ending '-s'.
中文： 动词「means」（源自 mean）在此处用于表示逻辑上的因果关系或等同关系。当单数名词短语（如「good rest」）作为主语时，动词须使用单数第三人称动词变化，即加上「-s」。
A red light means you must stop.
红灯意味着你必须停止。
EN： In modern English-speaking professional and academic cultures, there is a growing emphasis on 'well-being' and 'work-life balance'. This sentence reflects the shift away from the 'hustle culture' (working constantly without rest) toward a philosophy where rest is seen as an active contributor to productivity, rather than a sign of laziness.
中文： 在現代英語系的職場與學術文化中，人們越來越強調「身心健康（well-being）」與「工作與生活平衡（work-life balance）」。這句話反映了人們觀念的轉變：從過去一味拼命加班的「忙碌文化（hustle culture）」，轉向將「休息」視為提升生產力的積極要素，而非懶惰的表現。
EN： The structure 'It is widely believed that...' uses 'it' as a dummy subject (or preparatory subject) to introduce a passive construction. The actual subject of the belief is the 'that-clause' (that sleep is essential...) which is placed at the end of the sentence for balance.
中文： 「It is widely believed that...」结构使用「it」作为形式主语（或先行主语），用以引出被动语态结构。真正被相信的内容是后面的「that 从句」（that sleep is essential...），为了句子结构平衡而置于句尾。
It is widely believed that regular exercise improves mental health.
人们普遍认为，规律运动能改善心理健康。
EN： The adjective 'essential' means extremely important or absolutely necessary. It is commonly followed by the preposition 'for' to indicate the person or thing that benefits from or requires it.
中文： 形容词「essential」意为极其重要或绝对必要的。它通常后接介词「for」，用以表示从受益或需要该事物的对象。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'According to' is used to indicate the source of information, meaning 'as stated by' or 'on the authority of'. It is commonly followed by a noun phrase representing a study, report, or person.
中文： 介词短语「According to」（根据）用于指出信息的来源，意思是「正如…所说」或「根据…的说法」。其后通常接代表研究、报告或人物的名词短语。
According to the weather forecast, it will rain tomorrow.
根据天气预报，明天会下雨。
EN： The word 'about' is used as an adverb before a number or quantity to mean 'approximately' or 'nearly'. It is used to give an estimated figure rather than an exact one.
中文： 单词「about」在数字或数量前用作副词，表示「大约」或「将近」。它用于提供估计的数字，而非精确的数字。
The meeting will last for about two hours.
会议将持续大约两个小时。
EN： The structure 'suggests that...' is used to introduce a clause (subject + verb) that expresses an idea, theory, or logical conclusion based on evidence. 'That' functions as a conjunction introducing the noun clause.
中文： 「suggests that...」结构用于引导一个名词从句（主语 + 动词），用来表达基于证据所推导出的想法、理论或逻辑结论。其中的「that」作为连接词，引导该名词从句。
The dark clouds suggest that it will rain soon.
乌云表明很快就要下雨了。
EN： The word 'enough' can function as an adverb modifying a verb, adjective, or other adverb. When modifying a verb (like 'sleep'), it is placed after the verb to indicate sufficiency.
中文： 「enough」可以用作副词，修饰动词、形容词或其他副词。当它修饰动词（如「sleep」）时，会放在动词后面，表示程度充足、足够。
He didn't practice enough to win the competition.
他练习得不够，所以无法赢得比赛。
EN： The verb 'indicate' is followed by a 'that-clause' which functions as the direct object of the sentence. This structure is commonly used in academic and formal writing to report findings, facts, or suggestions. The word 'that' can optionally be omitted in informal speech, but is usually retained in formal contexts.
中文： 动词「indicate」（指出/显示）后面接由「that」引导的名词从句，作为整句话的直接宾语。这种结构常用于学术和正式写作中，用来报告研究结果、事实或建议。在非正式口语中，「that」可以省略，但在正式语境中通常保留。
Recent reports indicate that global temperatures are rising.
最近的报告指出全球气温正在上升。
EN： The phrase 'a lack of [noun]' is used as a noun phrase meaning 'not having enough of something'. When it acts as the subject of a sentence, the verb must agree with the singular noun 'lack', not the plural or uncountable noun that follows 'of'.
中文： 短语「a lack of [名词]」用作名词短语，意思是「缺乏某物」。当它作为句子主语时，动词必须与单数名词「lack」保持一致（单数动词），而不是与「of」后面的复数或不可数名词一致。
A lack of funds prevents us from completing the project.
资金的缺乏阻止了我们完成这个项目。
EN： The phrase 'As a result of' is a compound preposition used to introduce the cause of a situation. It is followed by a noun or noun phrase (in this case, 'late-night screen use') and is often placed at the beginning of a sentence for emphasis, separated by a comma.
中文： 「As a result of」是一个复合介词，用来引导某个状况的原因。后面必须接名词或名词短语（在此句中为「late-night screen use」）。它常置于句首以示强调，并用逗号与主句隔开。
As a result of the heavy rain, the football match was postponed.
由于暴雨的缘故，足球比赛延期了。
EN： The simple present tense is used here with the adverb of frequency 'often' to describe a general truth, habit, or regular occurrence ('sleep quality often drops').
中文： 此处使用一般现在时搭配频率副词「often」（常常），用来描述一个普遍的事实、习惯或规律发生的现象（「睡眠质量常常下降」）。
He often drinks coffee in the morning to stay awake.
他早上常常喝咖啡来保持清醒。
EN： The transitional phrase 'In other words' is used to introduce a statement that repeats what has been said in a different and usually simpler way, helping to clarify the speaker's point.
中文： 过渡短语「In other words」（换句话说）用于引入对前述内容的另一种、通常更简单的表述，以帮助澄清说话者的观点。
He was dismissed; in other words, he was fired.
他被解雇了；换句话说，他被开除了。
EN： The modal verb 'may' is used to express possibility or probability in the present or future. It is followed by the base form of the verb ('harm').
中文： 情态动词「may」（可能）用于表示现在或未来的可能性。其后接动词原形（在此为「harm」）。
It may rain tomorrow, so you should bring an umbrella.
明天可能会下雨，所以你该带把伞。
EN： The noun clause 'that regular sleep improves both mood and grades' functions as the direct object of the verb 'shows'. The conjunction 'that' introduces this clause and can sometimes be omitted in informal contexts, but is kept here for clarity.
中文： 名词从句「that regular sleep improves both mood and grades」作为动词「shows」的直接宾语。连接词「that」引导此从句，在非正式语境中可省略，但在此处保留以使结构更清晰。
Research shows that exercise boosts brain power.
研究显示，运动能提升脑力。
EN： The correlative conjunction 'both... and...' is used to join two parallel grammatical elements (here, the nouns 'mood' and 'grades'), emphasizing that both elements are included.
中文： 关联连词「both... and...」（两者都…）用于连接两个平行的语法元素（此处为名词「mood」与「grades」），用以强调两者皆包含在内。
The program helps students improve both their speaking and writing skills.
这个计划帮助学生同时提升口语与写作能力。
EN： The structure 'It is often argued that...' uses 'it' as a dummy/preparatory subject. This passive construction is commonly used in formal writing and academic discussions to introduce a widely held opinion or debate topic without specifying who is arguing.
中文： 结构「It is often argued that...」使用「it」作为形式主语（先行主语）。这种被动结构常用于正式写作和学术讨论中，用来引入一个广泛存在的观点或争论话题，而无需具体指出是谁在争论。
It is often argued that technology reduces face-to-face communication.
人们经常争论科技是否减少了面对面的沟通。
EN： The adjective 'too' is used before an adjective (here, 'early') to indicate that something is more than is desirable or necessary. It is often followed by 'for + noun/pronoun' to specify who or what is affected.
中文： 副词「too」（太）置于形容词（此处为「early」）之前，表示某事超出了合适或必要的程度。后面常接「for + 名词/代词」来指定受影响的对象。
This book is too difficult for young children.
这本书对幼童来说太难了。
EN： In many Western countries, particularly the United States, there is an ongoing public health debate about school start times. Research from organizations like the American Academy of Pediatrics suggests that middle and high schools should start later (no earlier than 8:30 AM) to align with the natural biological sleep rhythms of adolescents.
中文： 在許多西方國家（特別是美國），關於學校上課時間的討論是一個持續進行的公共衛生議題。美國兒科學會等機構的研究指出，國中和高中的上課時間應該延後（不早於早上 8:30），以符合青少年自然的生物睡眠節律。
EN： The idiom 'play a role in' means to be involved in something or to have an effect on it. The adjective 'major' modifies 'role' to indicate a high level of importance or influence.
中文： 短语「play a role in」（扮演……的角色/起……的作用）表示参与某事或对某事产生影响。形容词「major」（主要的）修饰「role」，用以强调其影响力或重要性极高。
Regular exercise plays a major role in maintaining physical health.
规律运动在维持身体健康中扮演着主要角色。
EN： The phrase 'many feel' is a relative clause (adjective clause) modifying the noun 'tiredness'. The relative pronoun 'that' or 'which' is omitted because it functions as the direct object of the verb 'feel'.
中文： 短语「many feel」是一个修饰名词「tiredness」（疲惫）的定语从句（形容词从句）。这里省略了关系代词「that」或「which」，因为它在从句中担任动词「feel」的直接宾语。
This is the stress many experience during exams.
这就是许多人在考试期间所体验到的压力。
EN： The phrase 'In general' is a sentence adverbial used to introduce a statement that is true in most situations or for most people. It is often followed by a comma.
中文： 「In general」（一般来说/大体上）是一个句子副词，用于引出在大多数情况或对大多数人而言都是正确的陈述。其后通常加上逗号。
In general, public transport in this city is very reliable.
一般说来，这座城市的公共交通非常可靠。
EN： The phrasal verb 'lead to' means to cause something to happen or exist. It is followed by a noun, pronoun, or gerund (V-ing), where 'to' functions as a preposition.
中文： 短语动词「lead to」表示导致、造成某事发生或存在。后面接名词、代词或动名词（V-ing），这里的「to」是介词。
EN： The word 'data' is historically a plural noun (singular: 'datum'), which is why it takes the plural verb form 'support' without an '-s'. In modern English, especially in scientific and academic contexts, it is often treated as a plural noun, though in everyday speech it is sometimes used as an uncountable singular noun.
中文： 单词「data」（数据）在历史上是复数名词（单数为「datum」），这就是为什么它搭配复数动词形式「support」而不用加「-s」。在现代英语中，特别是在学术和科学语境中，它通常被视为复数名词，但在日常口语中，有时也会被当作不可数的单数名词来使用。
The data show that global temperatures are rising.
数据显示全球气温正在上升。
EN： The adverb 'clearly' is used to modify the verb 'support'. Adverbs of manner often appear directly before the main verb they modify to emphasize the action.
中文： 副词「clearly」（清楚地）用来修饰动词「support」（支持）。方式副词通常直接出现在它们所修饰的主要动词之前，以强调该动作。
She clearly explained the rules of the game.
她清楚地解释了游戏规则。
EN： The infinitive phrase 'To put it simply' is used as an introductory adverbial phrase. It functions as a sentence modifier to indicate that the speaker is summarizing or explaining something in a direct, uncomplicated way.
中文： 不定式短语「To put it simply」用作引导性的副词短语。它作为整句的修饰语，表示说话者正在以直接、简单的方式进行总结或解释。
To put it simply, we need more funding to complete the project.
简单来说，我们需要更多资金来完成这个项目。
EN： The semicolon (;) is used to link two independent clauses that are closely related in thought. In this sentence, it connects 'rest is not lazy' and 'it is smart' without using a coordinating conjunction like 'and' or 'but'.
中文： 分号（;）用于连接两个在思想上紧密相关的独立从句。在此句子中，它连接了「rest is not lazy」与「it is smart」，而不需要使用如「and」或「but」等并列连词。
Some people prefer tea; others prefer coffee.
有些人偏好茶；有些人则偏好咖啡。
EN： In modern fast-paced societies, there is often a cultural 'hustle' mentality where constant work is praised and resting is stigmatized as 'lazy'. This sentence challenges that cultural norm by reframing rest as a strategic, intelligent choice for long-term productivity and well-being.
中文： 在現代快節奏的社會中，往往存在著一種「奮鬥文化」，將不斷工作視為美德，而將休息貼上「懶惰」的標籤。這句話挑戰了這種文化常規，將休息重新定義為一種為了長期效率與身心健康而做出的明智、具策略性的選擇。
EN： Wh-questions with auxiliary verbs: When forming a question with a question word like 'what', 'where', or 'how' in the simple present tense, we use the auxiliary verb 'do' or 'does' before the subject. 'Does' is used here because the subject 'the research' is singular.
中文： Wh-疑问句与助动词：当使用「what」（什么）、「where」（哪里）或「how」（如何）等疑问词在一般现在时中造句时，我们必须在主语前加上助动词「do」或「does」。这里使用「does」是因为主语「the research」（这项研究）为单数。
What does the teacher think about the new schedule?
老师对新时间表有什么看法？
EN： Direct address with commas: When addressing someone directly by name in a sentence, their name is set off with a comma (or commas). In this sentence, 'Emma' is placed at the end, so a comma precedes it.
中文： 直接称呼与逗号的使用：在句子中直接称呼某人的名字时，该名字前后需要用逗号隔开。在此句子中，「艾玛」放在句尾，因此前面需加上逗号。
How are you feeling today, David?
你今天感觉怎么样，大卫？
EN： In academic and professional discussions, asking 'What does the research say?' is a common, polite way to shift the focus from personal opinions to objective evidence. Addressing a colleague or peer by their first name (like 'Emma') keeps the tone collaborative and friendly.
中文： 在學術與專業討論中，詢問「What does the research say?」（研究怎麼說？）是一種常見且禮貌的方式，能將討論焦點從個人觀點轉移到客觀證據上。直接稱呼同事或同儕的名字（如「艾瑪」）則能保持對話的合作與友善氛圍。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'According to' is used to introduce the source of information, followed by a noun or noun phrase. It is commonly used in academic and formal contexts to cite evidence or research.
中文： 介词短语「According to」（根据）用于引出信息的来源，后面接名词或名词短语。这在学术和正式语境中非常常用，用来引用证据或研究。
According to the weather forecast, it will rain tomorrow.
根据天气预报，明天会下雨。
EN： The verb 'boost' means to improve, increase, or encourage something. In this sentence, it is in the simple present tense ('boosts') because the subject 'exercise' is a singular uncountable noun, representing a general truth.
中文： 动词「boost」意为提升、促进或增强。在此句子中，因为主语「exercise」（运动）是单数不可数名词，且表达的是一个普遍事实，所以动词使用单数现在时「boosts」。
A good breakfast boosts your energy levels.
一份好的早餐能提升你的能量水平。
EN： The verb 'suggest' is used here with a 'that'-clause to express an implication or a recommendation. When 'suggest' means 'to imply' or 'to indicate a fact', the verb in the 'that'-clause follows normal tense and agreement rules (e.g., 'we should move').
中文： 动词「suggest」在此处与「that」引导的从句连用，表示暗示或建议。当「suggest」表示「暗示」或「指出某事实」时，「that」从句中的动词遵循一般的时态和主谓一致规则（例如本句中的「we should move」）。
The dark clouds suggest that it will rain soon.
乌云表明很快就要下雨了。
EN： The modal verb 'should' is used to express advice, duty, or recommendation. It is followed by the base form of the verb ('move').
中文： 情态动词「should」（应该）用于表示建议、义务或推荐。其后接动词原形（本句中为「move」）。
We should eat more vegetables for better health.
为了身体健康，我们应该多吃蔬菜。
EN： The structure 'It is widely believed that...' uses 'it' as an empty subject (dummy pronoun) to introduce a passive construction. The real subject is the 'that-clause' (that reading builds focus) which is placed at the end of the sentence to avoid a top-heavy structure.
中文： 「It is widely believed that...」结构使用「it」作为形式主语（先行主语）来引导被动结构。真正的主语是后面的「that 从句」（that reading builds focus，即阅读能培养专注力），为了避免句子结构显得头重脚轻，因此将其置于句尾。
It is widely believed that healthy eating improves longevity.
人们普遍认为健康饮食能延长寿命。
EN： The verb 'build' is commonly used metaphorically to mean 'to develop, strengthen, or increase' abstract qualities such as focus, confidence, or relationships over time.
中文： 动词「build」常用于比喻，表示随着时间「培养、加强或增加」抽象的特质，例如专注力、自信心或人际关系。
Regular exercise helps build confidence.
规律运动有助于建立自信心。
EN： The transitional phrase 'In other words' is used to introduce a simplification or clarification of a previously stated idea. It is typically followed by a comma and a complete independent clause.
中文： 过渡短语「In other words」（换句话说）用于对前文所述观点进行简化或进一步阐释。它通常置于句首，后接逗号与一个完整的独立从句。
He is always late; in other words, he lacks punctuality.
他总是迟到；换句话说，他缺乏时间观念。
EN： The verb 'support' is a transitive verb meaning to encourage, help, or assist. In this sentence, it takes the gerund 'learning' (acting as a noun) as its direct object.
中文： 动词「support」（支持/有助）是一个及物动词，意为鼓励、帮助或协助。在本句中，它接动名词「learning」（在此作名词使用）作为其直接宾语。
Regular exercise supports physical health.
规律运动有助于身体健康。
EN： The noun clause starting with 'that' acts as the direct object of the verb 'shows'. In this structure, 'that' is a conjunction that introduces a complete sentence (stress harms our health) to express what is being shown.
中文： 由「that」引导的名词从句在此作为动词「shows」的直接宾语。在这种结构中，「that」是一个连接词，用来引导一个完整的句子（压力有害我们的健康），以表达所显示的内容。
Research shows that regular exercise improves sleep quality.
研究显示规律运动能改善睡眠质量。
EN： The verb 'harm' is used here as a transitive verb meaning 'to cause damage to'. It directly takes the noun phrase 'our health' as its object without needing a preposition like 'to'.
中文： 动词「harm」在此用作及物动词，意思是「对……造成伤害」。它直接接名词短语「our health」作为宾语，不需要像「to」这样的介词。
Smoking can harm your lungs.
吸烟会伤害你的肺部。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'as a result of' is used to introduce the cause of something. It is followed by a noun or noun phrase (in this case, 'breaks') and is equivalent to 'because of' or 'due to'.
中文： 介词短语「as a result of」（由于/因为）用于引导某事的原因。后面接名词或名词短语（在此句中为「breaks」），相当于「because of」或「due to」。
As a result of the heavy rain, the game was postponed.
因为大雨，比赛延期了。
EN： The verb 'stay' functions as a linking verb (copula) here, meaning 'to continue to be in a particular state'. It is followed directly by an adjective ('fresh') rather than an adverb.
中文： 动词「stay」在此处作为系动词（linking verb），意思是「保持在某种状态」。其后直接接形容词（「fresh」）而非副词。
Please stay calm during the emergency.
紧急情况下请保持冷静。
EN： The idiom 'play a key role in' is used to describe something that has a major influence or importance in a particular outcome. The preposition 'in' is followed by a noun or a gerund (verb-ing).
中文： 短语「play a key role in」（扮演关键角色）用于描述某事在特定结果中具有重大影响或重要性。介词「in」后面接名词或动名词（V-ing）。
Regular exercise plays a key role in maintaining physical health.
规律运动在维持身体健康中扮演着关键角色。
EN： The compound adjective 'long-term' is formed by combining an adjective (long) and a noun (term) with a hyphen. It modifies a noun to indicate that something lasts for a long period of time.
中文： 复合形容词「long-term」（长期的）是由形容词（long）和名词（term）用连字符结合而成。它用来修饰名词，表示某事会持续很长一段时间。
They are making long-term plans for their business expansion.
他们正在为其业务扩张制定长期计划。
EN： In Western academic and professional settings, emphasizing 'long-term success' over short-term gains is highly valued. This phrase is commonly used in business, education, and self-development contexts to encourage sustainable habits.
中文： 在西方學術與職場文化中，相較於短期利益，人們非常重視「長期成功」（long-term success）。這個片語常用於商業、教育和個人成長領域，用以鼓勵培養可持續發展的良好習慣。
EN： The phrase 'In general' is a sentence adverbial used to introduce a statement that is true in most situations or for most people. It is often placed at the beginning of a sentence followed by a comma.
中文： 「In general」（一般说来/大体而言）是一个句子副词，用于引出在大多数情况或对大多数人而言都是正确的陈述。它通常放在句首，后面加上逗号。
In general, older adults need less sleep than teenagers.
一般来说，年长者比青少年需要更少的睡眠。
EN： The comparative structure 'A matters more than B' uses the verb 'matter' (to be important) in the comparative form to show that one concept has greater importance or value than another.
中文： 比较结构「A matters more than B」使用动词「matter」（重要）的比较级形式，用来表示某个概念比另一个概念具有更高的重要性或价值。
Quality matters more than quantity when making friends.
交朋友时，质量比数量更重要。
EN： This sentence reflects a common modern philosophical shift in Western work and study culture, moving away from 'hustle culture' (doing things as fast as possible) toward 'mindfulness' and sustainable growth, where maintaining physical and mental balance is prioritized.
中文： 這句話反映了西方工作與學習文化中，現代哲學思維的轉變：從過去盲目追求速度與效率的「忙碌文化」（hustle culture），轉向提倡「正念」與永續發展，將維持身心平衡放在首位。
EN： The infinitive phrase 'To put it simply' is used as an adverbial disjunct (or sentence modifier) to introduce a simplified summary or explanation of a complex idea.
中文： 不定式短语「To put it simply」用作副词性修饰语（或句子修饰语），用来引出对复杂概念的简化总结或解释，意为「简单来说」。
To put it simply, we need more funding.
简单来说，我们需要更多资金。
EN： The sentence structure follows the classic Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) pattern in the simple present tense, where 'small habits' is the plural subject, 'create' is the transitive verb, and 'big change' is the object.
中文： 此句子结构采用经典的「主语-动词-宾语」（SVO）结构，并使用一般现在时。其中「small habits」为复数主语，「create」为及物动词，而「big change」为宾语。
Good food choices promote better health.
良好的饮食选择能促进更好的健康。
EN： The phrase 'small habits create big change' aligns with the popular modern self-improvement philosophy (such as the concepts in the book 'Atomic Habits'), which emphasizes that incremental, daily improvements lead to massive long-term results.
中文： 「微小的習慣能創造巨大的改變」這句話與現代流行的個人成長與自我提升哲學（如《原子習慣》一書中的概念）相呼應，強調每天微小的進步累積起來會帶來巨大的長期效應。
重要单词附有 IPA 发音、定义、例句和互动式测验。
在本文中： 必要的，不可或缺的
在本文中： 指出，显示
在本文中： 常规，惯例
在本文中： 促进，改善，提高
在本文中： 稳定的，持续的
在本文中： 证据，证明
在本文中： 暗示，表明
在本文中： 减少，降低
片语包含类型标示、双语定义、用法说明和例句。
because of something; due to
由于，因为
to have a very important involvement or influence in something
扮演关键角色，起决定性作用
expressed in a different and usually simpler way
换句话说，也就是说
used for saying that you are explaining something in a clear and simple way
简单来说，简而言之