EN： The use of the present participle clause ('providing...') acts as an adverbial clause of result or accompaniment, showing the immediate consequence of the action in the main clause.
中文： 現在分詞引導的從屬子句（如 'providing...'）在此作伴隨狀語或結果狀語，用以說明主句動作所帶來的直接影響或結果。
The company implemented new eco-friendly policies, leading to a significant reduction in carbon emissions.
該公司實施了新的環保政策，從而顯著減少了碳排放。
EN： The noun clause introduced by 'that' ('that microscopic particles... can traverse...') acts as an appositive to the noun 'evidence', defining the specific content of the evidence.
中文： 由 'that' 引導的名詞子句（'that microscopic particles... can traverse...'）作為同位語從屬子句，用以具體說明名詞 'evidence'（證據）的內容。
There is no concrete proof that the virus can survive on dry surfaces for long periods.
目前沒有具體證據證明該病毒能在乾燥表面上存活很長時間。
EN： The adverbial phrase 'for the first time' is placed between the auxiliary verb 'have' and the past participle 'identified' to emphasize the historical significance of the action.
中文： 副詞片語 'for the first time'（首次）被置於助動詞 'have' 與過去分詞 'identified' 之間，用以強調該動作在歷史上的開創性與重要性。
Astronomers have for the first time captured a direct image of a black hole.
天文學家首次直接拍攝到了黑洞的影像。
EN： The McMurdo Dry Valleys in Antarctica are among the most extreme deserts on Earth, historically used by NASA to simulate Martian conditions due to their extreme cold and dryness. The discovery of nanoplastics here is culturally and scientifically significant because it shatters the illusion that any part of our planet remains truly 'untouched' by human industrial activity.
中文： 南極的麥克默多乾燥谷是地球上最極端的荒漠之一，因其極度寒冷與乾燥，歷史上曾被美國國家航空暨太空總署（NASA）用來模擬火星環境。在此處發現微塑料具有重大的文化與科學象徵意義，它徹底打破了人類活動未曾污染地球淨土的最後一絲幻想。
EN： The use of past participle phrases as post-modifiers. In this sentence, 'published in the journal Nanoplastics' and 'collected from the McMurdo Dry Valleys' are past participle phrases modifying 'The groundbreaking study' and 'soil samples' respectively. They function as shortened relative clauses (which was published... / which were collected...).
中文： 過去分詞片語作為後置修飾語。在本句中，「published in the journal Nanoplastics」與「collected from the McMurdo Dry Valleys」分別是過去分詞片語，用來修飾「The groundbreaking study」（這項開創性研究）與「soil samples」（土壤樣本）。它們的作用相當於省略了關係代名詞與 be 動詞的關係子句（which was published... / which were collected...）。
The data collected from the weather stations indicated a sudden drop in temperature.
從氣象站收集到的數據顯示氣溫驟降。
EN： Noun clauses introduced by 'that' as direct objects. The verb 'revealed' is followed by a noun clause 'that soil samples... polymers' which functions as the direct object of the main verb, reporting the findings of the study.
中文： 由「that」引導的名詞子句作為直接受詞。動詞「revealed」後面接了一個由「that」引導的名詞子句「that soil samples... polymers」，作為該主要動詞的直接受詞，用以說明研究的發現。
The report revealed that global carbon emissions have reached an all-time high.
該報告顯示全球碳排放量已達到歷史新高。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'alongside' used to mean 'together with' or 'in addition to'. It is commonly used in formal and scientific writing to introduce items that coexist or occur together with the primary subject of discussion.
中文： 介系詞片語「alongside」表示「與……一起」或「除……之外（還有）」。在正式與科學寫作中，常用來引入與主要討論對象共同存在或同時發生的事物。
The new policy was implemented alongside several financial reforms.
這項新政策是與幾項財政改革一同實施的。
EN： The McMurdo Dry Valleys in Antarctica are among the most extreme deserts on Earth, characterized by extremely low humidity and minimal ice cover. Historically considered pristine and untouched by direct human industrial activity, the discovery of nanoplastics here is culturally and environmentally significant, highlighting the global reach of human-made pollution even to the most remote corners of the planet.
中文： 位於南極的麥克默多乾燥谷是地球上最極端的荒漠之一，其特點是極度乾燥且幾乎沒有冰雪覆蓋。在歷史上，這裡一直被視為未受人類工業活動直接污染的淨土。因此，在此處發現微塑料（奈米塑料）在文化與環境保護層面上具有重大意義，這凸顯了人造污染已無遠弗屆，甚至滲透到了地球上最偏遠的角落。
EN： The noun clause introduced by 'that' functions as the direct object of the reporting verb 'emphasized'. This structure is commonly used in academic and journalistic writing to report findings, assertions, or beliefs.
中文： 由「that」引導的名詞子句在此作為報導動詞「emphasized」（強調）的直接受詞。這種結構在學術與新聞寫作中非常常見，用於陳述研究發現、主張或觀點。
The report confirmed that global temperatures are rising faster than previously projected.
該報告證實，全球氣溫上升的速度比先前預測的還要快。
EN： The appositive clause introduced by 'that' (following 'the assumption') explains the specific content of the noun 'assumption'. Unlike relative clauses, 'that' here is a conjunction, not a relative pronoun, and the clause following it is grammatically complete.
中文： 接在「the assumption」（假設）之後由「that」引導的同位語子句，用於解釋該名詞的具體內容。與關係子句不同，這裡的「that」是連接詞而非關係代名詞，且其後接的子句在語法上是完整的。
We must question the assumption that technology can solve every environmental problem.
我們必須質疑科技能解決所有環境問題的這種假設。
EN： The linking verb 'remain' is followed by the past participle 'untouched' functioning as a subject complement, describing the ongoing state of the subject ('environments'). This pattern ('remain + adjective/participle') denotes a state that continues to exist without change.
中文： 連繫動詞「remain」後面接過去分詞「untouched」作為主詞補語，用以描述主詞（environments，環境）持續存在的狀態。這種「remain + 形容詞/分詞」的句型表示某種狀態持續不變。
Despite the passage of time, the ancient ruins remain well-preserved.
儘管時光流逝，這些古代遺跡依然保存完好。
EN： The past participle phrase 'situated among...' functions as an adjective clause (reduced relative clause) modifying the noun phrase 'The McMurdo Dry Valleys'. It is a shortened form of 'which are situated among...'.
中文： 過去分詞片語「situated among...」（坐落於……之中）在此作為形容詞子句（簡化關係子句），修飾名詞片語「麥克默多乾燥谷」。這是「which are situated among...」的簡化形式。
The ancient temple, situated atop the mountain, attracts thousands of pilgrims every year.
那座古老的寺廟坐落於山頂，每年吸引數以千計的朝聖者。
EN： The past perfect passive voice ('had long been considered') is used to describe a state or action that existed over a period of time up to a specific point in the past, emphasizing that this long-held belief was challenged by recent discoveries.
中文： 過去完成被動式（had long been considered，長期以來一直被認為）用於描述在過去某個特定時間點之前已經持續存在一段時間的狀態或動作，在此強調這個長期以來的認知已被最近的發現所挑戰。
The manuscript had long been considered lost until a librarian found it in the archives last month.
這份手稿長期以來一直被認為已經遺失，直到上個月一位圖書館員在檔案室中發現了它。
EN： The adverb 'virtually' is used as a intensifier meaning 'almost' or 'nearly'. It is commonly paired with adjectives like 'pristine', 'impossible', or 'identical' to soften an absolute statement.
中文： 副詞「virtually」用作修飾語，意為「幾乎」或「實質上」。它通常與「pristine」（純淨的）、「impossible」（不可能的）或「identical」（完全相同的）等形容詞搭配，以緩和絕對化的陳述。
With so many key players injured, winning the championship is virtually impossible.
在這麼多主力球員受傷的情況下，贏得冠軍幾乎是不可能的。
EN： The McMurdo Dry Valleys in Antarctica are one of the most extreme deserts on Earth, characterized by extremely low humidity and surrounded by mountains that prevent the flow of ice. Because of their cold, dry, and wind-swept conditions, they are considered the closest terrestrial equivalent to the environment on Mars. This makes the discovery of human-made nanoplastics there particularly shocking to the scientific community.
中文： 位於南極的麥克默多乾燥谷是地球上最極端的荒漠之一，其特點是濕度極低，且周圍的山脈阻擋了冰川的流入。由於其寒冷、乾燥且常年受強風吹襲的環境，它被認為是地球上最接近火星環境的陸地地區。這使得在該地發現人造《微塑料》的消息對科學界造成了極大的震撼。
EN： The noun clause introduced by 'that' functions as the direct object of the reporting verb 'suggests'. It contains a complete sentence structure: 'atmospheric transport (S) carries (V) nanoplastics (O)'.
中文： 由「that」引導的名詞子句作為報導動詞「suggests」的直接受詞。該子句包含完整的句子結構：「atmospheric transport（主詞）carries（動詞）nanoplastics（受詞）」。
Recent data suggests that global temperatures are rising faster than previously projected.
最近的數據表明，全球氣溫上升的速度比先前預測的還要快。
EN： The prepositional phrase 'far beyond...' acts as an adverbial modifier, indicating a location or extent that exceeds a certain limit. 'Far' is used as an intensifier before the preposition 'beyond'.
中文： 介系詞片語「far beyond...」充當副詞性修飾語，表示超出某個限制的空間或程度。在此「far」用作介系詞「beyond」之前的加強語氣詞。
The consequences of the economic crisis reached far beyond the financial sector.
這場經濟危機的後果遠遠超出了金融領域的範圍。
EN： The correlative conjunction 'both... and...' is used to join two parallel grammatical elements (nouns, phrases, or clauses), emphasizing that two factors are equally involved or important.
中文： 關聯連接詞「both... and...」（兩者皆...；既...又...）用於連接兩個具備平行語法結構的元素（名詞、短語或子句），用以強調兩個因素同樣參與其中或同樣重要。
Both the local community and international organizations are working together to preserve the historic site.
地方社區和國際組織都在共同努力保護這處歷史遺址。
EN： The modal verb phrase 'may have + past participle' is used to express a past possibility or speculation. It indicates that something possibly happened in the past, but the speaker is not completely certain.
中文： 情態助動詞結構「may have + 過去分詞」用於表達對過去事情的推測或可能性。這表示某事在過去有可能發生，但說話者並非百分之百確定。
The sudden power outage may have caused the system to crash during the update.
突然的停電可能導致系統在更新過程中崩潰。
EN： The verb 'caution' is used as a reporting verb followed by a 'that'-clause. It is a formal alternative to 'say' or 'warn', specifically indicating that the speaker is issuing a warning or expressing concern about a potential risk.
中文： 動詞「caution」作為引述動詞，後接「that」引導的子句。這是「say」或「warn」的正式替代詞，特別指出說話者正在對潛在風險發出警告或表達擔憂。
Economists cautioned that the rapid growth could lead to high inflation in the coming quarters.
經濟學家警告，快速增長可能會在未來幾季導致高通膨。
EN： The clause 'Were it not for...' is a formal, inverted conditional structure used to express 'if it were not for...' in the subjunctive mood. It describes a hypothetical present or general situation that is contrary to fact. In inversion, the conjunction 'if' is omitted, and the auxiliary verb 'were' is placed before the subject.
中文： 「Were it not for...」是一種正式且倒裝的條件句結構，用於在虛擬語氣中表示「若非因為…/要不是有…」（相當於 if it were not for...）。它描述了一個與現在或一般事實相反的假設情況。在倒裝句中，連接詞「if」被省略，助動詞「were」被提至主詞之前。
Were it not for his timely warning, we would have made a terrible mistake.
若非他及時警告，我們當時就會犯下嚴重的錯誤。
EN： The modal structure 'might have + past participle' is used to express a past possibility or a hypothetical past outcome that did not actually happen (often used in the apodosis of conditional sentences). Here, 'might have gone' indicates that going unnoticed was a strong possibility in the past under the hypothetical condition.
中文： 情態助動詞結構「might have + 過去分詞」用於表示過去的可能性，或在假設情況下可能發生但實際上未發生的過去結果（常用於條件句的主句中）。在此處，「might have gone」表示在假設的條件下，過去極有可能「完全不被察覺」。
Without your help, the project might have failed completely.
若沒有你的幫助，這項專案當時可能會徹底失敗。
EN： The verb 'go' can function as a copular (linking) verb meaning 'to become' or 'to remain in a certain state', typically followed by an adjective or a past participle with a negative connotation (e.g., go unnoticed, go unpunished, go hungry).
中文： 動詞「go」可作為連繫動詞，意思是「變得」或「維持某種狀態」，後面通常接形容詞或具有否定意味的過去分詞（例如：go unnoticed 未被察覺、go unpunished 未受懲罰、go hungry 挨餓）。
Many crimes in the remote region go unpunished due to a lack of policing.
由於缺乏警力，該偏遠地區的許多犯罪行為都未受到懲罰。
EN： The conjunction 'while' is used at the beginning of a concessive clause to mean 'although' or 'even though', establishing a contrast between two facts. In formal writing, it often introduces a widely accepted premise before presenting a more critical or significant point in the main clause.
中文： 連接詞「while」用於讓步子句的開頭，意為「雖然」或「儘管」，用以建立兩個事實之間的對比。在正式寫作中，它通常先引入一個被廣泛接受的前提，然後在主句中提出更為關鍵或重要的論點。
While the initial investment is high, the long-term benefits of renewable energy are undeniable.
雖然初期投資很高，但再生能源的長期效益是不可否認的。
EN： The verb 'argue' followed by a 'that'-clause is a common academic reporting structure. In this context, 'argue' does not mean to quarrel, but rather to present reasons or evidence in support of an idea, theory, or opinion.
中文： 動詞「argue」後接「that」引導的子句是學術寫作中常見的陳述結構。在此語境中，「argue」並非指「爭吵」，而是指提出理由或證據來支持某個觀點、理論或意見（譯為「主張」或「指出」）。
Many economists argue that inflation will stabilize by the end of the fiscal year.
許多經濟學家指出，通貨膨脹將在財政年度結束前穩定下來。
EN： The adverb 'substantially' is used to modify the comparative adjective 'greater'. It functions as an intensifier meaning 'to a large degree' or 'significantly', which is highly appropriate for academic and formal registers.
中文： 副詞「substantially」用於修飾比較級形容詞「greater」。它的功能是作為加強語氣詞，意為「在很大程度上」或「顯著地」，非常適合用於學術和正式語體中。
The new production method reduced carbon emissions to a substantially lower level.
新的生產方法將碳排放量降低到了顯著更低的水平。
EN： The sentence highlights a shift in environmental science and public discourse. While 'microplastics' (particles smaller than 5mm) have been the focus of ecological concern for over a decade, 'nanoplastics' (particles smaller than 1 micrometer) represent a newly understood, more insidious threat due to their ability to cross biological barriers, reflecting how scientific terminology and environmental priorities evolve over time.
中文： 這句話突顯了環境科學與大眾輿論的轉移。雖然「微塑料」（直徑小於5毫米的顆粒）在過去十多年中一直是生態關注的焦點，但「《微塑料》」（奈米塑料，直徑小於1微米的顆粒）代表了一種新被認識到、更具隱蔽性的威脅，因為它們能夠穿透生物屏障。這反映了科學術語和環境優先事項隨時間演變的過程。
EN： The sentence begins with a participial phrase ('Measuring less than...') acting as an adverbial modifier. This structure is a reduced relative clause or adverbial clause of reason/condition, sharing the same subject as the main clause ('these microscopic particles').
中文： 句子開頭的分詞短語（'Measuring less than...'）用作狀語修飾語。這種結構是一個簡化的關係從句或表示原因/條件的狀語從句，與主句共享同一個主語（'these microscopic particles'）。
Weighing over two tons, the ancient stone monument was difficult to transport.
這座古老的石碑重達兩噸多，極難運輸。
EN： The verb 'become' is followed by a past participle ('suspended') acting as an adjective, forming a passive-like state or change of state. The phrase 'with remarkable ease' is a prepositional phrase functioning as an adverb of manner, modifying 'become suspended'.
中文： 動詞 'become' 後接過去分詞（'suspended'）用作形容詞，表示一種類似被動的狀態或狀態的變化。短語 'with remarkable ease' 是一個介詞短語，用作方式副詞，修飾 'become suspended'（極其容易地懸浮）。
With the new software, complex data can become organized with remarkable ease.
有了這款新軟體，複雜的數據可以極其輕鬆地被整理好。
EN： The sentence utilizes parallel structure with three coordinate verbs sharing the same modal auxiliary 'can': 'can [1] become suspended...', '[2] penetrate...', and '[3] serve...'. This maintains grammatical balance and clarity in complex sentences.
中文： 本句利用平行結構，三個協調動詞共享同一個情態助動詞 'can'：'can [1] become suspended...'（可以懸浮）、'[2] penetrate...'（穿透）以及 '[3] serve...'（充當）。這在複雜句子中保持了語法平衡與清晰度。
Regular exercise can strengthen the heart, improve sleep quality, and boost overall energy levels.
規律運動可以強健心臟、改善睡眠品質，並提升整體活力水平。
EN： Negative inversion with 'Not only... but (also)...'. When 'not only' is placed at the beginning of a sentence for emphasis, the subject and the auxiliary verb in the first clause are inverted (auxiliary verb + subject + main verb).
中文： 使用「Not only... but (also)...」的否定倒裝句。當「not only」置於句首以示強調時，第一個子句的主詞與助動詞需要倒裝（助動詞 + 主詞 + 主要動詞）。
Not only did they complete the project ahead of schedule, but they also remained well under budget.
他們不僅提前完成了專案，而且預算還控制得非常低。
EN： Noun phrase in apposition. The phrase 'a finding that underscores...' acts as an appositive to the entire preceding clause, summarizing and commenting on the fact that nanoplastics have reached the Antarctic interior.
中文： 同位語名詞片語。片語「a finding that underscores...」作為前面整個子句的同位語，對奈米塑料已抵達南極內陸這一事實進行總結與評論。
The company decided to offer free shipping, a move that significantly boosted their online sales.
該公司決定提供免運費服務，此舉顯著提升了他們的線上銷售額。
EN： The use of 'such as' for introducing examples. It is used to present specific instances (Greenland and the Alps) of a broader category (remote locations).
中文： 使用「such as」來引入例子。它用於呈現廣泛類別（偏遠地區）中的具體實例（格陵蘭和阿爾卑斯山）。
Renewable energy sources such as wind and solar power are becoming increasingly cost-effective.
風力和太陽能等再生能源正變得越來越具成本效益。
EN： The mention of 'Antarctic interior' and 'Greenland' highlights the global reach of environmental issues. Historically, these regions were considered pristine and isolated from industrial impact. In modern environmental science discourse, finding synthetic pollutants in these areas serves as a powerful symbol of the Anthropocene—the current geological age viewed as the period during which human activity has been the dominant influence on climate and the environment.
中文： 提及「南極內陸」和「格陵蘭」凸顯了環境問題的全球性影響。在歷史上，這些地區被認為是純淨且與工業影響隔離的。在現代環境科學論述中，在這些地區發現合成污染物，是「人類世」（Anthropocene，即人類活動對氣候和環境產生主導性影響的當前地質時代）的一個強大象徵。
重要單字附有 IPA 發音、定義、例句和互動式測驗。
在本文中： 橫越、穿過（指跨越某個區域或空間）
在本文中： 開創性的、突破性的（指具有重大創新或發現的）
在本文中： 原始的、未受污染的（保持極為乾淨、純潔的狀態）
在本文中： 貧瘠的、荒涼的（土地乾枯且缺乏植被的）
在本文中： 極微小地、無限小地（小到幾乎無法測量）
在本文中： （專題）討論、論述、對話
在本文中： 穿透、滲透（進入某物體內部）
在本文中： 強調、突出（顯示出某事的重要或真實性）
片語包含類型標示、雙語定義、用法說明和例句。
Extremely small plastic particles, typically defined as being less than 100 nanometers (or 1 micron) in size, resulting from the degradation of larger plastic items.
奈米塑膠
The movement of chemical substances, pollutants, or particles through the Earth's atmosphere from one location to another.
大氣傳輸 / 大氣輸送
If it were not for; used to say that something would have happened or been true if a particular person or thing had not prevented it.
要不是因為……、若非有……
To present or constitute a danger or risk to someone or something.
構成威脅