EN： The verb 'reveal' is followed by a 'that-clause' acting as a noun clause (the direct object). This structure is commonly used in news and academic writing to report findings or facts.
中文： 動詞「reveal」（顯示/揭露）後接由「that」引導的名詞子句作為受詞。這種結構常用於新聞與學術寫作，用來報告研究結果或事實。
The report shows that global temperatures are rising.
報告顯示全球氣溫正在上升。
EN： The verb 'struggle' is followed by an infinitive (to + verb) to indicate difficulty in performing a specific action.
中文： 動詞「struggle」（掙扎/費力）後接不定詞（to + 動詞），用來表示在執行特定動作時感到困難。
Many students struggle to balance work and study.
許多學生難以兼顧工作與學業。
EN： In English news headlines, the present simple tense ('Reveals') is often used to describe recent events or research findings to make the news feel more immediate and relevant, even if the study was completed in the past.
中文： 在英文新聞標題中，經常使用現在簡單式（如 'Reveals'）來描述最近發生的事件或研究結果。即使研究是在過去完成的，這樣做能讓新聞聽起來更具即時性與關聯性。
EN： Present Perfect Tense (has found): Used to describe an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past and has relevance to the present, often used in news to report recent findings.
中文： 現在完成式 (has found)：用於描述過去某個不確定時間點發生且與現在相關的動作，在新聞中常用於報導最近的研究發現。
Scientists have discovered a new species of deep-sea fish.
科學家們發現了一種新的深海魚類。
EN： Distinguish between A and B: A common phrasal structure used to indicate the ability to recognize the difference between two distinct things.
中文： Distinguish between A and B (辨別 A 與 B)：這是一個常用的片語結構，用於表示辨識兩個不同事物之間差異的能力。
It is difficult to distinguish between the twin brothers.
很難辨別這對雙胞胎兄弟。
EN： The term 'opinion-based news' refers to a growing trend in digital media where commentary and personal viewpoints are blended with news, making media literacy a critical skill in Western education systems.
中文： 「以觀點為主的新聞」(opinion-based news) 指的是數位媒體中一種日益增長的趨勢，即評論和個人觀點與新聞混合在一起，這使得「媒體素養」成為西方教育體系中的一項關鍵技能。
EN： Reduced Relative Clause (Past Participle): The phrase 'conducted by...' is a reduced relative clause that modifies 'The research'. It is shortened from 'which was conducted by'. We use the past participle (V-ed) because the research 'was conducted' (passive voice) by the institute.
中文： 減縮關係子句（過去分詞）：短語 'conducted by...' 是一個減縮關係子句，用來修飾 'The research'。它是由 'which was conducted by' 簡化而來。使用過去分詞 (V-ed) 是因為研究與機構之間是被動關係（研究「被」機構執行）。
The book, written by a famous doctor, became a bestseller.
這本由名醫撰寫的書成了暢銷書。
EN： Appositive Structure with Commas: Commas are used here to set off non-essential information that provides extra detail about the subject. The sentence remains grammatically complete even if the part between the commas is removed.
中文： 同位語結構與逗號用法：此處使用逗號來隔開非必要的補充資訊，用以提供主詞的額外細節。即使移除逗號之間的內容，句子在語法上依然完整。
Mr. Smith, my neighbor, is a very kind man.
史密斯先生，也就是我的鄰居，是個非常親切的人。
EN： In academic and journalistic writing, numbers under ten are usually spelled out (e.g., 'three'), while numbers over ten can be digits. However, for very large round numbers like 'forty thousand' or at the start of a sentence, spelling them out is common for formal clarity.
中文： 在學術與新聞寫作中，十以下的數字通常會拼寫出來（如 'three'），而十以上的數字則可用阿拉伯數字。然而，對於像 'forty thousand' 這樣的大型整數，或是位於句首時，為了正式與清晰起見，常會將其完整拼寫出來。
EN： The noun clause starting with 'that' acts as the direct object of the verb 'noted'. It allows the speaker to report a complete thought or finding.
中文： 以 'that' 開頭的名詞子句作為動詞 'noted' 的直接受詞。這讓說話者能夠轉述一個完整的想法或研究結果。
The report noted that global temperatures are rising faster than expected.
報告指出，全球氣溫上升的速度比預期快。
EN： The present perfect tense (has become) is used to describe a state that started in the past and continues to be true or relevant in the present.
中文： 現在完成式 (has become) 用於描述從過去開始並持續到現在，或與現在仍相關的狀態。
Remote work has become a standard practice for many tech companies.
遠端工作已成為許多科技公司的標準做法。
EN： The term 'digital age' refers to the current period in history characterized by the shift from traditional industry to an economy based on information computerization. In English-speaking media, 'fact-check' has become a common verb due to the rise of social media and misinformation.
中文： 「數位時代」(digital age) 指的是當前從傳統工業轉向資訊電腦化經濟的歷史時期。在英語媒體中，由於社群媒體和假訊息的興起，「查證」(fact-check) 已成為一個非常普遍的動詞。
EN： The phrase 'tend to + verb' is used to describe a habit or a likelihood that something will happen. It indicates a general trend or inclination.
中文： 短語「tend to + 動詞」用於描述一種習慣或某事發生的可能性。它表示一種普遍的趨勢或傾向（往往、傾向於）。
People tend to eat more comfort food during the cold winter months.
人們在寒冷的冬月裡往往會吃更多療癒食物。
EN： The preposition 'without' followed by a gerund (verb-ing) indicates that an action is performed while another action is omitted or not happening.
中文： 介係詞「without」後接動名詞（V-ing），表示在省略或未發生另一項動作的情況下執行某個動作（沒有...、未經...）。
He left the room without saying goodbye to anyone.
他沒有跟任何人道別就離開了房間。
EN： In academic and journalistic writing, 'lead author' refers to the person who took primary responsibility for the research and the writing of the report, often listed first in the credits.
中文： 在學術和新聞寫作中，「lead author」（第一作者或主作者）是指對研究和報告撰寫負主要責任的人，通常在作者名單中列於首位。
EN： Noun Clause as Object: The word 'that' introduces a noun clause that functions as the direct object of the verb 'explained'. This structure is used to report information or thoughts.
中文： 名詞子句作為受詞：單字 'that' 引導一個名詞子句，該子句作為動詞 'explained' 的直接受詞。這種結構常用於轉述資訊或想法。
He mentioned that the meeting was canceled.
他提到會議被取消了。
EN： Prepositional Phrase of Time: 'Within seconds of' is used to indicate that something happens very quickly after a specific event (in this case, reading the title).
中文： 時間介係詞短語：'Within seconds of' 用於表示某事在特定事件（在此指閱讀標題）發生後極短的時間內發生。
The alarm went off within seconds of the smoke appearing.
煙霧出現後的幾秒鐘內，警報器就響了。
EN： The sentence highlights a modern phenomenon often called 'clickbait culture' or 'headline-only reading,' where the speed of social media consumption leads to the spread of misinformation because users do not verify the full content before sharing.
中文： 這句話凸顯了現代所謂的「點擊誘餌文化」或「標題黨閱讀」現象。社交媒體的快速消費導致使用者在分享前未核實完整內容，進而造成誤導性資訊的傳播。
EN： Present Perfect Tense (has + past participle): Used to describe an action that started in the past and continues to have an effect or relevance in the present.
中文： 現在完成式 (has + 過去分詞)：用於描述從過去開始並對現在產生影響或具有相關性的動作。
The new policy has improved the company's efficiency over the last few months.
新政策在過去幾個月裡提高了公司的效率。
EN： Reporting Verbs as Parenthetical Expressions: Phrases like 'she warned' or 'he said' can be inserted into the middle of a sentence to attribute the statement to a speaker without changing the main sentence structure.
中文： 報導動詞作為插入語：像 'she warned' (她警告說) 或 'he said' (他說) 這樣的短語可以插入句子中間，用來交代說話者，而不改變主句結構。
The weather, the expert predicted, will remain cold until next week.
專家預測，天氣將一直寒冷到下週。
EN： The term 'misinformation' is often used in academic and journalistic contexts to describe false information spread regardless of intent, whereas 'disinformation' implies a deliberate intent to deceive. Dr. Voss uses 'misinformation' to highlight the systemic issue of sharing without checking.
中文： 「misinformation」(誤導性資訊) 一詞常用於學術和新聞語境，描述無論意圖為何而傳播的錯誤訊息；而「disinformation」(虛假訊息) 則隱含蓄意欺騙。Voss 博士使用「misinformation」是為了強調未經查證就分享的系統性問題。
EN： The phrase 'be more likely to + verb' is used to express probability or a higher tendency for something to happen compared to others.
中文： 短語「be more likely to + 動詞」用於表達可能性，或與他人相比更有可能發生的傾向。
People who exercise regularly are more likely to live a long life.
規律運動的人更有可能長壽。
EN： Appositives (particularly those aged...) are used to provide additional information or clarification about a preceding noun (younger participants).
中文： 同位語（特別是那些年齡在...）用於對前面的名詞（較年輕的參與者）提供額外資訊或說明。
My brother, a talented musician, plays the piano every day.
我的哥哥是一位有才華的音樂家，他每天都彈鋼琴。
EN： The age group 18-25 is often referred to as 'Gen Z' or 'Digital Natives' in Western media studies, highlighting their lifelong exposure to the internet, which is believed to influence their media literacy skills.
中文： 18-25 歲的年齡層在西方媒體研究中通常被稱為「Z 世代」或「數位原住民」，強調他們終身接觸網路的經歷，這被認為影響了他們的媒體識讀能力。
EN： The Past Perfect tense ('had ever used') is used here to describe an action that occurred (or in this case, failed to occur) before a specific point in the past (the time of the study).
中文： 過去完成式（had + 過去分詞）在此用於描述在過去某個特定時間點（即研究進行時）之前已經發生（或未發生）的經驗或動作。
By the time the class ended, she had already finished the assignment.
在課程結束前，她就已經完成了作業。
EN： The phrase 'fewer than' is used with countable nouns (like 'half' of a group of people) to indicate a smaller number, whereas 'less than' is traditionally used for uncountable quantities.
中文： 「fewer than」用於可數名詞（如這群人中的「一半」），表示較少的數量；而「less than」傳統上則用於不可數的量。
Fewer than ten students attended the optional workshop.
參加這場選修工作坊的學生不到十人。
EN： The term 'fact-check' has gained significant prominence in Western media since the mid-2010s, leading to the rise of independent organizations like Snopes or PolitiFact. In many English-speaking countries, media literacy is now a core part of the educational debate to combat 'fake news'.
中文： 「fact-check」（事實查核）一詞自 2010 年代中期以來在西方媒體中變得非常重要，促使了像 Snopes 或 PolitiFact 等獨立機構的興起。在許多英語系國家，媒體素養（media literacy）現在已成為對抗「假新聞」教育辯論的核心部分。
EN： Passive Voice (be + past participle): Used here to focus on the action (introducing education) rather than who is doing it. The modal 'should' is followed by 'be' and the past participle 'introduced'.
中文： 被動語態 (be + 過去分詞)：此處用於強調動作本身（引入教育），而非執行動作的人。助動詞 'should' 後接 'be' 與過去分詞 'introduced'。
New safety measures should be implemented immediately.
新的安全措施應立即實施。
EN： To-Infinitive for Purpose: The phrase 'to address this gap' uses the infinitive form to explain the reason or goal of the main action.
中文： 不定詞表示目的：短語 'to address this gap' 使用不定詞形式來解釋主要動作的原因或目標。
He studied hard to pass the exam.
他努力學習是為了通過考試。
EN： The term 'media literacy' has become a significant educational focus in Western countries to combat 'fake news'. Finland is often cited as a global leader in this field, integrating these skills into all subjects from a young age.
中文： 「媒體素養」(media literacy) 已成為西方國家對抗「假新聞」的重要教育重點。芬蘭常被譽為該領域的全球領導者，從小就將這些技能融入所有學科中。
EN： Present Perfect Tense (have + past participle): Used to describe an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past and has relevance to the present.
中文： 現在完成式 (have + 過去分詞)：用於描述過去某個不特定時間發生，且與現在仍有關係的動作。
The company has already launched its new website.
這間公司已經推出了它的新網站。
EN： Preposition 'by' + Gerund (-ing): This structure is used to explain the method or means by which an action is achieved.
中文： 介係詞 'by' + 動名詞 (-ing)：此結構用於解釋達成某個動作的方法或手段。
You can improve your English by practicing every day.
你可以透過每天練習來增進你的英文。
EN： The spelling 'programmes' is the British/International English standard, while 'programs' is used in American English. In the context of media literacy, countries like Finland are often cited as global leaders due to their proactive integration of critical thinking into early education.
中文： 'programmes' 是英式/國際英語拼法，而美式英語則使用 'programs'。在媒體素養的背景下，芬蘭常被視為全球領導者，因為他們積極地將批判性思考融入早期教育中。
EN： Non-restrictive Relative Clause: The phrase 'which has long been considered...' uses 'which' to provide extra information about Finland. It is set off by commas and does not limit the identity of the noun it modifies.
中文： 非限定用法關係子句：短語 'which has long been considered...' 使用 'which' 來提供關於芬蘭的額外資訊。這種用法通常用逗號隔開，且不會限制其修飾名詞的身份。
My car, which I bought last year, is already breaking down.
我的車（去年買的那輛）已經快壞了。
EN： Passive Voice: 'Students are taught' uses the structure 'be + past participle'. It focuses on the recipients of the action (students) rather than who is performing the action (teachers).
中文： 被動語態：'Students are taught' 使用了 'be 動詞 + 過去分詞' 的結構。這將焦點放在動作的接受者（學生）身上，而非執行動作的人（老師）。
The children are encouraged to express their creativity.
孩子們被鼓勵去表達他們的創意。
EN： Finland is globally recognized for its high-quality education system and its proactive approach to fighting misinformation through media literacy, which is integrated into the national curriculum from a very young age.
中文： 芬蘭以其高品質的教育體系聞名全球，並積極透過媒體素養教育來對抗虛假訊息。這項教育從幼年時期就已納入其國民教育課程中。
EN： Present Perfect Tense (have/has + past participle): Used here to describe an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past but has relevance to the present or indicates a completed commitment.
中文： 現在完成式 (have/has + 過去分詞)：此處用於描述過去某個不確定時間點發生的動作，但與現在有關聯，或表示已經完成的承諾。
The company has pledged to reduce its carbon footprint by 2030.
該公司已承諾在 2030 年前減少其碳足跡。
EN： Appositive / Non-restrictive Phrase: The phrase 'including Canada and Australia' provides extra information about the subject 'Other countries' and is set off by commas.
中文： 同位語 / 非限定修飾片語：'including Canada and Australia' 片語為句子的主詞 'Other countries' 提供額外資訊，並使用逗號隔開。
Many students, including those from abroad, attended the seminar.
許多學生，包括那些來自國外的學生，都參加了研討會。
EN： The mention of Canada, Australia, and Finland reflects international cooperation and benchmarking in media literacy education. These countries are often cited in global studies as leaders in digital citizenship and education policy.
中文： 提到加拿大、澳洲和芬蘭反映了媒體素養教育中的國際合作與標竿學習。這些國家在全求研究中經常被引用為數位公民意識和教育政策的領導者。
EN： Noun Clause as Object: The word 'that' introduces a noun clause that functions as the direct object of the verb 'concluded'. It reports what the speaker said or decided.
中文： 名詞子句作為受詞：單字 'that' 引導一個名詞子句，作為動詞 'concluded' 的直接受詞。它用來轉述說話者所說的話或得出的結論。
The teacher explained that the exam would be postponed.
老師解釋說考試將會延期。
EN： Gerund after Preposition: The word 'sharing' is a gerund (verb + -ing) used after the preposition 'before'. In English, prepositions must be followed by a noun or a gerund.
中文： 介系詞後的動名詞：'sharing' 是一個動名詞（動詞 + -ing），用在介系詞 'before' 之後。在英文中，介系詞後面必須接名詞或動名詞。
Always wash your hands before eating dinner.
晚餐前一定要洗手。
EN： In Western academic and journalistic contexts, emphasizing 'personal responsibility' in media consumption is a key part of 'Media Literacy' (the ability to critically analyze information).
中文： 在西方學術和新聞背景下，強調媒體消費中的「個人責任」是「媒體素養」（批判性分析資訊的能力）的核心部分。
EN： The Subjunctive Mood with 'recommend': When verbs like 'recommend', 'suggest', or 'insist' are used to express a proposal, the following 'that' clause often uses the base form of the verb or 'should' + base form. This is used to indicate necessity or a desired action.
中文： 建議動詞後的虛擬語氣：當使用 'recommend' (建議)、'suggest' (提議) 或 'insist' (堅持) 等動詞來表達提議時，後接的 'that' 子句通常使用動詞原形或 'should' + 動詞原形。這用來表示必要性或期望的行動。
The doctor recommended that he get more sleep.
醫生建議他應該多睡覺。
EN： Parallel Structure: When using coordinating conjunctions like 'and', the phrases connected should have the same grammatical form. Here, 'check multiple sources' and 'look for evidence' are both base verb phrases following 'should'.
中文： 平行結構：當使用 'and' 等對等連接詞時，所連接的短語應具有相同的語法形式。在此句中，'check multiple sources' (檢查多個來源) 和 'look for evidence' (尋找證據) 都是接在 'should' 之後的動詞原形短語。
She likes to read books and watch movies.
她喜歡看書和看電影。
EN： In Western academic and journalistic contexts, 'media literacy' is a critical skill. The emphasis on 'multiple sources' reflects a cultural value placed on critical thinking and skepticism toward single-source information, which is increasingly taught in schools to combat misinformation.
中文： 在西方學術和新聞脈絡中，「媒體素養」是一項關鍵技能。強調「多個來源」反映了對批判性思考的文化重視，以及對單一來源資訊的懷疑態度，這在學校教育中越來越受到重視，以對抗假訊息。
EN： The Future Perfect Passive (will have been + past participle) is used to describe an action that will be completed or finished by a specific point in the future, emphasizing the result rather than the process.
中文： 未來完成被動式 (will have been + 過去分詞) 用於描述在未來某個特定時間點之前將會完成的動作，強調的是結果而非過程。
By next month, the new bridge will have been completed.
到下個月，這座新橋將會竣工。
EN： The phrase 'By the time' introduces a time clause indicating a deadline. When referring to the future, the verb in the 'by the time' clause is usually in the simple present tense.
中文： 短語 'By the time' 引導一個表示截止時間的時間子句。當指代未來時，'by the time' 子句中的動詞通常使用現在簡單式。
By the time you arrive, the movie will have started.
等你到的時候，電影就已經開始了。
EN： In academic and formal reporting, the use of the passive voice (e.g., 'improvements will have been made') is common to maintain an objective tone, focusing on the results rather than the specific people performing the actions.
中文： 在學術和正式報告中，經常使用被動語態（例如 'improvements will have been made'）來保持客觀語氣，將重點放在結果上，而非執行動作的具體人員。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 區分或辨別兩者之間的不同。
在本文中： 錯誤或誤導性的資訊，通常指在無意中傳播的假消息。
在本文中： 偏見或成見，指對某人、某事或某觀點的不公正傾向。
在本文中： 識字能力，在此指對特定領域（如媒體）的理解與應用能力。
在本文中： 學校的課程規劃（curriculum 的複數形）。
在本文中： 批判性地，指以審慎且客觀的態度進行評估。
在本文中： 證實或核對某事的真實性。
在本文中： 倡議、新方案或主動採取的行動。
在本文中： 正式承諾或發誓要做某事。
在本文中： 可靠的、可信賴的。
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
To investigate an issue in order to verify the facts.
事實查核
To help to cause or bring about something.
促成、導致、對...做出貢獻
To take action to reduce the difference or deficiency between two things.
彌補差距、解決落差
To search for facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true.
尋找證據
The ability to access, analyze, evaluate, and create media in a variety of forms.
媒體素養
The primary researcher who is credited with the majority of the work and writing in a published study.
第一作者 / 主作者
To take action to deal with a deficiency or a lack of something (knowledge, skills, or services).
彌補差距 / 填補缺口
To examine something using careful judgment and objective analysis, rather than just finding faults.
批判性地評估