EN： The structure 'render + object + adjective' means to cause someone or something to be in a particular state. It is a formal alternative to 'make + object + adjective'.
中文： 「render + 受詞 + 形容詞」結構意為「使某人或某物處於某種狀態」，是「make + 受詞 + 形容詞」的正式與書面用法。
The sudden power outage rendered the computerized security system completely useless.
突如其來的停電使得電腦化的安保系統完全失效。
EN： Inverted locative prepositional phrase fronting: Placing a locative prepositional phrase (e.g., 'In one of...') at the beginning of a sentence sets the spatial context first, followed by the main subject and verb. It is commonly used in journalistic and descriptive academic writing to create an immersive setting.
中文： 地方介詞片語前置：將表示地點的介詞片語（如 In one of...）放在句首，先建立空間背景，隨後接主詞與動詞。這種結構常見於新聞報導與描述性學術寫作中，用以營造沉浸式的場景感。
On the top floor of the old library, a rare manuscript collection remains hidden from the public.
在這座老圖書館的頂樓，收藏著一份不對外公開的珍貴手稿。
EN： The present continuous passive 'is underway' functions similarly to 'is being carried out' or 'is happening now'. 'Underway' is an adjective meaning currently in progress or being conducted.
中文： 「is underway」意為「正在進行中」，其功能類似於「is being carried out」或「is happening now」。「underway」為形容詞，常用於表示某項活動、計畫或研究目前正在開展或執行。
A major investigation into the cause of the technical failure is currently underway.
針對該技術故障原因的大型調查目前正在進行中。
EN： The Canadian Arctic is one of the most rapidly changing environments on Earth due to global climate change, warming at a rate roughly three times faster than the global average. Research initiatives in remote northern communities often face extreme logistical challenges and increasingly rely on partnerships between Southern academic institutions and local Indigenous (Inuit) researchers who hold valuable traditional ecological knowledge.
中文： 受全球氣候變遷影響，加拿大北極地區是地球上變化最快的環境之一，其升溫速度約為全球平均水平的三倍。在偏遠北方社區進行的科學研究計畫常面臨極端艱巨的物流與氣候挑戰，因此越來越依賴南部學術機構與擁有珍貴傳統生態知識的在地因紐特人（Inuit）研究人員之間的緊密合作。
EN： Apposition using a noun phrase: A noun phrase is placed directly after a proper noun to provide essential background context or definition without starting a full relative clause.
中文： 同位語名詞短語：緊接在專有名詞之後，提供背景資訊或補充說明，毋需使用完整的關係子句（如 which is...）。
Mount Everest, the highest peak above sea level, attracts hundreds of climbers every year.
聖母峰，海拔最高的山峰，每年都吸引數百名登山者。
EN： Reduced relative clause using a past participle: 'situated between...' is a shortened version of 'which is situated between...', functioning as a post-modifier for the noun 'expanse'.
中文： 分詞後置修飾（簡化關係子句）：「situated between...」是「which is situated between...」的省略形式，用來修飾前面的名詞「expanse」。
The hotel, located near the city center, offers convenient access to public transportation.
這間位於市中心附近的飯店提供了極為便利的大眾運輸連結。
EN： Linking verb 'remain' with a predicate adjective: 'remain' functions as a copular verb that joins the subject with an adjective ('ice-free') to describe a continuous state.
中文： 連綴動詞 remain + 形容詞：remain 在此作為連綴動詞，後接形容詞（ice-free）以保持主詞持續處於某種狀態的描述。
Despite the fierce criticism, the scientist remained optimistic about her research outcomes.
儘管面臨嚴厲的批評，這位科學家對她的研究成果依然保持樂觀。
EN： A 'polynya' (a word of Russian origin) is a persistent area of open water surrounded by sea ice, found in the Arctic and Antarctic. The North Water polynya (known as Pikialasorsuaq in Greenlandic Kalaallisut) is the largest polynya in the Northern Hemisphere and serves as a vital ecological haven and hunting region for Indigenous Inuit populations.
中文： 「polynya」（冰塞/冰穴，源自俄語）是指被海冰包圍的常年不凍水域，常見於北極與南極。北方水域冰塞（在格陵蘭語中稱為 Pikialasorsuaq）是北半球最大的冰塞，為當地因紐特人（Inuit）提供了關鍵的生態庇護所與傳統獵場。
EN： The sentence uses 'driven by' as a reduced relative clause (short for 'which are driven by') modifying the noun phrase 'shifting glacial dynamics'. This past-participle clause concisely expresses cause and effect.
中文： 句中使用「driven by」作為簡化關係子句（原為「which are driven by」），修飾名詞片語「shifting glacial dynamics」（變化的冰河動態）。這種過去分詞片語能精簡地表達因果關係。
Ecosystems driven by extreme weather conditions require specialized conservation strategies.
受極端天氣條件影響的生態系統需要專門的保育策略。
EN： The structure 'threaten to [verb]' is used figuratively with non-human subjects to indicate a strong likelihood of an undesirable or disruptive outcome occurring.
中文： 「threaten to + 動詞」結構在此非擬人化使用，用於非生物主詞，表示某種令人不悅或具破壞性的結果極有可能發生（有……的威脅/徵兆）。
Rising sea levels threaten to inundate low-lying coastal communities by the end of the century.
海平面上升威脅著要在本世紀末淹沒低窪的沿海社區。
EN： The comparative construction 'more [noun] ... rather than less' sets up a direct contrast, emphasizing an unexpected parallel opposite where 'rather than' functions as a prepositional coordinator replacing a second clause.
中文： 「more [名詞] ... rather than less」的比較結構形成了直接對比，強調出一種出乎意料的相反情況；「rather than」在此扮演連接介詞的角色，省略了重複的動詞結構。
The new policy introduced more bureaucratic hurdles rather than fewer.
這項新政策帶來的是更多的官僚障礙，而不是更少。
EN： The North Water polynya (known as Pikialasorsuaq in Inuktitut) is a paradoxical Arctic phenomena where warming temperatures disrupt ice arches that normally block sea ice from entering the polynya. Thus, global warming counterintuitively forces more pack ice southward into this open-water refuge, threatening the rich biological marine life that local Inuit communities depend on.
中文： 北方水域不凍冰穴（Inuktitut 語稱為 Pikialasorsuaq）呈現出一個矛盾的北極氣候現象：全球暖化打破了原本能阻擋海冰流入該水域的「冰弧」（ice arches）。因此，全球氣溫上升反倒違背直覺地將更多包圍冰層推向南方、塞滿這個原本無冰的庇護所，嚴重威脅到當地因紐特人所仰賴的豐富海洋生態系統。
EN： Apposition and Parenthetical Em-Dashes: Em-dashes (—) can be used to set off parenthetical elements, appositives, or amplified details that provide extra information about a noun (here, 'Grise Fiord'). They create a stronger pause and emphasis than commas or parentheses.
中文： 同位語與破折號插入語：破折號（—）可用於隔開插入語、同位語或補充細節，為前面的名詞（此處為「格里斯菲爾德」）提供額外資訊。相較於逗號或括號，破折號能創造更強烈的停頓與強調效果。
The researcher—a renowned expert in marine biology—presented her findings to the committee.
這位研究員——一位著名的海洋生物學專家——向委員會提交了她的研究成果。
EN： Reduced Relative Clause with Past Participle: 'based in Grise Fiord' is a reduced relative clause modifying 'an Inuit researcher'. It is shortened from the relative clause 'who is based in Grise Fiord'.
中文： 分詞後置修飾（簡化關係子句）：「based in Grise Fiord」是一個分詞片語，用來修飾前面的「an Inuit researcher」。此結構是由關係子句「who is based in Grise Fiord」簡化而來。
Dr. Smith, a scientist based in London, is leading the international study.
史密斯博士是一位派駐於倫敦的科學家，正領導著這項國際研究。
EN： Idiomatic Collocation 'play a pivotal/crucial role in': This structure is used to express that someone or something has an extremely important influence on an outcome or effort. It is commonly followed by a noun or gerund.
中文： 慣用搭配「play a pivotal role in」（在……中扮演關鍵角色）：此句型用於表達某人或某事對某項結果或努力具有極其重要的影響力，後面通常接名詞或動名詞。
Renewable energy will play a pivotal role in reducing global carbon emissions.
可再生能源將在減少全球碳排放方面扮演關鍵角色。
EN： Grise Fiord (Inuktitut: Aujuittuq, meaning 'place that never melts') is located on Ellesmere Island in Nunavut. It is indeed Canada's northernmost civilian settlement. The community was created by the Canadian government during the Cold War in 1953 by relocating Inuit families to assert High Arctic sovereignty, a controversial chapter in Canadian history. Today, local Inuit researchers like Terry Noah combine Indigenous traditional knowledge with modern science to study rapid Arctic climate shifts.
中文： 格里斯菲爾德（因紐特語：Aujuittuq，意為「永不融化之地」）位於努納武特地區的埃爾斯米爾島，是加拿大最北端的民用定居點。該社區於 1953 年冷戰時期由加拿大政府建立，當時政府將因紐特人家庭強制遷移至此以宣示高緯度北極的主權，這是加拿大歷史上一段具爭議性的過往。如今，像泰瑞·諾亞這樣的在地因紐特人研究員，將原住民傳統生態知識與現代科學相結合，以應對快速發生的北極氣候變遷。
EN： A present participle phrase ('Operating...') at the beginning of a sentence acts as an adverbial clause of manner or circumstance, sharing the same subject as the main clause ('Noah').
中文： 句首的現在分詞短語（Operating...）充當方式或情境副詞修飾語，其邏輯主詞與主句主詞（Noah）一致。
Working late into the night, the scientist analyzed the collected samples.
該科學家工作到深夜，分析收集到的樣本。
EN： A past participle phrase ('housed in a shipping container') can act as a reduced relative clause modifying the preceding noun phrase ('a mobile laboratory').
中文： 過去分詞短語（housed in a shipping container）可作為簡化關係子句，修飾前面的名詞短語（a mobile laboratory）。
The data stored in the hard drive were critical for the research project.
硬碟中儲存的數據對該研究計畫至關重要。
EN： The preposition 'by' followed by a gerund ('by lowering...') indicates the method or means by which an action is accomplished.
中文： 介系詞「by」後接動名詞（by lowering...），用來表示達成某動作的方法或手段。
Researchers measure ocean temperatures by deploying automated buoys.
研究人員透過部署自動浮標來測量海洋溫度。
EN： Conducting scientific research in the Arctic often relies on adaptively repurposed infrastructure, such as shipping containers converted into heated laboratories. Furthermore, integrating Indigenous knowledge and participation—such as Inuit researcher Terry Noah—is increasingly recognized as vital for effective regional environmental monitoring and conservation.
中文： 在北極進行科學研究常仰賴具適應性的改裝設施，例如將海運貨櫃改造成配有供暖系統的移動實驗室。此外，結合因紐特人研究員（如泰瑞·諾亞）的在地經驗與參與，已被視為有效進行區域環境監測與保育不可或缺的一環。
EN： Appositive phrases are used to give non-essential or essential explanatory information about a noun directly preceding them. Here, 'a research scientist at the University of Alberta' renames and clarifies who Andrew Hamilton is without needing a separate sentence.
中文： 同位語短語用於為前方的名詞提供補充或解釋性資訊。在此處，『a research scientist at the University of Alberta』用來補充說明安德魯·漢密爾頓的身份，使句子更精煉。
Dr. Sarah Chen, a renowned marine biologist, will deliver the keynote address.
知名海洋生物學家莎拉·陳博士將發表基調演講。
EN： Non-defining relative clauses starting with 'who' provide additional, non-essential information about a person. They are separated by commas and cannot use 'that' instead of 'who'.
中文： 由『who』引導的非限定關係子句用來對先行詞（人）提供附加資訊。此類子句前後需使用逗號隔開，且不能用『that』取代『who』。
Professor Vance, who has spent decades studying Arctic glaciers, warned about the rapid melting ice.
花費數十年研究北極冰川的凡斯教授對冰層快速融化提出了警告。
EN： The adverb 'subsequently' denotes an action occurring after another event. It serves as a formal transition, often placed between the subject and the main verb, or at the beginning/end of a clause.
中文： 副詞『subsequently』表示某事在另一事件之後發生，意為『隨後』或『接著』。屬於正式語域用語，常位於主詞與主要動詞之間，或子句的開頭與結尾。
The team collected water samples and subsequently analyzed them in the laboratory.
團隊採集了水樣，隨後在實驗室中進行了分析。
EN： The Arctic research described here highlights a modern collaborative model in polar science: combining community-based monitoring by indigenous Inuit residents (who possess local knowledge and daily field access) with analytical modeling by university scientists. Jones Sound and Baffin Bay are critical ecological regions currently experiencing rapid climate-induced shifts.
中文： 此處描述的北極研究凸顯了現代極地科學中的一種合作模式：將因紐特人居民（具備在地經驗與每日實地採樣能力）的社區監測，與大學科學家的數據分析相結合。瓊斯海峽與巴芬灣均為受到氣候變遷劇烈影響的關鍵生態區域。
EN： The verb 'constitute' is a formal synonym for 'make up', 'form', or 'be'. In academic and news contexts, it is frequently used to establish that a specific action, idea, or finding serves as or equals a particular status or category.
中文： 動詞「constitute」是「組成、構成、視為」的高階正式用語（相當於 form 或 be）。在學術與新聞報導中，常用來強調某項行動、觀點或發現等同於某種特定地位或類別。
The discovery of liquid water on the exoplanet constitutes a major breakthrough in astrophysics.
在這顆系外行星上發現液態水，構成了天文物理學上的重大突破。
EN： The combination 'in preparing for' features the preposition 'in' followed by a gerund (-ing form), expressing the purpose, scope, or context within which an action takes place ('in the process of preparing for').
中文： 介系詞「in」接動名詞（V-ing）的結構「in preparing for」，用來表示某動作發生的範疇、目的或過程（意為「在準備……的過程中」或「為了準備……」）。
Early detection of natural hazards is essential in minimizing casualties.
提早偵測自然災害對於最大程度減少人員傷亡至關重要。
EN： The post-modifying spatial adverb 'ahead' comes immediately after the noun 'upheaval' to indicate upcoming or future events ('the upheaval that lies ahead').
中文： 副詞「ahead」置於名詞「upheaval」之後作為後位修飾語，用來指代「前方、未來即將降臨」的事物或局勢（相當於 the upheaval that lies ahead）。
The company leaders warned employees about the economic challenges ahead.
公司領導層警告員工注意未來即將面臨的經濟挑戰。
EN： Inverted second conditional using 'Were... to': This formal, literary structure replaces the standard 'If... were to' clause by omitting 'if' and fronting the auxiliary verb 'were'. It expresses a hypothetical or unlikely future condition.
中文： 使用「Were... to」的倒裝第二條件句：這是一種正式且具文學色彩的句型，透過省略「if」並將助動詞「were」置於句首，來取代標準的「If... were to」子句。用於表達對未來情況的假設或可能性較低的情況。
Were global temperatures to rise by another degree, coastal cities would face severe flooding.
如果全球氣溫再上升一度，沿海城市將面臨嚴重的洪水威脅。
EN： Modal verb 'could' + copular verb 'prove' + adjective: 'Prove' acts as a linking verb meaning 'to turn out to be' or 'to be found to be' over time. Combined with 'could', it expresses a potential outcome that might be revealed in the future.
中文： 情態動詞「could」+ 連繫動詞「prove」+ 形容詞：在此「prove」作為連繫動詞，意思是「結果證明為」或「被發現是」。與「could」結合使用時，表示未來可能顯現的潛在結果。
The new policy could prove beneficial to the local economy in the long run.
從長遠來看，這項新政策可能會證明對當地經濟有利。
EN： A 'polynya' (from the Russian 'polynya', meaning an open water area in ice) is a persistent area of open water surrounded by sea ice. The North Water polynya (known as Pikialasorsuaq in Greenlandic Kalaallisut) is one of the most biologically productive ecosystems in the Arctic Circle, serving as a critical refuge and feeding ground for marine mammals, seabirds, and the local Inuit who rely on them for subsistence.
中文： 「polynya」（冰穴，源自俄語，指冰層中的未凍水域）是指被海冰包圍的常年不凍水域。北方水域冰穴（格陵蘭語稱為 Pikialasorsuaq）是北極圈內生物生產力最高的生態系統之一，為海洋哺乳動物、海鳥以及仰賴這些資源維生的當地因紐特人提供了關鍵的庇護所與覓食地。
EN： The second clause uses the modal verb 'would' to form a hypothetical conditional structure, expressing the likely consequence of a potential or hypothetical condition ('any disruption...'). This indicates a high-probability result under a theoretical scenario without explicitly using an 'if' clause.
中文： 第二個分句使用情態動詞「would」構建假設條件結構，表達潛在或假設狀況（「any disruption...」）可能帶來的後果。這種句型無需明確使用「if」引導的條件句，即可表達在理論情境下極可能發生的結果。
Any loss of biodiversity would severely impact the stability of the rainforest.
生物多樣性的任何喪失都會嚴重影響熱帶雨林的穩定性。
EN： The verb 'reverberate' is used metaphorically here. While its primary physical meaning is to echo or resound, in formal and academic contexts it frequently describes how an effect, shock, or consequence spreads outward and impacts an entire system or structure.
中文： 動詞「reverberate」在此處為比喻用法。雖然其基本物理字義是「迴響、發出迴音」，但在正式與學術語境中，常用於描述某種影響、衝擊或後果如何向外擴散並對整個系統或結構產生連鎖反應。
The economic crisis in Europe reverberated across global financial markets.
歐洲的經濟危機在全球金融市場中引發了連鎖迴響。
EN： Polynyas are areas of persistent open water surrounded by sea ice in Arctic and Antarctic regions. They act as biological oases in the polar desert, supporting rich food webs from plankton to marine mammals like seals, walruses, and whales. For Indigenous communities like the Inuit, these ice-free areas have been vital hunting grounds and ecological lifelines for thousands of years.
中文： 冰塞（polynya，或稱冰隙水域）是指在北極和南極被海冰包圍卻長期不封凍的開闊水域。它們如同極地沙漠中的生物綠洲，維持著從浮游生物到海豹、海象及鯨魚等海洋哺乳動物的豐富食物網。對因紐特人等原住民社群而言，數千年來這些無冰水域一直是極其重要的狩獵場與生態生命線。
EN： The transitional phrase 'Against this backdrop' is used to introduce a statement by referring to the surrounding conditions or historical context that make the new action or event significant.
中文： 轉接片語「Against this backdrop」（在此背景下）常用於引出一個句式，透過提及周遭環境、現狀或歷史背景，來凸顯新發生的行動或事件之重要性。
Against this backdrop of rising inflation, many families are cutting back on non-essential spending.
在此通貨膨脹上升的背景下，許多家庭正在減少非必要的開支。
EN： The phrasal verb 'put forward' means to propose, submit, or offer an idea, plan, or suggestion for consideration.
中文： 片語動詞「put forward」意為「提出（建議、計畫或想法）」，供他人討論、考慮或審議。
The committee put forward several innovative strategies to reduce urban waste.
委員會提出了一些減少城市廢棄物的新穎策略。
EN： The past participle phrase 'governed under...' functions as a reduced relative clause (short for 'which is/was governed under...'), post-modifying the noun 'protected area'.
中文： 過去分詞片語「governed under...」作為省略的關係子句（原為「which is governed under...」），置於名詞「protected area」之後進行後位修飾。
The project, funded under a government grant, aims to restore local biodiversity.
該計畫在政府補助金資助下進行，旨在恢復當地的生物多樣性。
EN： In recent decades, environmental conservation in the Arctic has increasingly shifted toward Indigenous-Led Conservation Areas (ILCAs). Rather than imposing top-down protection, these initiatives combine Indigenous Ecological Knowledge (IEK) with Western science, empowering communities like the Inuit to retain stewardship over their traditional lands and marine waters.
中文： 近數十年來，北極地區的環境保護策略日益轉向「原住民主導的保護區」（Indigenous-Led Conservation Areas）。這類倡議不再採取自上而下的傳統保護模式，而是結合原住民生態知識與現代西方科學，賦予因紐特人等在地社群對其傳統土地與海洋水域的管理權。
EN： Inversion in conditional clauses: When 'if' is omitted in hypothetical condition clauses, the auxiliary verb 'should', 'had', or 'were' is inverted with the subject to create a more formal or literary tone.
中文： 條件句倒裝法：在假設條件句中省略「if」時，助動詞（如 should、had、were）需移至主詞之前形成倒裝，用於表達極為正式或書面化的語氣。
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EN： Dash as an appositive modifier: Em-dashes (—) can be used to introduce an appositive noun phrase (here, 'one that...') that expands upon, clarifies, or emphasizes a preceding noun ('a landmark achievement').
中文： 破折號作同位語修飾：破折號（—）可用於引入同位語名詞短語（本句中為『one that...』），針對前面的名詞（『a landmark achievement』）進行補充說明、延伸或強調。
The company launched a new sustainability program—one that aims to eliminate carbon emissions by 2030.
該公司推出了一項新的永續發展計畫——這是一項旨在於 2030 年前消除碳排放的計畫。
EN： Pronoun 'one' with a restrictive relative clause: 'One' serves as a pronoun referring back to a previously mentioned singular countable noun ('achievement') and is immediately defined by a restrictive relative clause ('that places...').
中文： 代名詞「one」搭配限定關係子句：代名詞「one」用於指代前文出現過的單數可數名詞（『achievement』），並緊接限定關係子句（『that places...』）來加以具體界定。
We are seeking an alternative approach—one that balances economic growth with social equity.
我們正在尋求一種替代方案——一種兼顧經濟成長與社會公平的方案。
EN： The concept of 'Inuit stewardship' refers to the traditional ecological management principles of the Inuit people, known in their culture as 'Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit' (IQ). It emphasizes long-term environmental balance, respect for wildlife, and communal responsibility rather than western models of strict top-down land ownership.
中文： 「因紐特人的託管責任」（Inuit stewardship）源於因紐特人傳統的生態管理原則，在其文化中被稱為「Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit」（簡稱 IQ）。該理念強調人與自然的長期生態平衡、對野生動物的敬畏以及社區共同責任，與西方傳統由上而下的土地所有權保護模式有相當大的不同。
EN： Negative or restrictive inversion with 'only through/by...': When a sentence or clause begins with a restrictive prepositional phrase starting with 'only' (e.g., 'only through...', 'only by...'), subject-auxiliary inversion occurs in the main predicate ('can the region's future be safeguarded' instead of 'the region's future can be safeguarded').
中文： 以「only through/by...」（唯有透過……）等限制性介系詞片語開頭時，後續的主句必須採用主詞與助動詞倒裝的結構（即「can the region's future be safeguarded」，而非「the region's future can be safeguarded」）。
Only through relentless practice can one master a foreign language.
唯有透過不斷的練習，才能精通一門外語。
EN： Nominal that-clause as direct object: The verb 'argue' is followed by a content clause introduced by 'that', which functions as the direct object stating the proposition being argued.
中文： 動詞「argue」（主張、爭辯）後面接由「that」引導的名詞子句作為直接受詞，用以說明主張的具体內容。
Scientists argued that immediate action was necessary to prevent further environmental damage.
科學家們主張，必須立即採取行動以防止環境進一步惡化。
EN： Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) refers to the cumulative body of knowledge, practice, and belief regarding the relationship of living beings with one another and with their environment, handed down through generations by cultural transmission. In Arctic conservation, integrating Indigenous TEK (such as Inuit knowledge) with Western scientific research is increasingly recognized as essential for effective and equitable environmental policy.
中文： 「傳統生態知識」（Traditional Ecological Knowledge, TEK）是指原住民等在地社群代代相傳、關於生物與自然環境互動關係的累積性知識、實踐與信仰。在北極生態保護領域，將因紐特人等原住民的 TEK 與西方現代科學相結合，已被廣泛視為制定有效且公平之環境政策所不可或缺的核心要素。
EN： The negative subject structure 'Never has... been more [adjective]' (or 'Subject + has never been more [adjective]') is a comparative formula used to express a superlative meaning, emphasizing that the current state is at an unprecedented peak.
中文： 使用「Has never been more + 形容詞」的比較級結構來表達最高級的意涵，強調當前的狀態或重要性達到了前所未有的頂峰。
Addressing global economic inequality has never been more critical for long-term stability.
解決全球經濟不平等對於長期穩定而言，從未像現在這樣至關重要。
EN： The conjunction 'before' introduces a time clause that triggers a temporal requirement: even when referring to future events, a present simple tense ('undergo') is used instead of a future tense.
中文： 由連接詞「before」引導的時間狀語從句中，即使描述的是未來的動作或狀態，也必須使用現在簡單式（如「undergo」）來代替未來式。
Scientists must gather sufficient baseline data before the ecosystem suffers irreversible damage.
科學家必須在生態系統遭受不可逆轉的破壞之前，收集足夠的基準數據。
EN： The non-finite phrase 'The race to study these waters' uses a complex noun phrase where 'The race' is modified by an infinitive phrase ('to study these waters') functioning as an adjectival post-modifier specifying the purpose or content of the race.
中文： 由不定詞短語「to study these waters」作為後置修飾語，修飾主要名詞「The race」，用以具體說明該「競賽」的目的或內容。
The decision to designate the ocean zone as a protected area received widespread support.
將該海洋區域指定為保護區的決定獲得了廣泛支持。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 努力、事業；嘗試
在本文中： 使成為、使變得
在本文中： 自相矛盾地、出乎意料地
在本文中： 關鍵的、核心的
在本文中： 可潛水的、水下的（儀器或船隻）
在本文中： 動盪、劇變
在本文中： 惡化、變壞
在本文中： 產生迴響、持續引起巨大影響
在本文中： 管理責任、託管；生態維護
在本文中： 保護、捍衛
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
An area of open water surrounded by sea ice, typical in Polar regions.
冰塞湖、冰間湖（極地冰封海面上的未結冰水域）
Currently in progress or being conducted.
正在進行中
A system of interlocking and interdependent food chains in an ecological community.
食物網
To propose or suggest an idea, plan, or candidate for consideration.
提出（建議、計畫、觀點）
Management and decision-making systems exercised by native or aboriginal peoples over their lands and resources.
原住民治理